EN 12697-22 (August 2003 - PR)

FINAL DRAFT
EUROPEAN STANDARD prEN 12697-22

NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM August 2003
ICS 93.080.20
English version
Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part

22: Wheel tracking
Mélanges bitumineux - Méthodes d'essai pour mélange Asphalt - Prüfverfahren für Heißasphalt - Teil 22:
hydrocarboné à chaud - Partie 22: Essai d'orniérage Spurbildungstest
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for formal vote. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC
227.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United
Kingdom.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2003 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 12697-22:2003 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
prEN 12697-22:2003 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword............................................................................................................................................................. 3
1 Scope ..................................................................................................................................................... 6
2 Normative references ........................................................................................................................... 6
3 Terms and definitions........................................................................................................................... 6
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms.......................................................................................................... 7
5 Principle ................................................................................................................................................. 9
6 Apparatus .............................................................................................................................................. 9
6.1 Large size devices ................................................................................................................................ 9
6.2 Extra large Devices............................................................................................................................. 10
6.3 Small size devices .............................................................................................................................. 11
6.4 Small-size devices for use with cores .............................................................................................. 12
7 Sampling and sample preparation .................................................................................................... 13
7.1 Sampling and manufacture................................................................................................................ 13
7.2 Thickness and surface regularity...................................................................................................... 15
7.3 Transport and storage of unmounted specimens ........................................................................... 15
7.4 Sample preparation ............................................................................................................................ 15
8 Procedure for carrying out a single measurement.......................................................................... 16
8.1 Large size devices .............................................................................................................................. 16
8.2 Extra-large size device ....................................................................................................................... 17
9 Calculation and expression of results.............................................................................................. 19
9.1 Large size devices .............................................................................................................................. 19
9.2 Extra-large size device ....................................................................................................................... 19
10 Test report ........................................................................................................................................... 23
10.1 Obligatory information ....................................................................................................................... 23
10.2 Complementary information .............................................................................................................. 24
11 Precision .............................................................................................................................................. 24
11.1 General................................................................................................................................................. 24
11.2 Laboratory prepared samples, proportional rut depth, large size devices .................................. 24
11.3 Samples cored from a pavement and laboratory prepared samples, wheel-tracking rate,
small-size devices, conditioning in air ............................................................................................. 25
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................... 29
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Foreword
This document (prEN 12697-22:2003) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 227 “Road
materials”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This document is currently submitted to the Formal Vote.
This European Standard is one of a series of standards as listed below:
EN 12697-1, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 1: Soluble binder content.
EN 12697-2, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 2: Determination of particle size
distribution.
EN 12697-3, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 3: Binder recovery: Rotary
evaporator.
EN 12697-4, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 4: Bitumen recovery:
Fractionating column.
EN 12697-5, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 5: Determination of the
maximum density.
EN 12697-6, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 6: Determination of bulk density
of bituminous specimens.
of bituminous specimens by gamma rays.
EN 12697-8, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 8: Determination of the air voids
content of bituminous specimens.
reference density.
EN 12697-10, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 10: Compactibility.
prEN 12697-11, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 11: Determination of the
affinity between aggregates and bitumen.
water sensitivity of bituminous specimens.
EN 12697-13, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 13: Temperature
measurement.
EN 12697-14, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 14: Water content.
segregation sensitivity
prEN 12697-16, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 16: Abrasion by studded
tyres.
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prEN 12697-17, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 17: Particle loss of porous
asphalt specimen.
prEN 12697-18, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 18: Binder drainage from
porous asphalt.
prEN 12697-19, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 19: Permeability of
specimen.
prEN 12697-20, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 20: Indentation using cube
or Marshall specimen.
prEN 12697-21, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 21: Indentation using plate
specimens.
prEN 12697-22, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 22: Wheel tracking.
indirect tensile strength of bituminous specimens.
prEN 12697-24, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 24: Resistance to fatigue.
prEN 12697-25, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 25: Cyclic compression test
prEN 12697-26, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 26: Stiffness.
EN 12697-27, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 27: Sampling.
EN 12697-28, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 28: Preparation of samples for
determining binder content, water content and grading.
dimensions of a bituminous specimen.
prEN 12697-30, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 30: Preparation of specimen
by impact compactor.
prEN 12697-31, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 31: Specimen preparation,
gyratory compactor.
EN 12697-32, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 32: Laboratory compaction of
bituminous mixtures by a vibratory compactor.
prEN 12697-33, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 33: Specimen preparation,
slab compactor.
prEN 12697-34, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 34: Marshall test.
prEN 12697-35, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 35: Laboratory mixing.
thickness of a bituminous pavement
prEN 12697-37, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 37: Hot sand test for the
adhesivity of binder on pre-coated chippings for hot rolled asphalt.
prEN 12697-38, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 38: Test equipment and
calibration.
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prEN 12697-39, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 39: Binder content by
ignition.
prEN 12697-41, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 41: Resistance to de-icing
fluids.
prEN 12697-42, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 42: Amount of foreign matter
in reclaimed asphalt.
prEN 12697-45, Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part 45: Binder drainage -
Schellenberg method
No existing European Standard is superseded.
For the small-size device, the use of a wheel fitted with a solid rubber tyre is specified. Depending on the
result of on-going research, the use of a steel wheel may be accepted.
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1 Scope
This European Standard describes test methods for determining the susceptibility of bituminous materials to
deform under load. The test is applicable to mixtures with upper sieve size less than or equal to 32 mm.
The tests are applicable to specimens that have either been manufactured in a laboratory or cut from a
pavement; test specimens are held in a mould with their surface flush with the upper edge of the mould.
The susceptibility of bituminous materials to deform is assessed by the rut formed by repeated passes of a
loaded wheel at constant temperature. Three alternative types of device can be used according to this
standard: large-size devices, extra large-size devices and small-size devices. With large-size devices and
extra large-size devices, the specimens are conditioned in air during testing. With small-size devices,
specimens are conditioned, in either air or water.
NOTE Large-size and extra large-size devices are not suitable for use with cylindrical cores.
2 Normative references
This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications.
These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed
hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to
this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the
latest edition of the publication referred to applies (including amendments).
of bituminous specimens.
of bituminous specimens by gamma rays.
EN 12697-27, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 27: Sampling.
EN 12697-32, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 32: Laboratory compaction of
bituminous mixtures by a vibratory compactor.
prEN 12697-33, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 33: Specimen
preparation — Slab compactor.
prEN 12697-35, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 35: Laboratory mixing.
ISO 48, Rubber, vulcanised or thermoplastic — Determination of hardness (Hardness between 10 IRHD and
100 IRHD).
ISO 7619, Rubber — Determination of indentation hardness by means of a pocket hardness meter.
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this European Standard, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
nominal thickness
for laboratory prepared specimens, target thickness, in millimetres, to which the specimens are to be prepared
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3.2
rut depth
reduction in the thickness of a test specimen, in millimetres, caused by repeated passes of a loaded wheel
3.3
test surface
surface of the test specimen on which the loaded wheel runs
3.4
single test result
value obtained by applying this European Standard, once, to a single test portion
3.5
test portion
for this test, a test portion to represent one material shall consist of a set of:
Table 1 — Minimum set of specimen
Device Minimum set of test specimen

