The Cardiovascular

System

PNUR 211

Ms. Rwaida S. Mohammed



The cardiovascular system is composed of:

Components

Heart.

Anyvesseltakingbloodawayfrom the heart

of the

I 1 Arteries & arterioles.At

cardiovasculEs j581

Veins & venules. Anyvesselcarryingbloodto theheart

ar system

Capillaries. I d
Iif l

Lymphatics.

Functions of the circulatory system Is

The circulatory system has three functions: e Isd

1. Transporting substances around the body. These include oxygen,

Joy

glucose, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, water and waste

C
products. Ensures the unidirectional flow of blood. Backflow of blood

y
is prevented by valves within the heart.
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2. Controlling body temperature.

3. Protecting the body. Blood contains cells and anti-bodies

that fight infection and clotting agents to stop bleeding.

sgdlu.is II FIGS

The circulatory system is described as a double system

because it has two loops. blueandred



The

Heart

I Do b Ion f q I 1

The heart is a four chambered, hollowed, cone-

shaped (pyramidal), muscular organ that pumps

blood to all organs/ parts of the body and receives

blood back from the body. s idsCdEiEoo.I sik

Size: tooIon s e Rim d

• Approximately the size of a fist. a

Size and

• Has a mass of 250-350 grams.

Location

Location: it lies within the pericardium in the middle

betweenthelungs mediastinum more towards the left (2/3):

g Medial to the lungs.

a Rests on the superior surface of the diaphragm.

I bike Lies behind the sternum (2 rib to 5 intercostal space),

nd th

and anterior to the vertebral column (T5-T8 vertebrae).

The apex is at the left 5th intercostal space.



Location

https://youtu.be/B_Q-vEnbwkA

Apex:

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• Formed by the left ventricle.

• Directed downwards, forwards, and to the left.

• Lies deep to the left 5th intercostal space. btw 16
Surfaces &

weeing
Base (Posterior surface): this

a g
Borders

• Formed mainly by the left at
atrium.

I Haim • A small portion of the right atrium and the

mad Is proximal parts of the great veins (superior &

inferior venae cavae) also contribute to the base.

• The base lies opposite to the apex.

Surfaces:

it Posterior surface (Base).

8 dI

wi Anterior surface (sternocostal): mi

La right atrium, and a
so

• Formed by the right ventricle (mainly),

Surfaces &

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small area by the left ventricle. I dime
• The right ventricle is separated from the left ventricle by the

anterior interventricular groove (sulcus).

O
Borders

Him

It Inferior surface (diaphragmatic):

• Rests on the diaphragm.

• Formed by the right and left ventricles (mainly left V.).

I
• Ventricles are separated posteriorly by the posterior

interventricular groove (sulcus).

• It is separated from the base by the coronary sulcus.

Surfaces

SI

Borders:

• Right border.

• Left border.

Thi • Inferior border.

Surfaces &

Borders

In the surface of

Ceeheart's'llfind

Grooves (sulci): are depressions on the surface of the heart, that

contain coronary blood vessels and a variable amount of fat. These

I.is obooIfss sulci mark the external boundary between two chambers of the heart.
BCoronary sulcus (atrioventricular groove):Br I
I'd 4 Types separates the atria from

the ventricles and incircles the junction like a crown.

It contains the coronary sinus, the small cardiac vein, the right

coronary artery and the circumflex branch of the left coronary

artery.
External

D
Interventricular grooves (sulci):
Features

bI
Anterior interventricular sulcus: is on the anterior surface of heart,
separates the right and left ventricles;

81 p If It contains the anterior interventricular artery and the great cardiac

vein.H

BO Posterior interventricular sulcus is on the diaphragmatic surface of the

heart, between the two ventricles;

It contains the posterior interventricular artery and the middle

cardiac vein.

Both interventricular sulci mark the attachment of the interventricular

septum on the inside.


External

Features:

Anterior

If

View

External

Features:

Posterior b

View

https://youtu.be/mRK6m8RicSM

https://youtu.be/5RMeCgJn730

0 j Outermost = Pericardium & Epicardium

Pericardium is a membrane anchoring the

heart to diaphragm and sternum.3

Pericardium secretes lubricantI(serous fluid).

