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NAME: MENSRI WATI WAER

CLASS : (C)
MATERIAL : THE HISTORY OF WORLD PUBLIC HEALTH

I. PUBLIK HEALTH HISTORY

Speaking of public health can not be separated from two Greek methodologies,namaley
asclepius and higeia.based on the Greek myth,asclepius is referred to as the first handsome and
intelligent doctor,although it is not stated what school or education he has taken,but it is said
that he has been able to treat diseases and even perform surgery according to certain
procedures well.
higeia an assistant who is also his wife has made health efforts. the difference between
asclepius and higeia in the approach/handling of health problems is:
1) Asclepius took the approach (treatment of disease), after the disease occurred in a person
2) Higeia teaches its followers to approach health issues through “balanced living”, such as
avoiding toxic food/drinks, eating nutritious (good) foods, getting enough rest and doing
exercise.If people have fallen ill, Higeia prefers to make natural efforts to cure the disease,
among others it is better to strengthen the body with good food, rather than medication/
surgery.
from the stories of the two characters above,two
schools/apparoaches have developed in dealing with health problems.

 The first group tends to wait for the diseases to occur (after illness),which is hereinafter
referred to as the curative approach.this group generally consists of doctors,dentissts,
psychiatrists and other practitioners who treat or treat illnesses,whether physical,mental or
social.
 While the second group,like the higeia approach,tends to make efforts to prevent diseases
and improve health (health promotion/education) before diseases occurs.

 Many health experts have made this public health limit.chronologically the boundaries of
public health ranging from very narrow limits to broad boundaries as we currently hold can be
summarized as follows.
a. The oldest limitation,it is said that public health is an effort to overcome sanitation
problems that interfere with health.in other words,public health is the same as sanitation.
efforts to improve and improve environmental sanitation is a public health activity.
b. Then at the end of the 18th century with the discovery of disease-causing bacteria and
several types of immunization,public health activities were prevention of diseases that
occurred in society through improving environmental sanitation and diseases prevention
through immunization.
a. At the beginning of the 19th century,public health had developed well,public health was
defined as an effort to integrate sanitation science with medical scince.while medical
scince itself is an integration between biological scinces and social scinces.in
subsequent developments,public health is defined as an integrated application and
activity between sanitation and treatment (medical) in preventing diseases that afflict
the population or society.
b. From the experiences of public health practice that has been going on until the early
20th century,winslow (1920) finally made the limitations of public health that are still
relevant today as follows: public health is the scince and art of preventing disease,
prolonging life.and improve health through community organizing efforts to:
1) Environmental sanitation improvement
2) Eradication of infectious diseases
3) Education for personal hygiene
4) Organizing medical and nursing services for early diagnosis and treatment
5) The development of social engineering to ensure that everyone is met with the needs
of a decent life in maintaining their health.
 II.PUBLIC HEALTH EFFORTS
Broadly speaking efforts that can be categorized as art or the application of
public health science,for example,include the following (notoatmodjo,2003):
1)Eradication of diseases,both communicable and non-communicable
2)Environmental sanitation improvement
3)Residential environment improvement
4)Eradication vector
5)Public health education (counseling)
6)Community nutrition development
In UURI no.23,1992,chapter v article 11,it is written that health efforts are
carried out through six activities as followes:
1)Family health
2)Nutritional improvement
3)Food and beverage safety
4)Environmental health
5)Occupational
6)Mental health
III. THE HISTORY &DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH IN INDONESIA
1) 16th century : the dutch government carried out efforts to eradicate smallpox and
cholera which were very much feared by the people at that time.so that starting from
the cholera outbreak,the dutch government at that time made public health efforts.
2) (1952 ) : intensive training of traditional birth attendants is carried out
3) (1930) : registration of dukun/mid wives as assistants and childbirth care.
4) (1935) : pes eradication program carried out,because of an epidemic,by spraying DDT
and mass vaccination.
5) (the beginning of 1990 ies) : the puskesmas is transformed into a functional health
organization unit.
IV.FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE LEVEL OF PUBLIC HEALTH
 According to HL.Blum, there are four factors that together affect the level of public health
namely:
1) Environmental health
2) Behavior
3) Health services
4) genetics