Large or extra-large size device 2
Small size model A testing in air 6
Small size model B testing in air 2
Small size model B testing in water 2
3.6
tyre track
impression of the tyre on a flat surface when a vertical load is applied
3.7
load cycle
two passes (outward and return) of the loaded wheel
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
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Table 2 — Symbols and abbreviated terms
Symbol Definition Unit

mij local distance between a reference plane and the j specified location mm
of the upper face of the test piece at the time of the i measurement
sequence (large device)
NOTE j varies between 1 and 15.
m0j initial measurement at the j location —
Pi measured proportional rut depth calculated as the average depth of %
a rut at the i measurement sequence measured at predetermined
points or the average of predetermined stretch (large size device) or
the average of predetermined cross-sections (extra-large device) as
a proportion of the thickness of the test specimen
h specimen thickness equal to the thickness of the course or courses mm
of the test piece in which a rut can form
WTR wheel-tracking rate calculated as the average rate at which the rut mm/h
depth increases with time under repeated passes of a loaded wheel
of a small size device model A in air
WTSW wheel-tracking slope, calculated as the average rate at which the rut mm/103 load cycles
depth increases with repeated passes of a loaded wheel of a small
size device model B in water
WTSAIR wheel-tracking slope, calculated as the average rate at which the rut mm/103 load cycles
depth increases with repeated passes of a loaded wheel of a small
size device model B in air
w width of the tyre applying the load mm
N number of cycles —
P average value of Pi obtained on two or more specimens —
PLD average value of Pi obtained on two or more specimens using large %
size device
PXL average value of Pi obtained on two or more specimens using extra- %
large size device
TR mean rate of increase of track depth mm/h
TRm mean value of the determinations of TR mm/h
PRDW proportional rut depth for the material under test at N cycles using a %
small size device in water
RDW rut depth for the material under test at N cycles using a small size mm
device in water
PRDAIR proportional rut depth for the material under test at N cycles using a %
small size device in air
RDAIR rut depth for the material under test at N cycles using a small size mm
device in air
L load applied N
t15 time for rut depth to reach 15 mm min
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Table 2 (continued)
Symbol Definition Unit

