Professional Documents
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Module 3 Disaster Awareness Preparedness and Management
Module 3 Disaster Awareness Preparedness and Management
University of Mindanao
Mc Arthur Highway, Matina, Davao City
October 27, 2020
https://slideplayer.com/slide/731818/
Table of Contents
Management
We cannot eliminate disasters, but we can mitigate risk.
We can reduce damage and we can save more lives."
-Ban Ki-moon, UN Secretary-General
In this Module
1. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM)
Concepts, Principles, and Trends
RA 10121
The NDRRMC
Basic Disaster Concepts
2. Geographic Profile of the Philippines
3. Disaster Risk Profile of the Philippines
Geographic Risk and Climate Change
Davao Region at Risk
4. Four thematic areas of the Philippine Disaster Management System
Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
Disaster Preparedness
Disaster Response
Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery
5. Role of the youth in disaster preparedness and management, Basic
Disaster Preparedness, and Response Training
Basic First Aid/Basic Life Support
Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)
Search and Rescue
The learners will study about the country’s geographic location and how it is affected
by natural disasters coming from the land and sea; and how human activity is often
attributed as a direct contributor to the lasting effects of both natural and man-made
calamities.
Learners will also encounter several basic first aid lessons for varied situations, and
inculcate in themselves the value of preparedness.
Introduction
No country in the world is exempt from some form of natural or man-made disaster,
yet what can set countries apart is the response of the government and citizenry to return their
communities to a level of normalcy as quickly and effectively as possible.
Disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM) is a practice that does not merely
seek to provide aid after a calamity has occurred, but to prepare citizens should one occur.
This means providing constant education, resources to obtain information, and facilities that
can capacitate individuals to prevent, prepare for, and minimize the impact that disasters can
have on their community.
For this activity, we are going to look at all the ways that
Activity Humans and Nature are the same. Inside the respective
circles, list down the ways Humans and Nature are different.
In the middle, list down the ways in which Humans and
Nature are the same. The aim of the activity is to gain
introspection on the ways that we are alike, and yet unique as
well, from our environment.
Human Nature
Venn
Diagram: Both
Contrast and
Comparison
Abstraction
Historically, response to disaster was more on being reactive;
meaning that natural or man-made disasters had already occurred before
the affected community is able to do anything about it. (Physiopedia:
Disaster Management).
But the UN states that over the last few decades, there is an increasing awareness
among societies that disasters are the “result of long-term processes,” where the risk has been
created many years before a disaster actually happens. This means that overtime, we as a
society are realizing that risks already exist and can increase the impact of a disaster to a
community even before a negative event strikes.
These definitions therefore give rise to Disaster Risk Reduction and Management as a
study that analyses what can be done before, during, and after a calamity occurs.
This includes preparation or prevention of the different natural and man-made
disasters that may happen, the actions to be taken during the actual event, and the protocol to
be followed after it occurs; such as retrieval and rescue, and rehabilitation of the affected
community.
This graph better illustrates the concept of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management:
• Hazard
As defined in Republic Act 10121, Section 3-v, a Hazard is a “dangerous
phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life,
injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihood and services, social
and economic disruption, or environmental damage.”
Hazards may be natural, human-induced, or a combination of both.
• Vulnerability
The law refers to it as the characteristics
and circumstances of a community which
makes it prone to the damaging effects of a
hazard. It explains why people, livelihoods, and
properties located in areas where hazards occur
can suffer damage and loss. In the country,
vulnerabilities largely stem from poverty. Source:
http://ndmc.gov.mv/assets/Uploads/Mainstreaming-
Poverty causes and worsens vulnerabilities due DRR-into-LDP.pdf
to lack of capacity to prepare essential tools in preparing for disasters. The inability of
a community to cope when a hazard occurs is called vulnerability.
• Exposure
Refers to “the degree to which a
community is likely to experience hazard
events of different magnitudes.” RA 10121 Source: OCD-CDBRRM
• Capacity
According to Republic Act 10121
Section 3-b, Capacity “is a combination of all
strengths and resources available within a
• Disaster Risk
It is the potential for loss of lives,
health status, livelihood, assets and services,
which can happen to a particular community
over some specified future time period.
