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recent advances in orthodontic diagnostic aids

Book · September 2020

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Shubhanjali Sharma
virmani hospital, mayur vihar, Delhi
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K=LLAF?  >GJ 9DD ;DAFA;9D H@GLG?J9H@Q  3AL@ LGH =F< ;9 E=J9K OAL@







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L@=  NA=O>AF<=J   

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9HHJGHJA9L= <AKL9F;= :=LO==F L@= H9LA=FL 9F< L@= ;9 E=J9  L@9L
>ADDKL@=>J9 E=OAL@L@=9J=9G>AFL=J=KL  

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:9;CO9J<K9F< >GJO9J<K MFLAD  L@= AE9?= GFL@= ( K;J==F AK AF
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?GG< <AKL9F;= LG KL9JL L=KLAF?  L@= ;9E=J9K 9:ADALQ LG L9C= K@9JH
9FL=JAGJAFLJ9 GJ9DH@GLG?J9H@K  GFE9FM9DK=LLAF?    


"GJ =PLJ9 GJ9D H@GLG?J9H@Q 9F 9LL=EHL K@GMD< : = E9<= LG



>G;MK RQ WKH SDWLHQW¶V ORZHU H\HOLG WR HQVXUH IURP WKH WLS RI WKH
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>D9K@AK  9:GN=L@=D=FK "A? 

29JAGMK EAJJGJK  J=>D=;LGJK 9F<  <A>>MK=JK @9N= :== F


KM??=KL=< AF L@= H9KL LG J=<M;= L@AK HJG:D=E  @GO=N=J  FGF=
HJGNA<= L@= H=J>=;L KGDMLAGF 9F< L@= 9 <<ALAGFK  L=F< LG E9C= L@=
K=L MH;ME:=JKG E=LGMK= 


0@= GL@=J 9DL=JF9LAN=K 9J= =AL@=J LG MK= 9F ADDMEAF9L=<


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3AL@ AFLJ9 GJ9D NA=OK 9?9AF L@= KGDMLAGF OAL@ 9 KA<=


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:M;;9D  NA=O 








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0@AK OADD  =FKMJ= L@= >D9K@ ADDMEAF9L=K L@= 9J=9 L@9L OGMD<
GL@=JOAK= :=  AF K@9<GO <M= LG L@= ;@==C  0@AK <A?AL9 D
H@GLG?J9H@  ;9F L@=F := JGL9L=< T :=>GJ= L@= HA;LMJ= AK K9N=<
AF  L@=H9LA=FLK>AD=    

$A?@ IM9DALQ G;;DMK9D H@GLG?J9H@K 9J= 9DKG <A>>A;MDL LG


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E9?FA>A;9LAGF  :=;9MK= G> L@= HJGPAEALQ G> L@= ;9E=J9 LG L@=
H9LA=FL EM;@  G>L@=9J=9G>AFL=J=KLAKAFK@9<GO 

+F= KGDMLAGF  LG L@= HJG:D= E G> AF9<=IM9L= ADDMEAF9LAGF AK


LG >G;MK >MJL@=J  9O9Q >JGE L@= H9LA=FL  O@A;@ 9DDGOK EGJ= DA?@L
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KG L@= ;@9J?=  ;GMHD= <=NA;= EMKL := G> @A?@ =FGM?@ IM9DALQ LG
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;9E=J9 GN=J E9FQ G> ALK ;GEH=LALGJK  AK L@= HJ=K=F;= G> 9
?J9LA;MD=  AFL@=NA=O>AF<=J 

0@AK 9DDGOK N=JQ O=DD ;GFKLJM;L=< KQEE=LJA;9D  9F<


:9D9F;=< AFLJ9  9F< =PLJ9 GJ9D H@GLG?J9H@K LG := L9C=F  =N=F : Q







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J=D9LAN=DQ AF=PH=JA=F;=<H@GLG?J9H@=JK MKAF?L@=G;;DMK9D  HD9F= 
L@= AFL=J HMHADD9JQ DAF= 9F< L@= "J9FC>GJL HD9F= LG ;GFKLJM;L 
J=HJG<M;A:D=H@GLG?J9H@K   

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:=F=>AL G> 9 ?J9LA;MD= LG @=DH OAL@ ;GFKLJM; LAGF  G> L@=
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)LQH3L[ 6 3UR KDYH µRQ GHPDQG¶ JULG OLQHV  O@A;@ @=DH
KA?FA>A;9FLDQ OAL@ ;GFKLJM;LAGF G> L@= =PLJ9 GJ9D  9F< AFLJ9 GJ9 D
AE9?=K  


.?1=?</92:@ 

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,)% ;9J<  E9Q <9 E9?= L@= HAFK 9F< GF;= <9E9?=<  OADD
F=;=KKAL9L= J=LMJF G> L@= ;9E=J9 LG L@= E9FM>9;LMJ=JK >GJ 
J=H9AJ "A?  