ri change in vertical displacement from the initial value, r0, to the i mm
relevant reading
n total number of readings taken at 5 minutes, excluding the initial —
reading.
d5 000, d10 000 rut depth after 5 000 load cycles and 10 000 load cycles. respectively mm
5 Principle
The susceptibility of a bituminous material to deform is assessed by measuring the rut depth formed by
repeated passes of a loaded wheel at a fixed temperature.
6 Apparatus
6.1 Large size devices
6.1.1 Device simulating a rolling load which shall include:
6.1.1.1 Wheel fitted with a 400 × 8 pneumatic tyre without tread pattern and having a track width of
(80 ± 5) mm. The pneumatic tyre pressure shall be (600 ± 30) kPa.
NOTE The Trelleborg T522 BV Extra or Special 6-ply type pneumatic tyre is suitable for this test.
6.1.1.2 The travel of pneumatic tyre relative to the specimen shall be (410 ± 5) mm.
6.1.1.3 The frequency of travel (outward and return) shall be (1,0 ± 0,1) Hz.
6.1.1.4 The rolling load applied to the test specimen shall be (5 000 ± 50) N at the centre of the test
specimen, measured at least when the device is static.
6.1.1.5 The centre line of the tyre track shall be not more than 5 mm from the theoretical centre of the test
specimen.
6.1.1.6 The angle of skew shall be (0,0 ± 0,5)°.
6.1.2 Mould(s)
Mould(s) of internal dimensions (500 × 180 × 50) mm or (500 × 180 × 100) mm, all dimensions ± 2 mm,
capable of withstanding the test conditions without distortion.
6.1.3 Depth gauge
Depth gauge to measure local deformation, mij, to within ± 0,2 mm and with a square or circular measurement
area of between 5 mm2 and 10 mm2. A contact-free sensor can be used if it leads to the same result.
6.1.4 Ventilated enclosure
Ventilated enclosure with a set temperature that is regulated by a probe installed within the test specimen
such that the temperature within the specimen is maintained at ± 2 °C of that set (see Figure 1).
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6.1.5 Temperature sensors
Temperature sensor(s) suitable for installation within a compacted bituminous test specimen and for the
measurement of air temperature.
6.1.6 Temperature monitoring indicator
Temperature monitoring indicator to record the temperature within the test specimen, as shown in Figure 1.
6.1.7 Steel supporting plate
Steel supporting plate with a surface unevenness of less than 1 mm when checked with a steel rule across the
diagonals and of a thickness such that the deflection under test conditions of this European Standard shall not
exceed 0,5 mm.
6.1.8 Non-stick chemical
Non-stick chemical, such as glycerized sodium oleate.
6.2 Extra large Devices
6.2.1 Device simulating a rolling load which shall include:
6.2.1.1 General
Wheel fitted with a 6.00-R9 pneumatic tyre without tread pattern and having a track width of (110 ± 5) mm.
6.2.1.2 The travel of pneumatic tyre relative to the specimen shall be (700 ± 5) mm.
6.2.1.3 The time of travel (outward and return) shall be (2,5 ± 0,5) s.
6.2.1.4 The rolling load applied to the test specimen shall be (10 000 ± 100) N at the centre of the test
specimen, measured at least when the device is static.
6.2.1.5 The centre line of the tyre track shall be not more than 20 mm from the theoretical centre of the test
specimen.
6.2.1.6 The angle of skew shall be (0,0 ± 0,5)°.
6.2.2 Moulds
Mould(s) of internal dimensions (700 × 500) mm, all dimensions ± 5 mm, capable of withstanding the test
conditions without distortion. The height of mould corresponds to the nominal thickness of the test specimen
at the ends. The height of side edges correspond to the nominal thickness or exceed it by a maximum of
20 mm.
6.2.3 Depth gauge
Laser sensors to measure local deformation to within ± 0,2 mm. Laser sensors shall be capable to measure rut
depth with interval maximum 2 mm at least in 3 cross-sections as indicated Figure 2.
6.2.4 Ventilated enclosure
Ventilated enclosure with a set temperature that is regulated by a probe installed within the test specimen
such that the temperature within the specimen is maintained at ± 3 °C of that set (see Figure 2).
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6.2.5 Temperature sensors
Temperature sensor(s) suitable for installation within a compacted bituminous test specimen and for the
measurement of air temperature.
6.2.6 Temperature monitoring indicator
Temperature monitoring indicator to record the temperature within the test specimen, as shown in Figure 2.
6.3 Small size devices
6.3.1 Wheel-tracking apparatus
6.3.1.1 General
Wheel-tracking apparatus consisting of a loaded wheel that bears on a sample held securely on a table. The
table beneath the wheel or the wheel above the table moves to and from and a device provided monitors the
rate at which a rut develops in the surface of the test specimen. Vertical play in the loaded wheel mechanism
shall be less than 0,25 mm. The apparatus shall include:
6.3.1.2 Tyre of outside diameter between 200 mm and 205 mm fitted to the wheel. The tyre shall be
treadless and have a rectangular cross profile with a width of (w ± 1) mm where w = (50 ± 5) mm. The tyre
thickness shall be (20 ± 2) mm. The tyre shall be of solid rubber with a hardness number of 80 IRHD units
when measured in accordance with ISO 7619 and ISO 48. The hardness may be confirmed according to ISO
48.
6.3.1.3 Means of applying a load to the wheel: The wheel load under standard test conditions shall be
 w 
 700 50  ± 10  N , measured at the level of the top of the test specimen and normal to the plane of the
 