The International Federation of Red Cross
and Red Crescent has stated that “the combination
of hazards, vulnerability, and inability to reduce the
potential negative consequences of risk results in Source:
http://www.rmmagazine.com/2018/08/01/financing-
disaster,” highlighted in the equation. disaster-risk-in-latin-america/
The country’s Office of Civil Defense (OCD) explains that disasters are likelier to
occur if “the extent of exposure and vulnerability of a community to a particular hazard is
higher than its capacity to cope.” Simply put, an event is more likely to result in disaster if a
community does not have the tools to rise above or recover from a natural or man-made
event.
However, it can also go the other way, as the OCD further states that disaster risk is
reduced if the community has the capacity to “prepare for and confront a particular hazard is
stronger than the extent of its exposure and vulnerability.”
Well done! You just reached the end of the first lesson. Should there be some parts of
the topic you need clarification on, don’t hesitate to ask your facilitator during your
synchronous meeting.
Now you are already prepared to proceed to Lesson 2 of this module which
will discuss the geographic profile of the Philippines.
Introduction
For all of its abundance of natural resources and generally great tropical climate, the
beauty that the Philippines possesses comes at a price: the country’s geographic location
places it in the path of typhoons, earthquakes, and other natural disasters; while its
topography wherein its regions are dotted by volcanoes also makes it prone to eruptions and
the damages these can cause to human life, properties, and livelihoods.
Explanation:
Activity
Each student will identify regions on the map where
the majority of volcanoes and coastal areas are
located, as well as the economic situation of the
“Seek and You specific location.
Shall Find” The student will also need to identify the primary
means of livelihood and the economic standing of the
region. Are the communities near volcanoes or
coastal areas prosperous or impoverished?
The aim of the activity is to see how natural wonders
(the coast, volcanoes, etc) and the communities
located near it are affected by disasters not just by
their location, but their economic standing as well.
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Abstraction
An archipelagic nation comprised of more than 7, 000 islands and
islets located in Southeast Asia, the Philippines is characterized by its
three largest islands: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao; with a total land
area covering approximately 300,000 km2. (Status Report on Disaster
Risk Reduction in the Philippines, 2019)
It is surrounded by the Pacific Ocean, and shares maritime borders with China, Japan,
Vietnam, Malaysia, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Palau. (World Atlas, 2019)
The country also consists of volcanic islands wherein some are active volcanoes, and
“mostly mountainous interior” (US Library of Congress, 2006) which is typically surrounded
by flat lowlands and plains of differing widths by the coastlines. The US Library of Congress
in its profile on countries lists the sea level elevation at 2, 954 meters above sea level from
the highest point of Mount Apo on Mindanao Island.
Depending on the
region, the country has
either exclusively coastal
regions, mountainous
regions, wetlands, or flat
stretches of open land; or a
combination of all
mentioned. The Philippines
does not have desert terrain.
https://rjaldes.wordpress.com/2016/10/13/its-more-fun-in-the-
philippines/
Describe the area where you live. Is it mountainous, near the sea,
or urban zone? What are the most common emergency situations/ natural
disasters that can occur in your area? Cite an experience. Write your
Application
answer on the space provided.
Activity
Barangay Hazard
Mapping
In the activity for Lesson
1, you listed the hazards
you observed in your
barangays. For this
activity, plot on a MAP of
your barangay where those
hazards you listed exist.
The aim of the activity is
to help you identify,
through your own research
and application, the
various hazards you have
observed in your areas and
its specific location in your
barangay.
The map is remarkably The map is neat, The map is The map is hard to
neat and clear. The clear, and it can slightly clear read or
reader can quickly identify with some though it may comprehend. No
Neatness identify the map. help. be a bit given clues or
disordered. consideration of
what it is for the
reader.
The map remarkably The map includes The map is lost The map is lost
includes clearly labeled the most common several standards
Map the location, hazards, hazards; most are standards components.
Elements and appropriate labels. exact and simple components.
to read.
All words in the map are 2-3 words are 4-5 words are There are more
correct. mistakes in the mistakes in the than 6 words that
Spelling map. map. are mistakes in the
map.
