RIDHO MUHAMMAD SEPTIANO

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Paragraph writing

1. What is unity

Paragraphs should have both coherence and unity. A paragraph with unity develops a single idea
thoroughly and links it to the rest of the paper. Paragraph coherence is achieved when sentences are
ordered in a logical manner and when clear transitions link sentences.

Paragraph unity:

Develop a paragraph around a major idea. Express this idea in the topic sentence.Make the relationship
between the main idea of the paragraph and the thesis of the paper clear. Don’t assume that the reader
will “get it.” Spell it out for him/her.Support the main idea of the paragraph with details.Create separate
paragraphs for those details that explore your topic from different perspectives.Eliminate sentences that
do not support the main idea. Alternately, you may revise the main idea to include those sentences.Look
at the following examples from a paper that has the thesis: “Despite the amount of foreign aid pouring
in, social conditions in Zeeland remain bleak because the aid is used for military purposes.”

Example 1 (without unity)

Robert Bee wrote, “The Zeeland massacre illustrates the need for greater control and vigilance.” This is
related to the thesis. Some 20,000 people disappeared from the villages.Financial mishandling can lead
to great misfortune. Corruption in the government was exposed repeatedly to no avail. A police force,
under orders to eliminate suspected terrorists, grabbed political dissidents and their families.
Example 2(unified)

The pogrom of May 3, 1987 exemplifies how foreign aid funds were appropriated for repressive rather
than social development purposes. On that day, some 20,000 people were abducted from villages in the
countryside, charged as traitors and summarily executed. Then governor-for-life Zeely Zeelafsun had
recently used $5 billion in aid to create a standing paramilitary police force. Without some restrictive
control over the aid, human rights organizations were unable to prevent the buildup and unleashing of
this disaster. Robert Bee, the director of the Development as Freedom Foundation wrote, “The Zeeland
massacre illustrates the need for greater control and vigilance

2. What is coherence

Coherence describes the way anything, such as an argument (or part of an argument) “hangs together.”
If something has coherence, its parts are well-connected and all heading in the same direction. Without
coherence, a discussion may not make sense or may be difficult for the audience to follow. It’s an
extremely important quality of formal writing.
Coherence is relevant to every level of organization, from the sentence level up to the complete
argument. However, we’ll be focused on the paragraph level in this article. That’s because:Sentence-
level coherence is a matter of grammar, and it would take too long to explain all the features of
coherent grammar.Most people can already write a fairly coherent sentence, even if their grammar is
not perfect.When you write coherent paragraphs, the argument as a whole will usually seem coherent
to your readers.Although coherence is primarily a feature of arguments, you may also hear people talk
about the “coherence” of a story, poem, etc. However, in this context the term is extremely vague, so
we’ll focus on formal essays for the sake of simplicity.Coherence is, in the end, a matter of perception.
This means it’s a completely subjective judgement. A piece of writing is coherent if and only if the reader
thinks it is.

There are many distinct features that help create a sense of coherence. Let’s look at an extended
example and go through some of the features that make it seem coherent. Most people would agree
that this is a fairly coherent paragraph:

Credit cards are convenient, but dangerous. People often get them in order to make large purchases
easily without saving up lots of money in advance. This is especially helpful for purchases like cars,
kitchen appliances, etc., that you may need to get without delay. However, this convenience comes at a
high price: interest rates. The more money you put on your credit card, the more the bank or credit
union will charge you for that convenience. If you’re not careful, credit card debt can quickly break the
bank and leave you in very dire economic circumstances.

3. What is cohesion

Learn all about cohesion with this handy guide! Includes ideas on how to teach cohesive devices and
links to teaching resources for this topic.

Cohesion is a term in linguistics that refers to how the structure and content of a sentence or text is
linked together to create meaning.Cohesion needs to be achieved in a sentence, within a paragraph and
across paragraphs for a text to make sense.

Cohesion means that writing is well structured with linked ideas that follow a logical pattern. Sentences
and paragraphs flow smoothly and are written in the same tense, meaning the piece of writing as a
whole is fluid and makes sense.It is important for children to learn about cohesion, as it builds literacy
and creative writing skills.Cohesion is important asIt teaches children how to order and structure
sentences and paragraphs.It means related ideas are kept together and flow logically from one to
anotherIt helps children express their ideas in a way that the reader will clearly understand.

A common example of cohesion is the behavior of water molecules. Each water molecule can form four
hydrogen bonds with neighbor molecules. The strong Coulomb attraction between the molecules draws
them together or makes them "sticky." Because the water molecules are more strongly attracted to
each other than to other molecules, they form droplets on surfaces (e.g., dew drops) and form a dome
when filling a container before spilling over the sides. The surface tension produced by cohesion makes
it possible for light objects to float on water without sinking (e.g., water striders walking on
water).Another cohesive substance is mercury. Mercury atoms are strongly attracted to each other; they
bead together on surfaces. Mercury sticks to itself when it flows.

4. What is text

In general, text is a collection of words or letters that are understandable by the reader. On a computer,
text is added, viewed, edited, and modified using a text editor or word processing program. To add text,
a keyboard is most often used. However, may also be added using touch and an on-screen keyboard or
through voice recognition.

5. How many types of text? (Mention and elaborate them)

The type or the characteristics of a text are very important for any work of summarisation on it. It is
easier to select the main ideas from certain types of texts, as the narrative ones (texts “telling a story”)
then from others, such as expository texts (texts “speaking about”).The type of a texts depend on their
purpose, structure and language features.One of the most commonly used classification text materials is
that one based on text’s purpose and meaning. In this classification, there are three main categories:

Expository texts

Narrative texts, and

Argumentative texts.

An expository text is intended to identify and characterise experiences, facts, situations, and actions in
either abstract or real elements. Expository texts are meant to explain, inform or describe and they are
the most frequently use to write structures. Expository structures can be classified into five
categories:description, where the author describes a topics characteristics, features, attributes, etc. and
gives examples.procedure or sequence: the author lists different activities in their chronological order or
enumerates items in a numerical order.comparison: the author explains how two or more objects,
events, experiences, are alike and/or different.cause-effect explanation: the author presents ideas,
events in time, or facts as causes and the resulting effect(s) in time.problem-solution presentation: the
author describes a problem and gives one or more solutions to the problem.In the expository category,
the non-fictional texts have specific role to inform or to teach the readers. They can come in a various
formats, depending of the area of use:

business: reports, letters, executive summaries.journalism: essays, news reports, press releases, sports
news.technical communication: user guides, technical reports or standards.academic and scientific
communication: textbooks, student guides, scientific reports, scientific journals’ articles, encyclopedia
articles.general reference works: encyclopedia articles, or on-line, multi-domain informative texts, as the
Wikipedia articles.

A narrative text
entertains, instructs or informs readers by telling a story.Narrative texts deal with imaginary or real
world and can be fictional (fairy tales, novels, science fiction, horror or adventure stories, fables, myths,
legends, etc.) and non-fictional (articles, newspaper reports, hitorical writings).

Argumentative texts

aim is to change the readers’ beliefs. They often contain negative qualities or characteristics of
something/someone, or try to persuade their readers that an object, product, idea is in some way better
than others.You should note that few texts are purely one type: expository or argumentative texts can
contain narration or evaluative elements.Remember that the text types refer to the meaning the
writing, and they should not be confused with writing (or other materials) formats: book, article, letter,
report, essay, etc.