sample table.
NOTE This loading may conveniently be achieved by the use of a weighted cantilever arm.
6.3.1.4 Sample table, constructed so as to enable a 200 mm minimum diameter core specimen or
rectangular laboratory-prepared test specimen to be held firmly in place with its upper surface horizontal and
in the required tracking plane and with its centre positioned to ensure symmetrical tracking motion.
6.3.1.5 Wheel-tracking machine, constructed so as to enable the test specimen in its cradle to be moved
backwards and forwards under the loaded wheel in a fixed horizontal plane or the loaded wheel to be moved
backwards and forwards on the fixed specimen. The centre-line of the tyre track shall be not more than 5 mm
from the theoretical centre of the specimen. The centre of the contact area of the tyre shall describe simple
harmonic motion with respect to the centre of the top surface of the test specimen with a total distance of
travel of (230 ± 10) mm and a frequency of (26,5 ± 1,0) load cycles per 60 s for the test device.
NOTE This form of motion is most readily achieved by a reciprocating drive from a flywheel but alternative drive
mechanisms are satisfactory as long as the motion conforms with the above requirements.
6.3.1.6 Carriage and frame of steel with minimum inside dimensions of 260 mm × 300 mm. Vertical play in
the carriage shall be less than 0,25 mm when measured at the four corners of the carriage with the carriage
being subjected to the operating load, and the thickness of its bottom plate will be not less than 8 mm.
6.3.1.7 Device to measure the vertical position of the loaded wheel to ± 0,2 mm with a range of not less
than 20,0 mm.
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6.3.2 Means for temperature control
Means for temperature control such that the temperature of the test specimen during testing is uniform and
maintained constant at the specified temperature ± 1 °C.
NOTE A constant temperature room enclosing the machine or a water bath are two methods of meeting this
requirement.
6.3.3 Straightedge
Straightedge, at least 300 mm long.
6.3.4 Callipers
Callipers capable of measuring the thickness of a test specimen to an accuracy of ± 1 mm.
Talc or steatite
6.4 Small-size devices for use with cores
6.4.1 General
The equipment listed in 6.3.1 to 6.3.4 with the apparatus listed in 6.4.2 to 6.4.7.
6.4.2 Abrasive disc circular saw
Abrasive disc circular saw capable of cutting through 300 mm diameter cores of compacted bituminous
mixtures to provide a nominally ridge-free surface.
6.4.3 Core clamping assembly
Core clamping assembly comprising two steel, glass or other suitable stiff plates, and clamping blocks for
holding the prepared core in place whilst it is bedded in the holding medium.
NOTE The clamping blocks can be of any material strong enough to support the mass of the loaded wheel and have
a central hole capable of accommodating cores with diameters close to 200 mm.
6.4.4 Cleansing solvent
Cleansing solvent, e. g. mixture of 90 per cent acetone and 10 % kerosene by volume, for cleaning the rubber
tyre after use.
6.4.5 Holding medium
Holding medium, e.g. plaster of Paris or a polyester resin and hardener.
6.4.6 Containers
Containers for mixing the holding medium (disposable paper cups are suitable).
6.4.7 Spirit level
Spirit level, at least 100 mm long.
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7 Sampling and sample preparation
7.1 Sampling and manufacture
7.1.1 Laboratory prepared samples
7.1.1.1 Manufacture
The component materials shall either be
 Laboratory produced bituminous mixtures, mixed in accordance with prEN 12697-35 or
 Plant produced bituminous mixtures, sampled in accordance with EN 12697-27.
The test specimens shall be compacted in their moulds in accordance with prEN 12697-33 or EN 12697-32,
extracted from their mould, and their bulk density measured in accordance with EN 12697-6, EN 12697-7 or
by dimensions. The bulk density of the two (or six) specimens used to measure the rut depth or the wheel-
tracking rate of a given mixture shall not deviate by more than ± 1 % of the mean bulk density.
7.1.1.2 Nominal thickness
For large size devices and without specific requirement, the thickness of the specimen shall be:
 50 mm for mixtures intended to be used in layers less than or equal to 50 mm;
 100 mm for mixtures intended to be used in layers greater than 50 mm.
For extra-large size devices and without specific requirement, the thickness of the specimen shall be 60 mm.
For large and extra-large size devices and if the thickness is to be specified, it shall be :
 30 mm;
or
 50 mm;
or
 60 mm;
or
 75 mm;
or
100 mm.
NOTE In the case of mixtures that are designed to be laid at a range of thickness, the thickness of the specimen shall
be the point in the design thickness range nearest or of about 2,5 times the upper sieve size of the mix.
For small size devices the nominal thickness of the specimen shall be that at which the mixture will be laid on
the road, or in the case of mixtures that are designed to be laid at a range of thickness, shall be the point in
the design thickness range nearest
 25 mm for mixtures with upper sieve size less than 8 mm;
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 40 mm for mixtures with upper sieve size larger or equal to 8 mm and less than 16 mm;
 60 mm for mixtures with upper sieve size larger than or equal to 16 mm and less than or equal to 22 mm;
 80 mm for mixtures with upper sieve size larger than 22 mm and less than or equal to 32 mm.
7.1.1.3 Temperature probes
For specimen to be used on large size devices, the temperature sensors shall be inserted into the test
specimen; for temperature monitoring, as shown in Figure 1.
7.1.2 Specimen extracted from pavements
7.1.2.1 Cut specimens
Cut specimens of sufficient size so that they can be sawn to form rectangular test specimen of
(175 ± 0,2) mm × (490 ± 0,2) mm for large size devices or (690 ± 10) mm × (490 ± 10) mm for extra-large size
devices or at least 260 mm × 300 mm for small size devices. For each test, cut at least
 two test specimens for large and extra-large size devices;
 six test specimens for small size devices with procedure A;
or
 two test specimens for small size devices with procedure B.
The locations from which the specimens are taken shall be selected in accordance with EN 12697-27.
7.1.2.2 Core specimen
For small size devices the number of core specimens with a diameter of more than 300 mm shall be in
accordance with Table 1.
7.1.2.3 Temperature probes
For specimens to be used on large size devices, insert one temperature sensor into the test specimen; for
temperature monitoring, as shown in Figure 1.
For specimens to be used on extra-large size devices, insert one temperature sensor into the test specimen;
for temperature monitoring, as shown in Figure 2.
7.1.2.4 Marking
Each cut or cored specimen shall be marked to indicate the direction of traffic flow.
7.1.2.5 Trimming
If necessary for specimen of rolled asphalt or gussasphalt with pre-coated chippings, cut the test surface
using a circular saw so that it is flat.
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7.2 Thickness and surface regularity
7.2.1 Large and extra-large size devices
The thickness of the specimen at all points of the measuring zone shall not differ from the nominal thickness
by more than 2,5 mm when the nominal thickness is less than or equal to 50 mm, nor by more than 5 % of the
nominal thickness when the nominal thickness is greater than 50 mm.
Place the straightedge across the lower face at various locations and measure the largest gap that occurs.
When a gap of more than 5 mm is found, reject the specimen if the lower face cannot be improved by sawing
or by bedding in plaster of Paris.
7.2.2 Small size devices