1. After the Barangay Hazard Mapping Activity, how vital do you think it is to
Analysis be well-informed or at least become familiar with the 'layout' of your
barangay/ community? Do you believe it is helpful during times of disasters or
emergencies?
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Abstraction
In a study conducted by the UN Office for the Coordination of Human
Affairs, they cited a 2018 World Risk Report which found that the
Philippines is ranked third among all of the countries with the highest
disaster risk, with an index value of 25.14.%.
The 2018 study also found that at least 60% of the country’s total land area is exposed to
multiple hazards, and 74% of the population is prone to its negative impacts.
Introduction
Any program executed well is a product of proper planning, preparation, and
information dissemination to all the people and organizations involved, and DRRM is no
different.
When we are able to lay out our plans in a manner that is clear, concise, and can be
understood by all types of people involved, then we are already halfway to preparing for the
battle; so to speak. In terms of DRRM, this means a greater number of lives saved, and
communities will have a higher likelihood of returning to normal once a storm has literally
passed.
Act Now, Save Tomorrow
Activity
In the space
provided, draw
in the best way
that you can an
example of what
you think is an
ideal
community that
is proactive in
applying the 4
Thematic Areas
of DRRM in
their
community.
The drawing is The drawing is The drawing shows a The drawing does
exceptionally creative and little creativity and not show any
Creativity creative and unique uniquely effort in amount of creativity.
in showing a deep demonstrated; understanding the
understanding of the acceptable at times picture.
picture. in showing an
understanding of the
picture.
The drawing is The drawing shows The drawing shows The drawing does
exceptionally some originality and small originality. not show any
Originality original and unique distinctiveness. amount of
in design. originality.
All words in the 2-3 words are 4-5 words are There are more than
drawing are correct. mistakes in the mistakes in the 6 words that are
Spelling drawing. drawing. mistakes in the
drawing.
Analysis 1. In your study so far of DRRM as an NSTP student, why do you think
it is important that we utilize the 4 Thematic Areas of DRRM in our
pursuit of a culture of preparedness against disasters or emergencies?
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Abstraction
Four Thematic Areas of the Philippine Disaster Management System
As provided in the country’s National Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Plan, there are four thematic areas which are equally
important. The absence or weak implementation of one area may affect
the bringing back or maintenance of equilibrium in communities affect by calamities. This
DRRM framework in the country is aligned to Hyogo Plan (2005-2015) where it seeks to
build resilience of communities by making Disaster Risk Reduction a national and local
priority. The country’s DRRM concept accepts the idea “ Bounce, Back, Better”. It is given
that hazard events may occur at any time at any rate, but tries to lessen the effect by
Mitigation
It lessening or limiting the adverse
impacts of hazards, and their related
disasters. Mitigation measures require
engineering techniques and hazard-resistant
construction, as well as improved
environmental policies and public Source:
http://ndmc.gov.mv/assets/Uploads/Mainstreaming-
awareness. DRR-into-LDP.pdf
Kinds of Mitigation
Structural/Engineered Measures
Examples of structural construction of dams, tsunami / sea wall, floodgates
and channel, installation of tsunami sensors and deep-ocean Assessment and
Reporting System (DARTS), a common tool used in tsunami warning (OCD,
2019)
Disaster Preparedness
It is the knowledge and capacities
developed by governments, professionals, and
other organizations to anticipate and
effectively respond to, and recover from
incoming or occurring disasters. These are
Source:
required by law to be supported by formal http://ndmc.gov.mv/assets/Uploads/Mainstreaming-DRR-
into-LDP.pdf
institutional, legal, and budgetary capacities.
Disaster Response
It is where emergency services and public assistance are provided during or
immediately after a disaster so that lives may be saved, health impacts reduced, public safety
is ensured, and the most basic subsistence needs of the people most affected are met. It is also
called “disaster relief” as it is focused on immediate and short-term needs.
https://www.cas.go.jp/jp/seisaku/kokudo_kyoujinka/en/workbook.pdf
https://thehimalayantimes.com/opinion/earthquake-disaster-reconstruction-recovery/
Each thematic area goal leads to the country’s overall DRRM vision, as
illustrated here:
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Well done! You just finished Lesson 4 of this module and gained insights to connect to our
last topic. You may proceed to Lesson 5 of this module, which will discuss the Role of the
Youth in Disaster Preparedness and Management, and Basic Disaster Preparedness and
Response Training.