Epicardium covers the outermost muscle
Layers:

tissue (serous pericardium).

was.gg
Cardiac W's

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Middle = Myocardium heartmuscle What type of
Tissues

Contains contractile muscle fibers. tissue?

Responsible for pumping action. connective

If movement
involuntary

I Gist Innermost = Endocardium

Lines cardiac chambers and covers the
sub valves (endothelium). What type of epithelium?

Layers:

Cardiac

Tissues

Pericardium: the membrane that surrounds

and protects the heart and facilitates its

movement.
1st layer

It consists of two main parts:

Coverings:

0
Fibrous Pericardium: outer tough fibrous sac,
covers the heart and fuses with the great vessels
Pericardium

(Aorta, Sup. & Inf. Venae cavae). It is attached to

the central tendon of the diaphragm inferiorly Dense

and to the sternum anteriorly. It: connective

tissue
Protects the heart.

Anchors it to the surrounding structures.

O Prevents overfilling of the heart with blood

(overstretching).

sIs mosEEo.ew sky.w



to prevent the friction

go

Serous Pericardium: thin double-layeredyconnect

serous membrane around the heart. What type of tissue?

Parietal layer: Lines the internal surface of

coveringouterlayer

of the heart fibrous pericardium. It is continuous with

Coverings:

the visceral layer. Coveringthecavity

Pericardium

of Q Visceral layer: surrounds the heart. It is also

called the Epicardium.connectwith organ

Pericardial Cavity: a slit-like space between

AIR sfqfy the two layers of serous pericardium; it

contains serous fluid which reduces friction and

functions
facilitates the heart movement.

p I's If I We

Fibrous Pericardium BOVisceral Serous Pericardium

Pericardium

Pericardium

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atri fromthehear

GQ Human heart has 4 chambers: J b 81415 1

Him 2 Atria (The Receiving Chambers): totheheart

Right Atrium: receives blood from veins O & sends

Cardiac

it to the right ventricle.

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Type of blood?deoxygenated
Left Atrium: receives oxygenated blood from the
Chambers

lungs & sends it to the left ventricle.

M Ig 2 Ventricles (The Discharging Chambers): got I

Right Ventricle: receives blood from right atrium

& pumps it to the lungs.

Left Ventricle: receives blood from left atrium &

pumps it to the whole body through the aorta.

t.IE
Chambers are separated by septa (septum).

Due to separate chambers, heart functions as a

double pump.


Consists of a main cavity posteriorly, and a small

muscular pouch-like appendage called the right8left

auricle, anteriorly. Onthe surface

The posterior wall of the right atrium is smooth.

The anterior wall of the atrium and the auricle is

rough due to the presence of muscular ridges called

Right

H pectinate muscles.
Atrium

H Thecanterior and posterior walls are separated by a C-

Tsing c shaped ridge called the crista terminalis. Got

Atriad15

Interatrial septum: wall between the two atria.

Fossa ovalis: An oval-shaped depression, in the

interatrial septum, represents the site of the foramen

ovale in fetal heart. it's unopenedwillopenin firstsoundof

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thenwill go
theveinswill openin Svc
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fig i
f

fromuppersideof the body openin leftAtrium

closein

f
willpump the blood to the
o.O
theonlyartriwhich contain
deoxygenated blood is
pumpthe blood
o

Pulmonary trunkCartni to the whole

Plumonary artri
send

and it to the

body

lungesto eject CO2

and
the blood became
oxygenationThen

going

left atrium
to the

too Minced

what separate the ventricle from left ventricle

right Interventricleseptum

values
what separate the atrium from left Atrium
right

topreventbackflow

of the blood


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on the surface
9 dig D

Right
only on the
Atrium rightside

unopened We
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was II I
 Has the same thickness as the right atrium. It forms
most of the base and posterior surface of the heart.
Its wall is mostly smooth & the pectinate muscles
I i are found only in the auricle.
Left Atrium Left auricle: pouch-like appendage of the left
6 g's b asbig If t atrium, containing pectinate muscles.
Right Atrium1 si I
 like an append
b
Ibi