Measure the thickness of the test specimen at four points; at 90° intervals for cores and at the midpoint of
each side for rectangular specimen. The four measurements shall not differ from the nominal thickness by
more than 2,5 mm when the nominal thickness is less than or equal to 50 mm, nor by more than 5 % of the
nominal thickness when the nominal thickness is greater than 50 mm. Record the average of these four
measurements as the thickness of the test specimen.
Place the straightedge across a diameter of the face to be tracked and reject any specimen with a distortion of
more than 2 mm. Repeat for three further diameters separated by approximately 45°.
7.3 Transport and storage of unmounted specimens
After sampling from a pavement using a method in EN 12697-27, the unmounted test specimens shall be
transported to the test laboratory at a temperature of not more than 30 °C with the test surface horizontal and
kept at a temperature of not more than 25 °C.
On arrival at the laboratory, for samples extracted from a pavement or after demoulding, for specimens
manufactured in-house, the unmounted test specimens shall be stored with the test surface horizontal and
kept at a temperature of not more than 25 °C.
Wheel tracking shall not be determined on materials where less than 2 days has elapsed since final
compaction. All specimens belonging to the same series of tests shall be of the same order of age, i.e. within
± 10 %.
Record the actual age of the specimens in days on the test sheet.
7.4 Sample preparation
7.4.1 Laboratory-prepared specimen
The test specimen shall be tested in either the mould in which it was prepared or one for which all relevant
dimensions differ from the mould in which it was prepared by less than 0,5 mm. Secure the mould containing
the test specimen to the supporting plate. If dimensions may differ by more than 0,5 mm, fill the gap between
the mould and the sample with plaster of Paris.
Alternatively for the small size devices prepare the samples to a size between 10 mm and 20 mm shorter than
the internal length and width of the test form and cast plaster of Paris around the test specimen.
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7.4.2 Specimen extracted from pavements
7.4.2.1 Cut specimen
Wedge each specimen into a mould without distortion so that the specimen cannot move relative to the mould.
Ensure that there is satisfactory contact between the material and the bottom of the mould and the side walls
by bedding in with plaster of Paris.
7.4.2.2 Core specimen
Place the core specimen on a glass or steel plate with the surface to be tested at the bottom. Put two
clamping blocks face downwards around the core specimen orientated so that the wheel-tracking path can be
aligned with the marked direction of road traffic flow.
Fill the space above and around the core specimen to slightly overflowing with some freshly mixed holding
medium.
Slide a second glass or steel plate on top using sufficient pressure to expel most of the excess holding
medium.
When the holding medium has set, remove the mounted core from between the plates and trim off any
remaining excess holding medium using the steel straightedge.
Using the straightedge and a feeler gauge, check that the surface of the core specimen is level and that there
is no deviation greater than 2 mm from the plane of the clamping block surfaces. If the core specimen is
incorrectly aligned, dismantle the assembly and repeat the core specimen mounting procedure until a
satisfactory result is achieved.
8 Procedure for carrying out a single measurement
8.1.1 Pneumatic tyre
Ensure that the pneumatic tyre is clean and that material from the specimen does not adhere to the pneumatic
tyre during the test to prevent any spurious heating. Maintain the pressure in the tyre at (600 ± 30) kPa during
the test either by an appropriate device or by monitoring and adjusting at each stoppage.
8.1.2 Conditioning run
With the enclosure at a temperature between 15 °C and 25 °C, set the machine in motion until the test
specimen has undergone 1 000 load cycles.
8.1.3 Initial readings
Take initial measurements of the profile of each test specimen at the 15 predetermined locations shown in
Figure 3, where m0j is the initial measurement at the j location.
8.1.4 Temperature conditioning
Set the specimen at the test temperature. The air temperature measured using the probe installed on the side
wall of the mould shall never exceed 75 °C if the test temperature is 60 °C or less, and not exceed the test
temperature plus 15 °C if the test temperature is greater than 60 °C. The test specimen shall be conditioned
under these conditions for a period of 12 h to 16 h prior to testing.
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prEN 12697-22:2003 (E)
8.1.5 Execution of test
Set the machine in motion. Stop the machine and measure the rut depth at the 15 predetermined locations
shown in Figure 3 after the test specimen has undergone the specified load cycles, 1 000, 3 000, 10 000,
30 000 and, if appropriate, at 30, 100, 300, and 100 000 load cycles, excluding the conditioning cycles.
Maintain the temperature within the specimen at the specified value ± 2 °C throughout the testing regime. The
test on a specimen is completed after the required number of load cycles or if the mean rut depth,
15 (mij − moj )
∑ 15
, exceeds 18 mm. If the test is not completed, restart the machine after allowing sufficient time
j =1
for the test specimen to return to the set temperature unless the rut depth measurement has been made
automatically without opening the temperature controlled enclosure.
8.1.6 Temperature monitoring
Prior to measuring the rut depth at the 15 locations, measure the temperature of the test specimen.
8.1.7 Repeat runs
The test shall be carried out on at least two specimens.
8.2 Extra-large size device
8.2.1 Pneumatic tyre
Ensure that the pneumatic tyre is clean and that material from the specimen does not adhere to the pneumatic
tyre during the test to prevent any spurious heating. Maintain the pressure in the tyre at (600 ± 30) kPa during
the test either by an appropriate device or by monitoring and adjusting at the beginning and the end of each
test.
Set the specimen at the test temperature. The test specimen shall be conditioned under these conditions for a
period of 14 h to 18 h prior to testing.
8.2.3 Execution of test
Set the machine in motion. Then, the first measurement of slab profile (reference level) is made by laser at
minimum three cross-sections. Lasers are set at the predetermined locations, as shown in Figure 2. After that,
the load cycles and measurements of profile are made automatically. The profile is measured after 100, 200,
500, 1 000, 2 000, 3 000, 4 000, 6 000, 8 000, 10 000, 12 000, 14 000 and, if appropriate, up to 30 000 load
cycles. Maintain the temperature within the specimen at the specified value ± 3 °C throughout the testing
regime. The test on a specimen is completed after the required number of load cycles or if the mean rut depth,
Pi, exceeds 20 mm.
8.2.4 Temperature monitoring
Prior to measuring the rut depth, measure the temperature of the test specimen.
8.2.5 Repeat runs
The test shall be carried out on at least two specimens.
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prEN 12697-22:2003 (E)
If the specimens are to be tested in air (Procedure A or B), they are to be conditioned at the specified test
temperature ± 1 °C for a period prior to testing of:
— a minimum of 4 h for specimens with a nominal thickness equal to or less than 60 mm;
— a minimum of 6 h for specimens with a nominal thickness larger than 60 mm;
— a maximum of 24 h.
If the specimens are to be tested in water (Procedure B only), place the test specimen in water at the specified
test temperature ± 1 °C until the temperature equilibrium is reached within the specimen, and for not less than