Objectives:
Value the importance of having knowledge in basic, life-saving first aid
skills;
Participate in, and further strengthen the ‘culture of preparedness’ in
their homes and communities;
Realize the immense importance of the participation of youth in
emergency response.
Introduction
In a country that is incredibly prone to natural disasters, and as well as those borne
from human activity, it is extremely important that all sectors of society are equipped with the
most basic knowledge of what to do in emergency cases; especially the youth.
Empowering the youth with information, basic emergency response training, and even
simulated application, enables them to experience the very real possibility of disasters and
respond accordingly. This in turn creates a generation of informed and trained individuals
who can then pass it on to the future youth to come.
Activity
Interview:
Generational Experiences
Interview some of
your older relatives or
guardians about their
experiences with natural or
man-made disasters or
emergencies. Were they as
informed about the varied
ways to respond to
emergency situations as you
are now?
Abstraction
The youth are regarded as vital stewards in creating a culture of
preparedness, such that it is integrated in R.A. 10121 that disaster risk
reduction and management is mandated as a part of secondary and
tertiary education curricula.
It is highlighted in Section 14 of R.A. 10121 that Regional and Local Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Councils and Offices should encourage the cultivation of a
culture of preparedness among the youth, specifically through education and their
participation in organizing quick response groups, particularly in identified disaster-prone
areas.
https://www.dreamstime.com/illustration/aid-boy.html
Consent
There are ethical considerations when it comes to rescue, as well. The International
Federation of the Red Cross states that “the responder must obtain permission from the
Emergency
According to Republic Act 10121 Section 3-R, an emergency is an unforeseen or
sudden occurrence, especially danger, that demands immediate action.
The American College of Emergency Physicians advise that in any emergency, it is
vital that there is a clear plan of action to follow. This enables prioritization of demands that
may be placed on you, and help you decide on your best action.
Assessing the situation - Evaluating the scene accurately is one of the most
important factors in the management of an incident. Identify any safety risks and
assess the resources available.
Making an area safe - The conditions that give rise to an incident may still
present a danger and must be eliminated if possible. Move the casualty to safety.
When approaching a casualty, make sure you protect yourself: wear high-
visibility clothing, gloves, and head protection if you have them.
Giving Emergency help - Once an area has been made safe, use the primary
survey to quickly carry out an initial assessment of the casualty to establish
treatment priorities. Start life-saving first aid as soon as possible. Ask bystanders
to call for the emergency services.
Assisting the emergency services - Hand over any notes you have made to the
emergency services when they arrive. Answer any questions they may have and
follow any instructions.
Source: American College of Emergency Physicians, First Aid
Source: https://robertchaen.com/2015/10/31/got-a-nosebleed-stay-calm-
sit-down-and-dont-tilt-your-head-back/
What to Do
Call your local emergency number even if you are not sure if it’s a heart attack, as
every minute counts!
“It’s best to call your local emergency number to get to the emergency room right away.
Emergency medical services (EMS) staff can begin treatment when they arrive — up to an
hour sooner than if someone gets to the hospital by car. EMS staff are also trained to revive
What to Do
Cardiac arrest can be reversible if treatment is administered in time:
First, call your local emergency number and start Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
(CPR) right away.
Then, if an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) is available, use it as soon as
possible.
If two people are available to help, one should begin CPR immediately while the
other calls your local emergency number and finds an AED.
Source: American Heart Association
What is CPR?
It stands for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. CPR combines the movement of chest
compressions and rescue breaths to “give a person the best chance of survival following a
cardiac arrest.” (St. John Ambulance, 2020)
However, in this time of COVID-19 outbreak, it is advised to not perform rescue
breaths on an unresponsive victim. Call 911 if someone is unresponsive and not breathing
normally so that emergency oxygen-providing equipment can be used instead.
St. John Ambulance provides the following signs and symptoms of choking:
Signs and Symptoms
difficulty breathing, speaking or coughing
a red puffy face
signs of distress, and they may point to their throat or grasp their neck.
