Faculty of dentitry

F A L L 2 0 2 1

T H E F U T U R E S T A R T S H E R E
 BMS112
2 Credit Hours
Prof.Dr . Amal Halawa
 15th weeks

Teaching Lectures: 1 hours /week

Methods
Practical sessions:
2 hours/week
 Continuous assessment :
- Course work
- Quizzes
- Presentation / project
- Portfolio
Assessment
Midterm exam:

Final practical exam :

Final written exam :

By the end of this lecture, you should be able to:
1. Identify the 2 types of tissues forming the
skeletal system( cartilage & bone).
2. Recognize the 2 forms of bone (compact &
spongy)
3. Identify growth & development of bone.
4. List shapes of bones and give examples.
5. Recognize bone markings.
6. Identify blood supply of bone.
SKELETAL SYSTEM
1. Skeleton is formed of two types of tissues:

Cartilage

Bone
 Cartilage
➢ It is softer than bone, less rigid and elastic
➢ It forms the temporary skeleton of developing fetus
➢ It is retained throughout life in certain sites:
1. Articular cartilages
2. Costal cartilages
3. Air passages as nasal, laryngeal, tracheal and
bronchial
4. External ear
Articular cartilages
Costal cartilages
Air passages
External ear
 2. Forms of Bones
1- Compact (hard or ivory)
bone:
➢It is hard and dense
➢Forms the surface layer of all bones
and tubular shaft of long bones.
➢Consists of number of cylindrical
units called Haversian system
2- Spongy, trabecular
(cancellous) bone:
➢Looks like a sponge
➢Filled with red bone marrow
➢Formed of trabeculae
➢Found inside the hard bone and
forms the ends of long bones
Haversian system
Compact (hard or ivory) bone
 3.Development of bones
By two main processes:
➢ Membranous ossification:
-occurs in bones for protection of essential organs as vault of skull,
sternum
➢ Cartilaginous ossification (endochondral
ossification):
1. Primary centers ( before birth) of ossification forming
diaphysis
2. Secondary centers ( after birth) of ossification forming
epiphysis
 3. Growth of bone

❑In length:
by deposition
of spongy
bone on
either sides of
epiphyseal
cartilage
 Growth of bone

❑In thickness by
subperiosteal
deposition of bone by
osteoblasts
with marrow cavity
excavated by
osteoclasts
 4. Shapes of Bones
1- Long Bones:
- long tubular shaft with central
medullary cavity
- e.g. humerus and femur
- Small long bones are
metacarpals and phalanges
2- Short bones:
-They are subjected to pressure
-have thin cortex of compact bone
with interior of cancellous bone
-e.g. carpal and tarsal bones
3- Flat Bones:
-It is formed of inner and outer
layers of compact bone
-internal layer of spongy bone
(diploe) is found between the
above layers
-e.g. skull, ribs, sternum and
scapula
4- Irregular bones:

-Any bone not easily assigned to previous

groups
- e.g. vertebrae
5-Pneumatic bones:

-They are containing air spaces

- e.g. maxillary, sphenoidal,
frontal and ethmoidal sinuses
and mastoid bone
6-Sesamoid Bones:

- Small bones deposited in the

tendons of muscles to reduce friction
- e.g. patella in quadriceps tendon
 5. Bone Markings
1- Elevations:
➢Linear; line, ridge and crest
➢Rounded; tubercle, tuberosity,
malleolus and trochanter.
➢Pointed; styloid and spine
2- Depressions:
➢Oval or rounded; fovea,fossa
➢Elongated;
groove, sulcus
➢On edge;
notch
3- Perforations:
➢Opening; foramen
➢Canal; meatus
➢Linear separation; fissure
 6. Blood Supply of bones
1. Periosteal arteries:
▪ supply the outer compact bone
2. Articular arteries:
▪ Supply joints and ends of bones
▪ each artery divides into
▪ epiphyseal and metaphyseal branches
▪ form vascular circle
3. Nutrient arteries:
▪ Artery enters the bone through a nutrient canal
▪ it divides into proximal and distal branches
▪ Supply bone marrow and inner compact bone of
the shaft
Nutrient canal:
❑It is bony canal for nutrient
vessels
❑First it is horizontal then
becomes oblique
❑It is directed away from
growing end of bone
❑(To elbow I go and from the
knee I flee)
THANK YOU