1 h.
8.3.2 Specimen fixing
Place the test specimen, mounted in the clamping assembly if a core, in the wheel-tracking machine, fix it
rigidly to the table of the machine and attach a thermocouple in the specimen approximately 20 mm under the
surface for specimens conditioned in air. Maintain the temperature within the specimen or the temperature of
the water bath in the vicinity of the specimen at the specified test temperature ± 1 °C. If the surface is sticky,
lightly dust with talc or steatite.
8.3.3 Conditioning runs
Allow five cycles of the wheel before the test is commenced.
8.3.4 Procedure A
Monitor the rut development with either an automatic displacement measuring device or a dial gauge.
 Measurement by automatic displacement measuring device: Set the machine in motion and take readings
of the vertical displacement initially, r0, and then after every (25 ± 1) load cycles with the centre of the test
specimen within 10 mm of the centre point of the loaded area at the mid-point of traverse.
 Measurement by dial gauge: Set the centre of the test specimen within 10 mm of the centre point of the
loaded area at the mid-point of traverse. Take an initial reading of the vertical position of the loaded
wheel, r0. Set the machine in motion and take readings of the vertical displacement every (25 ± 1) load
cycles. For each reading, centre the specimen as for the initial reading.
Continue tracking for 1 000 load cycles or until a rut depth of 15 mm is reached, whichever is the shorter.
8.3.5 Procedure B
Set the machine in motion and take readings at the vertical displacement of the wheel, initially, then at least 6
or 7 times in the first hour, and at least one reading every 500 load cycles thereafter. The vertical position of
the wheel is defined as the mean value of the profile of the specimen on a length of ± 50 mm about the centre
of the loading area at the mid point of traverse, measured in at least 25 points approximately equally spaced.
The vertical position of the wheel shall be measured without bringing it to a stop. Continue tracking until
10 000 load cycles are applied or until a rut depth of 20 mm is reached whichever is the shorter.
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prEN 12697-22:2003 (E)
9 Calculation and expression of results
9.1.1 Calculation of the measured proportional rut depth
Calculate the measured proportional rut depth, Pi, of specimen for the set of measurements, i, from the
15 values of local deformation, mij, and the specimen thickness, h, using the following relationship
15 (mij − m0 j )
Pi = 100 × ∑ (15 × h)
(1)
j =1
where:
Pi is the measured proportional rut depth, in percent (%);
mij is the local deformation, in millimetres (mm);
m0j is the initial measurement at the j location;
h is the specimen thickness, in millimetres (mm).
9.1.2 Graph
Plot a graph ln(Pi), against ln(N) for each specimen tested of the same composition. Exclude values of
proportion rut depth at N load cycles if any value of rut depth is greater than 15 % of the specimen thickness
after N load cycles.
9.1.3 Calculation of the mean value P
Calculate the mean value P of Pi of the two or more specimens tested of the same composition at the same
level of void content and for the same number N of load cycles.
9.1.4 Calculation of the test temperature
Calculate the test temperature as the average of the temperatures recorded before each set of
measurements.
9.2 Extra-large size device
9.2.1 Calculation of the measured proportional rut depth
The program calculates the measured rut depth in each measured cross-section as a mean value of
measured rut depth at at least 30 points which are located within 60 mm in the centre of loaded area. The rut
depth in each cross-section is the difference between the mean value of rut depth and the reference level
measured at the beginning of the test.
The measured proportional rut depth of specimen, Pi, is the mean value of proportional rut depth in each
measured cross-section:
(m1 + + mn )
Pi = 100 × (2)
n×h
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prEN 12697-22:2003 (E)
where
Pi is the measured proportional rut depth, in percent (%);
mn is the measured rut depth in measured cross-section, in millimetres (mm);
n number of measured cross-sections,
h is the specimen thickness, in millimetres (mm).
9.2.2 Calculation of the mean value PXL
Calculate the mean value PXL of Pi of the two or more specimens tested of the same composition at the same
level of void content and for the same number N of load cycles.
9.2.3 Calculation of the test temperature
Calculate the test temperature as the average of the temperatures recorded before each set of
measurements.
9.3.1 Procedure A
9.3.1.1 Wheel-tracking rate
For each test specimen, determine the mean rate of increase of track depth, TR, in microns per load cycle
(µm/cycle), from the following summation provided that the test continued for at least 5 min:
 At least 8 readings
TR = 3 rn + rn – 1 – rn – 2 – 3 rn – 3 (3)
 5 to 7 readings
TR = 5 rn – 5 rn – 2 (4)
 3 or 4 readings
TR = 10 rn – 10 rn – 1 (5)
 1 or 2 readings
15 000
TR = (6)
n15
where
n is the total number of readings taken at 100 load cycle interval for up to 1 000 load cycles, excluding
the initial reading;
ri is the change in vertical displacement from the initial value, r0, to the i relevant reading, in millimetres
(mm);
n15 is the number of load cycles for rut depth to reach 15 mm.
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prEN 12697-22:2003 (E)
If the range of values from the six determinations exceeds 1,1 times their mean, then the value with the
greatest difference from the mean shall be discarded. If the range is still greater than 1,1 times the mean, then
the test shall be regarded as void.
9.3.1.2 Mean wheel-tracking rate
The wheel-tracking rate of the material under test, WTR, in microns per cycle, shall be calculated from
w
WTR = 10,4 × TRm × (7)
L
where
WTR is the wheel-tracking rate, in microns per load cycle (µm/cycle);
TRm is the mean value of the determinations of TR, in microns per load cycle (µm/cycle);
w is the width of the tyre applying the load, in millimetres (mm);
L is the load applied, in Newtons (N).
The wheel-tracking rate shall be reported to the nearest 0,1 µm/cycle as the wheel-tracking rate of the
material under test. If a determination has been discarded, that determination shall be reported as an outlier.
9.3.1.3 Mean rut depth
For each test specimen for which the depth of wheel-track deformation is less than 15 mm after 1 000 load
cycles, the rut depth is the change in vertical displacement from the initial value, r0, to the tenth reading, r10.
For each test specimen for which the depth of wheel-track deformation reaches 15 mm before 1 000 load
cycles, the rut depth shall be equal to
15 000
mm (8)
n15
where
n15 is the number of load cycles for rut depth to reach 15 mm.
The rut depth RD for the material under test is the mean rut depth of the specimens to ± 0,1 mm.
9.3.2 Procedure B in air
9.3.2.1 Wheel-tracking slope in air
The wheel-tracking slope, in mm per 103 load cycles, is calculated as:
( d 10 000 − d 5 000 )
WTS AIR = (9)
5
where
WTSAIR is the wheel-tracking slope, in millimetres per 103 load cycles;
d5 000, d10 000 is the rut depth after 5 000 load cycles and 10 000 load cycles, in millimetres (mm).
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prEN 12697-22:2003 (E)
9.3.2.2 Mean wheel-tracking slope in air
The result of the test is the average WTSAIR of the two specimens.
If the test is terminated before 10 000 load cycles are reached, the wheel-tracking slope shall be calculated on
the linear part of the rut depth curve, provided it covers a range of 2 000 load cycles at least.
9.3.2.3 Mean proportional rut depth, PRDAIR, in air
The proportional rut depth for the material under test at N cycles is the mean proportional rut depth of the two