The following sections (1 – 7) are taken from the World Health Organization’s
information on the coronavirus disease:
Sec. 1 Symptoms of COVID-19
While COVID-19 affects people of all ages, it poses a greater risk to the extremely young and
old, pregnant women, and those whose immune systems are already compromised (those with
existing diseases, or those who had operations, etc.) Medical experts advise that those who
Sec. 3 How can we protect others and ourselves if we don’t know who is infected?
Stay safe by taking these simple precautions:
Physical Distancing - Maintain at least a meter distance from others to lessen
the possibility of infection when others cough, sneeze, or speak. When
indoors, it is important to have even greater distance from others. The further
away people are from each other, the better.
Normalize wearing a mask while being around other people.
Use an alcohol-based hand rub or sanitizer after handling various objects if
soap and water are not readily available. If it is, always wash your hands
thoroughly.
Sneeze into your bent elbow when you sneeze, and cover your mouth with
tissue or cloth when coughing.
Avoid touching the orifices of your face: the eyes, nose and mouth.
Clean and disinfect surfaces frequently especially those which are regularly
touched, such as door handles, faucets and phone screens.
Keeping rooms well ventilated.
Avoiding crowded or indoor settings
Avoid shaking hands; greet people with a wave, a nod, or even bow instead.
Monitor your LGUs and workplace for localized health guidelines.
THROW and TOW. Another option is to have the drowning person reach for a
floatation device that is held by a rope by rescuers on both sides of the river shore or
flooded street. When doing this method, try the following:
Remember: REACH, THROW and TOW, but (only) GO with training and equipment
(OCD, 2019).
1. Magnitude – measures the energy released at the source of the earthquake. Magnitude
is determined from measurements on seismographs.
2. Intensity - measures the strength of shaking produced by the earthquake at a certain
location. Intensity is determined from effects on people, human structures, and the
natural environment. (Lumen, Geology)
Types of Earthquake
The PHIVOLCS-DOST cites the following definitions of the types of earthquakes we
experience:
Tectonic Earthquakes - Produced by sudden movement along faults and plate
boundaries.
Volcanic Earthquakes - Earthquakes induced by rising lava or magma beneath active
volcanoes.
Right: Earthquake-induced
rockslide, Brgy. Conalum,
Argao, Cebu, October
2013 – M 7.2 Bohol
Earthquake
Source: https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/landslide/introduction-to-landslide
Landslide Preparedness
The Philippines is prone to a variety of natural hazards, i.e. typhoon and earthquakes,
making the occurrence of landslides inevitable. Safety experts promote that awareness and
preparedness are the most effective prevention and mitigation measures against the threat of a
landslide in communities.
Fire Prevention
The NDRRMC- OCD lists the following fire prevention tips from the Disaster Preparedness
Guidebook:
Ensure that fire alarms and sprinklers work.
Practice your evacuation plan and participate in fire drills.
Turn off LPG tanks when not in use.
Hire an electrician to check on your electrical wirings at least once a year.
Unplug appliances and gadgets after using or charging.
DO NOT leave lighted candles and cigarettes unattended.
Teach children on fire safety.
Learn how to use a fire extinguisher.
Remember PASS:
Pull the pin,
Aim the nozzle at the base of fire
Squeeze the lever
Sweep from side to side.
Fire Extinguisher
The city’s Central 911 defines it as a “portable Source: Fire safety, Central 911 Fire and OSHC)
device that discharges a jet of water, foam, gas, or other materials to extinguish a fire.”
In case of Fire, the NDRRMC-OCD Disaster Preparedness Guidebook lists the following
tips:
Stay calm and evacuate immediately.
Sound the fire alarm and call 911 for assistance.
If you’re in a building, use the stairs and do not use elevators.
Before opening doors, check handle first. If hot, DO NOT OPEN as the room may
already be on fire.
If there is smoke, get down low and cover your mouth and nose with damp cloth.
If your clothes catch fire, STOP running, DROP to the floor, and ROLL to put out
the flames.
If trapped, stay in the room and signal for help using bright colored cloth at the
window or make noise.
After the fire, do not return inside your house or building unless authorities deemed it
safe.
50
Have yourself checked for injuries.
CONGRATULATIONS!
You have just finished this module.
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