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=?</92:@ 
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;9E=J9K  0@AK  ZLOO EH VHHQ DV WLQ\ µLQ IRFXV¶ EODFN PDUNV DW  9
KH=;A>A;KHGLGFAFLJ9 9F<=PLJ9 GJ9DAE9?=K "A? 

+F /(. LQH= ;9 E=J9K AL AK G>L=F HGKKA:D= LG ?=L 9;;=KK LG
L@=   LG9DDGO AL LG :=;D=9F=< OAL@GHLA;;D=9FAF? DAIMA<9F< 


DAFL >J== FGF 9:J9KAN= ;DGL@K  :ML L@AK EMKL := <GF= OAL@
=PLJ= E=  ;9J= 

646A.96:.4236A3<?=B?=<@2 






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)GKL<A?AL9D;9E=J9K;GE=OAL@  9 N9JA=LQG>K=LLAF?K9F< AL
AK KG E=LAE=K <A>>A;MDL LG CFGO  O@A;@ AK L@= :=KL K=LLAF? LG MK= 
AF 9FQ H9JLA;MD9J KALM9LAGF  0@= IM=KLAGFK L@9L F==< LG :=
9FKO=J=<9J= O@9L OADDL@=<A?AL9D  AE9?= := MK=< >GJ  AK E=EGJQ
;9J< KH9;= 9L 9 HJ=EAME 9F< OADD  L@= AE9?=K =N=J := MK=< LG
HJG<M;=@9J<;GHQ 

3@=F <=;A<AF? MHGF L@= LQH= G> AE9?= L@=J= 9J= ;@GA;=K

9:GML L@= HAP=D <AE=FKAGFK  0@=K= E9Q :=     GJ 
HAP=DK  9;JGKK L@= OA<=J <AE=FKAGF G> L@= AE9?=  @=9H=J
;9E=J9K @9N=  =N=F K E9DD=J <AE=FKAGFK G> AE9?=K  :ML L@=
IM9DALQG>L@=K=  AKMKM9DDQMF9;;=HL9:D=>GJ;DAFA;9DHMJHGK=K   

 %> L@= AE9?=  AK GFDQ =N=J LG := NA=O=< GF 9 ;GEHML= J
K;J==F  L@=J= AK DALLD=  HGAFL @9NAF? EGJ= AF>GJE9LAGF 9N9AD9:D=
L@9F ;9F := =P@A:AL=<  GF L@= K;J==F  GJ <AKHD9Q=< MKAF? 9 D9HLG H
HJGB=;LGJ  

0@= 9N=J9?=  K;J==F @9K  HAP=DK 9;JGKK  KG A> 9


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HJGHGJLAGF9DDQ 9K L@= 9J=9 G> L@= KDA<= G;;MHA=<  :Q L@= AE9?= AK
J=<M;=<    








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9F< L@9L  L@= ;G EHML=JK <G FGL KLJM??D= O@=F <AKHD9QAF? L@=
KDA<=K@GO  


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G>L=F GFDQ  G;;MHQ @9D> G> L@= K;J==F KG L@= AE9?= KAR= ;9F :=
J=<M;=< >MJL@=J  LG  HAP=DK GF ALK @GJARGFL9D 9PAK  MKAF? 9FQ
G> L@= ;G EEGFDQ  9N9AD9:D= AE9?= E9FAHMD9LAGF HJG?J9 EE=K 
HJAGJLGAFK=JLAGF  AFLGL@=KDA<=K@GO 

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GN=JKAR=< AE9?= 9F< KIM9K@AF? AL  LG OAL@AF L@= <AE=FKAGFK G> 9
,GO=J,GAFL KDA<=  9K 9DD L@= KMH=J>DMGMK  E=EGJQ @MF?JQ
AF>GJE9LAGF AK KLADD OAL@AF L@=  >AD= E9CAF? L@= KDA<=K@GO
MFF=;=KK9JADQD9J?=9F<G>L=FMFOA= D<Q    
+F EGKL <A?AL9D ;9E=J9K L@=J= AK 9DKG 9 K=LLAF? >GJ AE9?=
IM9DALQ  9K N9JAGMK <=?J==K G> ;G EHJ=KKAGF 9J= MK=< LG J=<M;=
E= EGJQ  J=IMAJ= E=FLK 

