Professional Documents
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اﻟﻤﺎدة :ﻋﻠﻮم
אنאسzWא
x @ @âïÝÉnÜaì@óïiÜa@òŠaŒì
اﻟﺼﻒ :ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ
١٤ﻫـ / / اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ : @@ @
( / اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ) : أﺳﻢ اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ .................................................................................................................... :
اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ذو اﻟﻜﻔﺘﻴﻦ
اﻟﻤﺴﻄﺮة
ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺤﺮارة
ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ؟
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أﻛﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺎﻳﻨﺎﺳﺒﻬﺎ -:
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....................................................................................................................................... اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻫﻮ :
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....................................................................................................................................... اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ :
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( أﻣﺎم ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ) ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ( -: أﻛﻤﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ )
ه Oا6,#ام ا#KL MBج )اد 66Hة و<#ت 66Hة F< 6 #7ا<س
ه Oت
F6,#7ا
Bء أ (Hا)#ا 0 (3اQ
ه Oو F6,#7 (Rا
Bء أو ا<س )#ا)3ا 0ا (A Qا T-Fا<@ل وا)ا وا?SK#K
ه OأUFHة )ا F6,#7ا
Bء أ (Hا)#ا 0 (3اQ
ﻫﻞ ﺗﻄﻮر اﻷﺟﻬﺰة واﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎت ؟ وﺿﺢ رأﻳﻚ ﺣﻮل ذﻟﻚ ﻣﺪﻋﻤﺎ إﺟﺎﺑﺘﻚ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ إن أﻣﻜﻦ ؟
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أ -ﻋﺪﻧﺎن اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻜﻲ ،،،
اﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﺔ-: ورﻗﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ) ( ٤ @ @óî†íÉÜa@óïi‹ÉÜa@óÙÝá¾a
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اﻟﻤﺎدة :ﻋﻠﻮم
אنאسzWא زلx @ @âïÝÉnÜaì@óïiÜa@òŠaŒì
اﻟﺼﻒ :ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ
١٤ﻫـ / / اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ : @@ @
( / اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ) : أﺳﻢ اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ .................................................................................................................... :
وﺿﺢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ اﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎت اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إﺗﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪوث زﻟﺰال ﻻ ﻗﺪر اﷲ ؟
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ﻣﺜﻞ
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٤
ﻣﻦ أﺷﻜﺎل
٣ اﻟﺒﺮاﻛﻴﻦ ١
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٢
ﻣﺜﻞ
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ﻣﺜﻞ
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ﻣﺜﻞ
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اﻟﻘﺸﺮة
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اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻌﻠﻮي ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺘﺎر
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اﻟﺴﺘــــــــﺎر
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اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ
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اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘــــــــــــــــــــــــﺎج اﻟﻤﺸــــــــــــــــــــــــــــﺎﻫﺪة
ا\#ض أن ا)#ه] ا aه) ( ا
7ت ا2Yة < (3)- 6ا)"Kب *+Cب ا"*ر )#ه] ا)"Kب )ن اa
B8 Sا
............................. ]#<- FK >*"F و (e Fا M7ا
))Hد و :ا)"Kب
................................. V
اﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺤﻮﻧﺔ ) ﻧﻤﻮذج ﻃﻮﻣﺴﻮن (-:
أﻋﺎد اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻃﻮﻣﺴﻮن ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻛﺮوﻛﺲ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺎ .............................................
اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘــــــــــــــﺎج اﻟﻤﺸــــــــــــــــــــــﺎﻫﺪة
ا ]#<#أن ا)#ه] اiي 6ث \ Oأ)"Kب آوآ) h hء
ا<Kء ا'Bع < ......................... @- 6ا)"Kب 6< V#
وإ
7H
Kت ')( .............................. ) <' K
ا6"#ال ا
)KC :"Fاع أى ا Uات أو ا6"#ال ا2ز )KCاع أى
FKا ........................... )K SiKذو ا'< ا
)"H ا2زات
ﻧﻤﻮذج رذرﻓﻮرد -:
أدوات اﻟﺘﺠـــﺮﺑﺔ ) راﺟﻊ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ٩٣ﺷﻜﻞ ( ٩
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ﺿﻊ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت ) ﺗﻨﻔﺬ – ﺗﻨﺤﺮف – ﺗﺮﺗﺪ ( ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺎن اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻒ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ رذر ﻓﻮرد ﺣﻮل ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﺬرة -:
اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘــــــــــــــﺎج اﻟﻤﺸــــــــــــــــــــﺎﻫﺪة
M MBاiرة \اغ
MB .١ا..................................................... B8
ه<ك
7Hت ) "Hا'< أدت إ VاKاف اB8
(+ .٢ا.................................................. B8
هiا 6ل Vأن آ #اiرة #-آ23 @*< O\ Uة أ ) F mXا<)اة (
(+ .٣ا................................................... B8
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أﺧﺘﺮ رﻗﻢ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ) أ ( وﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ) ب (.