(or more) specimens to ± 0,1 %.
9.3.2.4 Mean rut depth, RDAIR, in air
The rut depth for the material under test at N cycles is the mean rut depth of the two (or more) specimens to
± 0,1 mm.
9.3.3 Procedure B in water
9.3.3.1 Wheel-tracking slope in water
The wheel-tracking slope in water, in mm per 103 load cycles, is calculated as:
( d 10 000 − d 5 000 )
WTS W = (10)
5
where
WTSW is the wheel-tracking slope, in millimetres per 103 load cycles;
d5 000, d10 000 is the rut depth after 5 000 load cycles and 10 000 load cycles, in millimetres (mm).
9.3.3.2 Mean wheel-tracking slope in water
The result of the test is the average WTSW of the two specimens.
If the test is terminated before 10 000 load cycles are reached, the wheel-tracking rate shall be calculated on
the linear part of the rut depth curve, provided it covers a range of 2 000 load cycles at least.
9.3.3.3 Mean proportional rut depth, PRDW
The proportional rut depth in water for the material under test at N cycles is the mean proportional rut depth of
the two (or more) specimens to ± 0,1 %.
9.3.3.4 Mean rut depth, RDW
The rut depth in water for the material under test at N cycles is the mean rut depth of the two (or more)
specimens to ± 0,1 mm.
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prEN 12697-22:2003 (E)
10 Test report
10.1 Obligatory information
10.1.1 Obligatory information for each test specimen
The test report shall include the following information for each test specimen:
a) sample identification;
b) bulk density of the test specimen prior to testing, and the method used for its determination;
c) temperature at which the test was carried out;
d) mean thickness of test specimen including thickness of any separately identifiable layers within the test
specimen;
e) the number and date of this Standard;
f) whether the sample was tested on large-size, extra-large size or small-size devices and, for small-sizes
devices, whether it was to Procedure A, Procedure B in air or Procedure B in water;
g) any test conditions and operational details not provided in this Standard, and anomalies, if any, likely to
have affected the results.
10.1.2 Obligatory information for laboratory prepared test specimens
For laboratory-prepared test specimens, the test report shall also include the following information:
a) identification of component materials and their proportions in the mix;
b) method of manufacture of the bituminous mixture, and the type of mixer used;
c) method of compaction of the test specimen;
d) date of sample manufacture;
e) age of test specimen at test and storage conditions under which it was kept;
f) number of specimens of the same composition tested.
10.1.3 Obligatory information for test specimens taken from a pavement by coring
For test specimens taken from a pavement by coring, the test report shall also include the following
information:
a) date, time and place of sampling where known;
b) the date of compaction (if relevant);
c) whether or not a certificate of sampling is available and, if available, a copy of the certificate shall be
provided if required.
10.1.4 Obligatory information for test specimens tested on large or extra large devices
For test specimens tested on large or extra large size devices, the test report shall also include the following
information:
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prEN 12697-22:2003 (E)
a) the proportional rut depth, PLD or PXL, at the required number of cycles;
10.1.5 Obligatory information for test specimens tested on small size devices
For test specimens tested on small size devices, the test report shall also include the following information:
Procedure A:
a) the wheel-tracking rates of individual test specimens;
b) the mean wheel-tracking rate, WTR, of each group of six test specimens;
c) the mean rut depth, RD, after 1 000 load cycles.
Procedure B in air:
d) the wheel-tracking slope, WTSAIR, of individual test specimens;
e) the mean wheel-tracking slope, WTSAIR, of each group of two (or more) test specimens, if required;
f) the proportional rut depth, PRDAIR, at 10 000 cycles of individual specimens;
g) the mean proportional rut depth, PRDAIR, at 10 000 cycles;
h) the rut depth, RDAIR, at 10 000 cycles of individual specimens;
i) the mean rut depth, RDAIR, at 10 000 cycles.
Procedure B in water:
j) the mean wheel-tracking slope, WTSW, of each group of two (or more) test specimens, if required;
k) the mean proportional rut depth, PRDW, at 10 000 cycles;
l) the mean rut depth, RDW, at 10 000 cycles.
10.2 Complementary information
a) copies of graphs.
11 Precision
11.1 General
The repeatability and reproducibility of the test will depend on whether test samples are prepared in a
laboratory or extracted from a pavement, and whether large-size or small-size devices are used. Limited data
from national trials are available for some of these conditions.
11.2 Laboratory prepared samples, proportional rut depth, large size devices
The precision values are given in Table 2.
NOTE The precision data was determined from an experiment conducted in France in accordance with ISO 5725 in
1992 involving twelve laboratories using specimen supplied by the organising laboratory. The results are the average of
24
prEN 12697-22:2003 (E)
the rut depth on two specimens. The data from one laboratory was excluded from the analysis at 10 000 load cycles and
from two laboratories at each of the other load cycles. The test temperature was 60 °C.
11.3 Samples cored from a pavement and laboratory prepared samples, wheel-tracking rate,
small-size devices, conditioning in air
The precision values are given in Table 3.
NOTE The precision data were determined from experiments conducted in the UK in accordance with ISO 5725. The
first (site samples) experiment in 1992 involved eleven laboratories using cores supplied by the organising laboratory. The
data from one laboratory was excluded from the analysis because of the number of outliers included. The second
(laboratory-made samples) experiment in 1994 involved seven laboratories using cores supplied by the organising
laboratory. For both experiments, the test temperature was 45 °C and the results are the average of the wheel-tracking
rate on six specimens. The results have been converted from mm/h.
Table 3 — Precision values for proportional rut depth from laboratory prepared specimen
(large size device)
Repeatability Reproducibility
Test result level
Number of load cycles conditions, r conditions, R
% % %
100 3,5 0,76 0,97
1.000 4,8 1,05 1,32
10.000 6,4 1,08 1,20
30.000 7,0 1,11 1,16
Table 4 — Precision values for wheel-tracking rate from cores (Procedure A)
Repeatability Reproducibility
Test result level
Samples conditions, r conditions, R
microns per cycle microns per cycle microns per cycle
Laboratory made 2,1 0,5 1,0
1,7 0,6 1,1
From site 6,4 2,5 4,7
10,7 3,2 4,5
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prEN 12697-22:2003 (E)
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 air temperature, measurement probe
2 test temperature, measurement probe
3 sensitive element of test, temperature measurement probe
Figure 1 — Large size device location of temperature measurement
26
prEN 12697-22:2003 (E)
Key
1 transverse profile, 700 × 500 × 70 (mould)
2 laser (3)
3 rut
4 sample temperature, measurement probe
5 air temperature, measurement probe
6 turning place of the wheel
Figure 2 — XL-device
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prEN 12697-22:2003 (E)
Key
1 transisting of wheel
Figure 3 — Location of measuring points for large size devices
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prEN 12697-22:2003 (E)
Bibliography
ISO 5725, Precision of test methods — Determination of repeatability and reproducibility for a standard test
method by inter-laboratory tests.
29