 ;GEEGF KALM9LAGF AK >GJ L@= ;9E=J9 LG K9N= >AD=K  9L
E9PAEME IM9DALQ OAL@ FG;G EHJ=KKAGF9K0%"" >AD=K9F <LG  @9N=
 GJ  D=N=DK G> &,!# ;GEHJ=KKAGF J=HJ=K=FL=< :Q L@= >AF= 
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.GM?@DQ  L@= >AD= KAR=K 9J= J=<M;=< LG    9F<  G >
L@= GJA?AF9D  >AD= KAR= :Q KM;;=KKAN= ;GEHJ=KKAGFK  0@= FGJE9 D
K=LLAF? HJG<M;=K AE9?=K L@9L 9J= 9< =IM9L= >GJ EGKL HMJHGK=K 
9F< L@= @A?@ 9F< >AF= K=LLAF?K  9J= ?=F=J9DDQ J=IMAJ=< O@=F @9J<
;GHQHJAFLK9J=J=IMAJ=<  

%> L@=J= AK 9 HGKKA:ADALQ L@9L L@= <A?AL9D AE9?= OADD F==< LG 
:=HJAFL=<9LKG E=KL9?=L@=F>GJH@GLG?J9H@A;IM9DALQHJAFLAF?  9
J=KGDMLAGF G> 9HHJGPAE9L=DQ  HAP=DK H=J AF;@ AK J=IMAJ=<  "GJ
9 ?GG<IM9DALQ   AF;@ HJAFLL@= AE9?= F==<K LG := L9C=F  OAL@
L@=HAP=DK=LLAF?9;JGKK ALK DGF?=J<AE=FKAGF  %E9?=K  L9C= F
>GJ HM:DA;9LAGF HMJHGK=K  L@=J=>GJ=  F==< LG := G> 9 @A?@=J  KAR=
9F< A<=9DDQ @A?@=J IM9DALQ D=KK ;GEHJ=KKAGF L@9F L@GK=  L9C= F
>GJJGMLAF=H9LA=FLJ=;GJ<K    


0@= LQHA;9D K=LLAF? >GJ KL9F<9J< <A?AL9D H@GLG?J9H@K MKAF?



9 "MBA "AF=,AP / ,JG AK L@=  K=LLAF? GF FGJE9D >GJ L@=
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AFLJ9 GJ9DH@GLG?J9H@K9F<" >GJ=PLJ9 GJ9DH@GLG?J9H@K 


#<@6A6<;6;4??<?@ 
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;GJJ=;LDQ  AF 9 KL9F<9J<AR=< E9FF= J  LG HJG<M;= ;GFKAKL=FL
H@GLG?J9H@K  DD >=9LMJ=K G> L@= E9DG;;DMKAGF K@GMD< :=







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<=EGFKLJ9L=<  9F<  9J=9K G> AFL=J=KL FGL G:K;MJ=< :Q ;DGL@AF? 
@9AJ AEHJ=KKAGF  E9L=JA9D J=LJ9;LGJKGJK9DAN9  


,JG:D= EK E9Q := =F;GMFL=J=< O@=J= L@=J= AK 9 @=A?@L


<A>>=J=F;=  :=LO==F L@= H9LA=FL 9F< L@= ;DAFA;A9F  9F< AL E9Q FGL
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9HH=9J LG  := L9C=F9:GN=GJ:=DGO L@=H9LA=FL  0@AK HJG:D= E;9 F
:= KGDN=<  :Q ?=LLAF? L@= H9LA=FL GJ L@= ;DAFA;A9F  O@A;@ =N=J AK
9HHJGHJA9L=  LG KL9F< GF 9 HD9L>GJE LG J9AK= L@= E LG L@= K9E=
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H@GLG?J9H@K 

%FLJ9 GJ9D H@GLG?J9H@K K@GMD< := L9C=F OAL@ L@=  KE9DD=KL
9H=JLMJ=HGKKA:D=LGE9PAEAR=L@=<=HL@G>>A=D<  


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H9J9DD=D LG L@= >DGGJ  %> HGKKA:D=  L@= <=FL9D DA?@L AK <AJ=;L=<
LGO9J<K L@= H9LA=FL LG ;GFKLJA;L  L@=AJ HMHADK LG EAFAEAR= 9FQ J=<
=Q==>>=;L  


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L@= KG>L LAKKM= EGJH@GDG?Q GJ KC=D=L9D H9LL=JF 9F< L@AK E9Q :=
<M=  LG H9LA=FL HGKLMJAF? GJ 9DL=JF9LAN=DQ =P;=KKAN= LADL AF? G> L@= 
@=9<>GJO9J<KGJ:9;CO9J<K "A? 

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