EAPP

/ABSTRACT, PRECIS, OR SUMMARY/

> Aims to condense a larger work
> 2 Kinds of Abstracts:
Descriptive Abstract
> description of the report’s main topic or purpose
> overview of the contents
Summative Abstract
> what the research is about
> summarizes the main findings & conclusions
> academic setting

/STRUCTURE OF AN ABSTRACT, PRECIS, OR SUMMARY/

Research Abstract
> 150-300 words
> No citation
> No specific stats
> Last to be written
> Structure:
> Rationale (20%)
> Research Problems (10%)
> Methodology (20%)
> Major Findings (40%)
> Conclusion and implications (10%)
Summary for Expository Texts
> Non-research academic texts
> Condense info to 15%-30% of original text
> Thesis statement + Main idea/Topic sentence of each paragraph
> Combined by cohesive devices
> Author and article title in the first sentence

/REACTION PAPER, REVIEWS AND CRITIQUE/

> Reviewer or reader evaluates:
> Scholarly work
> Art
> Designs
> Graphic designs
> 250-720 words
> Critical assessments, analyses or evaluation of different works
/CRITICAL APPROACHES IN WRITING A CRITIQUE/
Formalism
> Understanding a text is through the text itself
Feminist Criticism
> How literature presents women as subject of socio-political, psychological, and
economic oppression
Reader Response Criticism
> Text does not have meaning until the reader reads it and interprets it
Marxist Criticism
> Differences between economic classes and implications of a capitalist system

[Other Types of Reviews: Introduction, Plot summary, Analysis/Interpretation, Conclusion/Evaluation]

STRUCTURE: Intro (5%), Summary (10%), Review/critique (75%), Conclusion (10%)

/3 WAYS IN EXPLAINING A CONCEPT/

1. Definition
> Identifying a given term and making its meaning clearer

Informal Definition – parenthetical/brief explanation

Formal Definition – explains a term, incorporating to be defined, general category of it,
and the quality that makes it different
Extended Definition – detailed way of defining, one paragraph

2. Explication
> method of explanation, sentences, verses, quotes, or passages are taken from a literary or
academic work, interpreted & explained in detail

3. Clarification
> points are organized from a general abstract idea to specific and concrete examples
/PARTS OF CONCEPT PAPER/

Concept Paper for a PROJECT

1. Cover Page – name of proponents and their affiliations, head of the agency
2. Introduction – info about the funding agency, mission of the agency
3. Rationale or Background – gap in knowledge, problems, project’s significance
4. Project Description – goals, objectives, methodology, timeline
5. Project needs and Cost – Outline the main budget, explain how it’ll be used, list the
personnel/equipment needed

Concept Paper for ACADEMIC RESEARCH

1. Title Page – research title, name, school, date of submission
2. Background of the Study – current state of field you are researching on, why, theoretical and
practical implications of research
3. Preliminary Literature Review – theoretical framework, related literature
4. Statement of the Problem/Objectives – general problem, specific research questions
5. Abridged Methodology – context, participants. Instruments, data collection procedure, data
analysis scheme
6. Timeline
7. References

/GUIDELINES IN WRITING A POSITION PAPER/

1. Choose an Issue – debatable, answerable by yes or no, current, relevant, narrow, manageable
2. In-depth Research
3. Define Unfamiliar Terms
4. Identify its Weaknesses
5. Cite Valid and Reliable Sources
6. Summarize Evidences and Data
7. View in a Different Perspective, Check for Fallacies
8. Use:
Ethical Appeal – credibility and competence as a writer
Logical Appeal – rational approach in developing an argument
Emotional Appeal – arguments that evokes feelings

Limit to 2 Pages
/PREPARING AND IMPLEMENTING RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS/

Research Instrument
> Tool used to gather data
> Types:
Survey – Planned questions, attitudes, perceptions, opinions

/Types of Questions When Conducting a Survey/

Recall – specific info: years of service, age, address
Recognition – asks for a response, multiple choice or yes/no questions
Open-Ended – brief explanations/impressions from the respondents

Interview – qualitatively gather data, responses are open-ended

/Stages of Interview/
Pre-Interview Stage
Warm-Up Stage
Main Interview Stage
Closing Stage

Questionnaire – more quantifiable

/Parts of a Questionnaire/
Personal Information Section
Basic Questions Section – 2 Purpose, to know if that is the right person
for the study, to establish rapport
Main Questions Section – questions related to your research
Open-Ended Questions Section – brief explanation/response

Observation – description of behavior in a naturalistic/laboratory setting

/Types of Observation/
Non-Participant – observe without interacting
Participant Observation- interact actively with the subjects
Structured “ – list of behaviors want to be observed
Unstructured “ – allows behavior to emerge
Covert “ – subjects are not aware they are being observed
Overt “ – subjects are aware “

Experiment – undertake scientifically and systematically to make a discovery, to test

hypothesis
/Chart/
> uses symbols that are usually boxes, lines, and arrows
> general purpose, to show ranks, levels, procedures, and classifications
> 2 Common Charts:
Organizational Chart – rankings, classifications, and levels of ideas
Flow Chart – process/direction of steps

/Table/
> useful in displaying numbers & columns
> At least 2 columns
Boxhead – heading in top
Stub – heading on the far left column

/Graphs/
> Each type has specific function and purpose
Bar Graph – vertical & horizontal bars, compare amounts and quantities
Line Graph – trends and changes in data, usually bottom grid scale represents time
Circle Graph – shows the relationship of the parts to the whole percentages and
proportions
Pictograph – pictures the represent stats on a chart, graph, or screen