Left Atrium
 It forms most of the sternocostal surface of the

I heart. The walls have numerous irregular muscular

ridges called trabeculae carneae.
The right ventricle contains the following features:
Right f Conus arteriosus (infundibulum): Is the upper

Ventricle leads to the pulmonary trunk. or art

0
smooth-walled portion of the right ventricle, which

Trabeculae carnae: are muscular ridges of

myocardium in the ventricles.
Papillary muscles.
Chordae tendinae.
Right
Ventricle diff
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 Lies anterior to the left atrium and forms the
apex.
Leftventricle
Qiwhichchamber go.q.kz
Has the thickest muscular walls. Why?

Left im
iEjects blood into the aorta. k
Ventricle MI
 q swiwo n.LI

What are the structures that open into the

Rt. Atrium? SVC and IVC
Openings What are the structures that open into the
in the Lt. Atrium? Four Plumonary veins
Cardiac What are the structures that open into the
Rt. Ventricle?Plumonary trunkCartri
Chambers
What are the structures that open into the
Lt. Ventricle? arota
 Blood flows through the heart in one direction:
from atria to ventricles and out the great
Cardiac arteries leaving the superior aspect of the heart.
no
Valves Four valves enforce this one-way traffic. g j
61mi Be a
They open and close in response to differences
in blood pressure on their two sides.
 id if d preventbloodbackflowto off's TawesJ1s.o
everypoint will be
side
These valves are: right asked inthe exam
p
a
Right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve:
Take it easyooo • Between the right atrium & aright ventricle.
• Has 3 flexible fibrous cusps that prevent blood backflow to
Cardiac the atrium.
leftside another
name
Valves Left atrioventricular (bicuspid or mitral) valve:
• Between the left atrium & left ventricle.
• Has 2 cusps that prevent blood backflow to the atrium.

O
Pulmonary (semilunar) valve:
• Between the right ventricle & the 2pulmonary artery.
• Guards the base of the pulmonary artery.
• Prevents the backflow of blood to the right ventricle.
So I valve:
Aortic (semilunar)
• Between the1left ventricle &zthe aorta.
• Guards the base of the aorta.
• Prevents the backflow of blood to the left ventricle.
Q what the valves on the right side of the heart tricuspidand pulmonary semilunar
Cardiac
Valves
 What is the deference
between the two
pictures?

Cardiac
Valves

Where is the problem?

And what is it?
 t.saj.EE Trabeculae carneae: muscular ridges of myocardium in the ventricles.
Papillary muscles: cone-shaped muscles that extend from the
ventricular walls and their apices are attached to the chordae tendinae.
They contract to tighten the chordae tendinae preventing the cusps of
ops Io oh
the valves from being everted into the atrium which prevents the
backflow of blood.

1 81 Chordae tendineae: slender fibrous threads that extend from the apex
of papillary muscle to the cusps of valves.
Cardiac
Valves
 i
Contraction of relaxtionof
thehearts the heart

systole diastole

Cardiac
Valves
 When the heart is rela ed diastole
Blood passively fills the atria.
Flows right past tricuspid / bicuspid valves.
Semilunar Valves remain shut.close
Blood When the heart contracts p mps systole
Directiong Tricuspid & Bicuspid valves swing up and shut.
Blood is ejected out of ventricles.
Semilunar Valves open up.
T

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 Pulmonary = Deoxygenated Blood.
a
Involves Right Side of Heart.Carryingblood to thelungs

IQ Pathway:
Pulmonary 1. Superior & Inferior Venae Cavae.
2. Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve.
Circulation 3. Right Ventricle Pulmonary Semilunar
Valve.
4. Pulmonary Artery.
02
5. Lungs.
o
Wto

38
 Systemic = Oxygenated Blood.
Involves Left Side of Heart.

Pathway:
Systemic 1. p
fourny
y Two pairs of Pulmonary Veins.
2. Left Atrium Bicuspid Valve.
Circulation 3. Left Ventricle Aortic Semilunar Valve.
4. Aorta.
5. All Other Tissues.
 Il
841 sf