• <)
K nذج V .....................................أن ] :اiرة "رة آة #
YوB#د ا'<ت ا
) "Hوا[ "7
• <)
K nذج V .....................................أن ] :اiرة "رة )Kاة 7 Xإ&#و)- (
# Kا 6Hا#&LوKت \ Oأي &ن
و&\ اBد [
• <)
K nذج V .....................................أن ] :اiرة "رة آة #
Yو7@K + q 7K#م [
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ -:
ﻳﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺬري .١اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺬري = ﻋﺪد اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻮﻧﺎت
X
Z
A .٢ﻋﺪد اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻮﻧﺎت = ﻋﺪد اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت
ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ
.٣ﻋﺪد اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ = ﻋﺪد اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻮﻧﺎت +ﻋﺪد اﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮوﻧﺎت
ﻳﻤﺜﻞ رﻣﺰ ﻋﺎم ﻷي ﻋﻨﺼﺮ
ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺪوري .٤ﻋﺪد اﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮوﻧﺎت = ﻋﺪد اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ – اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺬري
ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﻤﺎ ذﻛﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ أﻋﻼه -أﻛﻤﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﻣﻨﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ؟
ﻋﺪد ﻋﺪد
ﻋﺪد اﻟﻜﺘـﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺬري اﻟﻨﻈﻴـــــﺮ
اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت اﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮوﻧﺎت
6
12
C
6
13
C
6
14
C
1
1
H
1
2
H
1
3
H
7
12
N
7
13
N
7 7 6 6 6
ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ وﺿﺢ وﺟﻪ اﻟﺸﺒﻪ واﻻﺧﺘﻼف ﺑﻴﻦ ) 12 Cو 13 Cو ( 14 Cوﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﻴﻦ ) 12 Nو ( 13 N؟
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( أﻣﺎم اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة اﻟﺨﺎﻃﺌﺔ -: ﺿﻊ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ) ( أﻣﺎم اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ وﻋﻼﻣﺔ ) ×
( ) B-ف ا< FKC Rذرات < hا6 h K F Y<Bد ا"وK)-ت و6 O\ T#,-د ا<)-وKت .١
( ) B-ف ا< FKC Rذرات < hا h K F Y<Bا6Bد اiري و6 O\ T#,-د ا<)-وKت .٢
( ) B-ف ا< FKC Rذرات < hا h K F Y<Bا6Bد اiري و6 O\ T#,-د ا&# .٣
( ) B-ف ا< FKC Rذرات < hا6 h K F Y<Bد ا"وK)-ت و6 O\ T#,-د ا&# .٤
( ) B-ف ا< FKC Rذرات 6 h K F #, 3<Bد ا"وK)-ت و6 O\ T#,-د ا<)-وKت .٥
א=<.א;"،E١٢١–١٢٠F9,:وא&CD E#"F&GوLFC</2#אKولאوJ؟
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اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻮن ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎت اﻟﺬرة
ﻣﺘﻌﺎدل اﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ
ﺧﺎرج اﻟﻨﻮاة ) اﻟﺴﺤﺎﺑﺔ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ( اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ
اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد أﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﻳﻌﺮف ـــ )( ...........................................
H
اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد أﺳﻔﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﻳﻌﺮف ـــ ) (...........................................