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FINAL DRAFT

EUROPEAN STANDARD prEN 12697-22

Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels

This document is currently submitted to the Formal Vote.

This European Standard is one of a series of standards as listed below:

No existing European Standard is superseded.

3 Terms and definitions

Table 1 — Minimum set of specimen

Device Minimum set of test specimen

4 Symbols and abbreviated terms

Table 2 — Symbols and abbreviated terms

Symbol Definition Unit

Symbol Definition Unit

6.1 Large size devices

6.1.1 Device simulating a rolling load which shall include:

6.1.1.6 The angle of skew shall be (0,0 ± 0,5)°.

6.1.3 Depth gauge

6.1.4 Ventilated enclosure

6.1.5 Temperature sensors

6.1.6 Temperature monitoring indicator

6.1.7 Steel supporting plate

6.1.8 Non-stick chemical

Non-stick chemical, such as glycerized sodium oleate.

6.2 Extra large Devices

6.2.1 Device simulating a rolling load which shall include:

6.2.1.6 The angle of skew shall be (0,0 ± 0,5)°.

6.2.3 Depth gauge

6.2.4 Ventilated enclosure

6.2.5 Temperature sensors

6.2.6 Temperature monitoring indicator

6.3 Small size devices

6.3.1 Wheel-tracking apparatus

6.3.2 Means for temperature control

Straightedge, at least 300 mm long.

Callipers capable of measuring the thickness of a test specimen to an accuracy of ± 1 mm.

6.4 Small-size devices for use with cores

6.4.2 Abrasive disc circular saw

6.4.3 Core clamping assembly

6.4.4 Cleansing solvent

6.4.5 Holding medium

Holding medium, e.g. plaster of Paris or a polyester resin and hardener.

6.4.7 Spirit level

Spirit level, at least 100 mm long.

7 Sampling and sample preparation

7.1 Sampling and manufacture

7.1.1 Laboratory prepared samples

The component materials shall either be

 Laboratory produced bituminous mixtures, mixed in accordance with prEN 12697-35 or

 Plant produced bituminous mixtures, sampled in accordance with EN 12697-27.

7.1.1.2 Nominal thickness

 50 mm for mixtures intended to be used in layers less than or equal to 50 mm;

 100 mm for mixtures intended to be used in layers greater than 50 mm.

 25 mm for mixtures with upper sieve size less than 8 mm;

7.1.1.3 Temperature probes

7.1.2 Specimen extracted from pavements

7.1.2.1 Cut specimens

 two test specimens for large and extra-large size devices;

 six test specimens for small size devices with procedure A;

 two test specimens for small size devices with procedure B.

7.1.2.2 Core specimen

7.1.2.3 Temperature probes