40
https://youtu.be/UMTDmP81mG4 The circulatory system

Deoxygenated Oxygenated
blood is pumped
lungs blood returns
from the heart to to the heart
the lungs through through the
Left
Right the pulmonary pulmonary
artery.
0
vein.
Side
side Oxygenated
Deoxygenated blood is pumped
blood returns to at high pressure
the heart from the heart to
through the the body through
vena cava. bod s O
the aorta.
cells
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https://youtu.be/xSnFf62GDBI

aceeding
I 016 The right and left coronary Tss
arteries arise
from the base of the aorta and encircle the
Blood heart in the coronary sulcus. They provide the
arterial supply toQQthe myocardium.
Supply of The coronary sinus drains the heart through
the Heart 0 Il
I
I
its three large tributaries (great cardiac vein,
I middle cardiac vein, and3small cardiac vein)
2

and then it opens into the right atrium. b

d581 Id g j n deoxygenatedbloodJl E
 Q d
Right coronary artery: base oftheaorta
t.ms g
• Originates from the ascending aortaqand descends
in the coronary sulcus and divides into two
branches.
• Main branches: rightcoronary
Q is abranchof which artery
Coronary • Marginal artery: runs along the inferior border
serving the myocardium of the lateral right side
Arteries of the heart.
I HIM • Posterior interventricular (posterior
descending) artery: supplies the diaphragmatic
surface of both ventricles (posterior walls),
posterior 1/3 of IV septum and the AV node.
 Left coronary artery:
• Originates from the ascending aorta and passes forwards
to enter the coronary sulcus.
• It divides into two terminal branches.
• Main branches:
Coronary • Anterior interventricular branch: descends through the
ant. IV sulcus towards the apex to supply it, and supplies
Arteries the anterior walls of both ventricles & 2/3 of the
interventricular septum.
is • The circumflex branch: runs to the left and passes
posteriorly in the coronary sulcus to the diaphragmatic
C
surface of the heart. It anastomoses with the right
E coronary artery; and supplies the left atrium and posterior
Q
o walls of left ventricle.
r
bind
Coronary
Arteries &
Branches
 Coronary sinus: Is the largest vein draining the

JI
heart andClies in the coronary sulcus, which
Lsd grooves
separates the atria from the ventricles.
on the surface
Q Receives the main veins that drain the heart. 7
Where does it open?
branches
Coronary Main tributaries:
Great cardiac vein: ascends in the anterior IV
Sinus sulcus. In the coronary sulcus, the great cardiac vein
enlarges to form the coronary sinus.
IN 481.041 Middle cardiac vein: ascends in the posterior IV
groove. It opens in the coronary sinus.
first branch inthe Small cardiac vein: runs alongside the marginal
rightcoronaryartery artery, then in the coronary sulcus. It opens in the
JI.RightAtriumI
Hs
i
C.Ktg.j coronary sinus. 6 deoxygenatedblood JIE
Coronary
Sinus &
Tributaries
 to Facemakeroftheheart
electron
folike
Sino-atrial node
(SAN/pacemaker) in wall of location Imdb
1. Action potentials that start each
dik heart beat, originate in the SAN; g
2. Travel and spreads across the atrial
T
right atrium
Artrio-ventricular node (AVN) d I a.ms w
w M aorta walls causing contraction
in the atrioventricular septum location 3. Delayed at non-conducting
(under the aorta in this
diagram) IF't atrioventricular septum
4. Wave of excitation is sent from
11 aIos.om.m.IAVNI
Conducting 2
Left Atrium
5. It then passes along
atrioventricular bundles of His,

System which extends from the AVN into

contraction
1 3 Bundle of His
Left ventricle is
4 the interventricular septum
6. The AV bundle divides into right
Right Atrium and left bundle branches and the
Purkine fibres action potential spreads to the
apex of the heart
5 MIKE 7. Action potentials are carried by
contraction
Right ventricle Purkinje (Purkine) fibres to the
ventricular walls, which then
intraventricular septum
contract