ﺧﻼل اﻟﺪورة اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة وﻋﻨﺪ اﻻﺗﺠﺎه ﻣﻦ اﻟﻴﺴﺎر إﻟﻰ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﻧﺠﺪ أن اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺬري ) ﻋﺪد اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻮﻧﺎت ( ................................... •
ﻣﻔﺘﺎح اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ :ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺻﻨﺪوق ﻳﺤﻮي ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ :
راﺟﻊ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ) ١٢٠و ( ١٢١واﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ أﻫﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺼﻨﺪوق
............................................................................................................................. .١
.٢ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ) ﺻﻠﺐ ،ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ،ﻏﺎز (
............................................................................................................................. .٣
.٤ﻧﻮع اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ) ﻓﻠﺰ ،ﺷﺒﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ ،ﻻ ﻓﻠﺰ (
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ارﺟﻊ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺪوري ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ) - ( ١٢١ – ١٢٠واﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﺮﻣﻮز اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :
رﻣﺰ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻮن :
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رﻣﺰ اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺐ :
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رﻣﺰ اﻟﻘﻄﺮة :
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رﻣﺰ داﺋﺮة داﺧﻠﻬﺎ داﺋﺮة ﺻﻐﻴﺮة :
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اﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ) - ( ١٢٢واﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ أﻫﻢ ﺧﻮاص اﻟﻔﻠﺰات وأﺷﺒﺎه اﻟﻔﻠﺰات واﻟﻼﻓﻠﺰات ؟
س /ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل دراﺳﺘﻚ ﻟﻠﺠﺪول اﻟﺪوري ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻓﺎﺋﺪة وأﻫﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺪوري ؟؟؟؟
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راﺟﻊ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺪوري ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ) ( ١٢١ – ١٢٠واﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺛﻼث ﺧﻮاص ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ؟
ا
) ) ( ٢ ا
) ) ( ١
ا
) ) ( ١٤ ا
) ) ( ١٣
ا
) ) ( ١٦ ا
) ) ( ١٥
ا
) ) ( ١٨ ا
) ) ( ١٧
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ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﺎس واﻟﺠﺮاﻓﻴﺖ
אPא Q"F
اﻟﺤﻴﺔ
اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء
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א " .:
אNO
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اﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ
اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ أﺷﻌﺔ ) ×
אPא Q"F
........................ ........................
א " .:
אNO
( وﻛﺬﻟﻚ
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ﻣﻞء اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻴﺪ واﻟﺒﺎﻟﻮﻧﺎت ﻷﻧﻪ أﻗﻞ
ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬﻮاء وﻻ ﻳﺸﺘﻌﻞ
وﻗﺘﻞ اﻟﺠﺮاﺛﻴﻢ
........................ ........................
א " .:
אNO
........................
ﻳﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺻﻮرة ﻣﺼﻐﺮة ﻟﻠﺠﺪول اﻟﺪوري اﻟﺬي درﺳﺘﻪ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ،ﺣﺪدي ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ واﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
واﻟﻼﻧﺜﺎﻧﻴﺪات واﻷﻛﺘﻨﻴﺪات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ؟
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ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺪوري ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ) ( ١٢١ – ١٢٠وﺿﺢ أﻫﻢ اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ؟
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ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺪوري ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ) ( ١٢١ – ١٢٠وﺿﺢ أﻫﻢ اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ اﻟﻼﻧﺜﺎﻧﻴﺪات ؟
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ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺪوري ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ) ( ١٢١ – ١٢٠وﺿﺢ أﻫﻢ اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ اﻟﻼﻧﺜﺎﻧﻴﺪات ؟
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أﻛﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﺎﺳﺒﻬﺎ -:
.١ﺗﺤﻮي اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ واﺣﺪ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ وﻫﻮ ............................ورﻣﺰه ................................
.٢ﺗﺤﻮي اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺗﻌﺮف ﺑــ .......................................................
.٣ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ) ( ١٢ – ٣ﺑــﺎﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ .........................................
.٤ﺗﻌﺮف اﻟﻼﻧﺜﺎﻧﻴﺪات ﺑــﺎﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ .........................................................
.٥ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻷﻛﺘﻨﻴﺪات ﻫﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ...............................................
.٦ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﻲ .........................و ....................و ...................وﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪورة ...................................
أ -ﻋﺪﻧﺎن اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻜﻲ ،،،
أﻛﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﺎﺳﺒﻪ -:
راﺟﻊ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ) ( ١٣٧ووﺿﺢ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ) اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ ( -:
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ﺳﺒﺎﺋﻚ ﻣﻦ :
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ﻗــﺪ ﻳﻤﺎ
وﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ
و ................................و ..............................
و .................................................ﻟﺤﺸﻮ
ﻓﺠﻮات اﻷﺳﻨﺎن ﻃﺐ
اﻷﺳﻨﺎن
وﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻮب ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺞ
.............................و ................................
وﻣﻮاده وﺗﻤﺘﺎز ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻮاد ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ
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أﻧﻪ ﻳﺤﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ...................................... .
وﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ................................
اﻵن ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻷﻃﺒﺎء
ﺑﺪاﺋﻞ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ
اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪول اﻟﺪوري ،أﻛﻤﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﻣﻨﻚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول -:
ﻳﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺠﺪول أﻋﻼه اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﻲ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﻲ ﻟﻬﺬه اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ؟
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ﻟﺨﺺ أﻫﻢ اﻟﺨﻄﻮات اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﻲ ﻟﻼﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت ؟
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ﻳﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺼﻮدﻳﻮم ﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر ﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻛﻠﻮرﻳﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﻳﻮم ) ﻣﻠﺢ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ( ،وﺿﺢ ﻣﺎﺗﺴﺘﻨﺘﺠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ؟
ذرة اﻟﺼﻮدﻳﻮم ذرة اﻟﻜﻠﻮر ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻛﻠﻮرﻳﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﻳﻮم
+
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ﻳﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮم ﻣﻊ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﺮﻛﺐ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻤﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮم ،وﺿﺢ ﻣﺎﺗﺴﺘﻨﺘﺠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ؟
ذرة ﻣﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮم ذرة أﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻤﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮم
+
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ـ 2
+2
..................... + ..................... [ ] [ Mg
O
]
ﻳﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ارﺗﺒﺎط ذرﺗﻲ ﻫﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ ﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺟﺰئ ﻫﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ ،وﺿﺢ ﻣﺎﺗﺴﺘﻨﺘﺠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ؟
+
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ﻳﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ارﺗﺒﺎط ذرﺗﻲ ﻛﻠﻮر ﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺟﺰئ اﻟﻜﻠﻮرﻳﺪ ،وﺿﺢ ﻣﺎﺗﺴﺘﻨﺘﺠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ؟
+
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ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺎدرﺳﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﻲ -:
اﻟﺮﻗﻢ
اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ) ب ( اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ) أ (
اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ
راﺑﻄﺔ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎوﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت .١اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻘﻄﺒﻴﺔ
رﻣﻮز ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ وأرﻗﺎم ﺗﺒﻴﻦ أﻧﻮاع ذرات اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ أو اﻟﺠﺰئ وأﻋﺪادﻫﺎ .٢اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ اﻟﻔﻠﺰﻳﺔ
راﺑﻄﺔ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺠﺎذب إﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﻟﺬرات اﻟﻔﻠﺰ .٣اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﺔ
راﺑﻄﺔ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎوﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت وﺗﻜﻮن ﺑﻴﻦ ذرات اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ .٤اﻟﺼﻴﻎ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ
راﺑﻄﺔ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﺑﺈﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ .٥اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ اﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ
راﺑﻄﺔ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﺑﻴﻦ أﻳﻮﻧﻴﻦ ﺷﺤﻨﺘﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ .٦اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﻄﺒﻴﺔ
اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ،ﺣﺪد اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ واﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ -:
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ﻃﺎﻗﺔ 2H2O + 2H2 + O2 2H2 + O2 ﻃﺎﻗﺔ 2H2O +
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اﻟﺮﻗﻢ
اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ) ب ( اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ) أ (
اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ
اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺒﺎدﺋﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ .١اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ
ﺗﻐﻴﺮات ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ .٢اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ
ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻣﺎدة ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻟﻬﺎ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ .٣اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ
ﺗﻐﻴﺮات ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ وﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺎدة ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﺑﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ .٤اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ
ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮة ﺗﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت واﻟﻨﻮاﺗﺞ وﺗﻮﺿﺢ إذا اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ أو ﺗﺤﺮرت ﻃﺎﻗﺔ .٥اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ
ﻣﻮاد ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ .٦اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ
ﻳﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) أ ( إﻧﺎء ﺑﻪ ذرات ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﺸﻮاﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎت ،وﺿﺢ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻌﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻹﻧﺎء وﻣﺎﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺪث
ﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻴﺎت وﺗﺼﺎدم اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻴﺎت ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ
ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻦ )أ(
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ارﺟﻊ ﻟﻠﺸﻜﻞ ) أ ( وأﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻌﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ زﻳﺎدة ﻋﺪد اﻟﺬرات ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻹﻧﺎء اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ وﻣﺎﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺪث ﻟﻤﻌﺪل ﺗﺼﺎدم اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻴﺎت ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ
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اﻟﺮﻗﻢ
اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ) ب ( اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ) أ (
اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ
ﻣﺎدة ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻨﻴﻪ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ داﺧﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ اﻟﺤﻲ .١ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ
ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ .٢اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪ ) اﻟﻤﺤﻔﺰ (
اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﺒﺪء اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ .٣اﻟﻤﺜﺒﻄﺎت
ﻣﺎدة ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ دون أن ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ أو ﺗﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻓﻴﻪ .٤اﻹﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎت
ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﻟﻤﺪى ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺣﺪوث اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ .٥ﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﺸﻴﻂ
ﻣﻮاد ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ إﺑﻄﺎء اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ .٦اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