23.

Fresnel Equations

• EM Waves at boundaries

• Fresnel Equations:
Reflection and Transmission Coefficients

• Brewster’s Angle

• Total Internal Reflection (TIR)

• Evanescent Waves

• The Complex Refractive Index

• Reflection from Metals
We will derive the Fresnel equations
r : reflection coefficient
Er cos θ − n2 − sin 2 θ E Er
rTE = = θ θr
E cos θ + n2 − sin 2 θ

Er − n2 cos θ + n2 − sin 2 θ n1
rTM = =
E n2 cos θ + n2 − sin 2 θ n2

t : transmission coefficient θt
E 2cos θ Et
tTE = t =
E cos θ + n2 − sin 2 θ
ntransmitted n2
Et 2n cos θ n≡ =
tTM = = nincident n1
E n2 cos θ + n2 − sin 2 θ
 EM Waves at an Interface
r r r
Ei Eoi Er
r r r r
Incident beam :
⎣ ( )
Ei = Eoi exp ⎡i ki ⋅ r − ωi t ⎤
⎦
r
ki = n1k0 r
ki
r
kr r
r r r r r Eor
⎣ (
Reflected beam : Er = Eor exp ⎡i kr ⋅ r − ωr t ⎤
⎦) kr = n1k0
r
n1
n2
r
Eot
r r r r
(
Transmitted beam : Et = Eot exp ⎡i kt ⋅ r − ωt t ⎤
⎣ ⎦ ) kt = n2 k0 r
kt
r
TE mode Et
TM mode

r
n2 n2

θi

n1 n1

Note the definition of the positive E-field directions in both cases.

 EM Waves at an Interface
r r r r
Incident beam :
⎣ (
Ei = Eoi exp ⎡i ki ⋅ r − ωi t ⎤
⎦ )
r r r r
(
Reflected beam : Er = Eor exp ⎡i kr ⋅ r − ωr t ⎤
⎣ ⎦ )
r r r r
(
Transmitted beam : Et = Eot exp ⎡i kt ⋅ r − ωt t ⎤
⎣ ⎦ )
At the boundary between the two media (the x − y plane), all waves must exist simultaneously,
and the tangential component must be equal on both sides of the interface. r r r
r Ei Eoi n̂ Er
Therefore, for all time t and for all boundary points r on the interface,
r r
ki kr r
Eor
) r ) r ) r n1 r rr
n × Ei + n × Er = n × Et n2 Eot
) r r r ) r r r ) r r r r
⎣ ( ) ⎦
⎡
⎣ ( ⎤
⎦ ) ⎡
⎣ ( )
n × Eoi exp i ki ⋅ r − ωi t + n × Eor exp i kr ⋅ r − ωr t = n × Eot exp i kt ⋅ r − ωt t ⎤
⎡ ⎤
⎦ kt
r
Et
Assuming that the wave amplitudes are constant ,
the only way that this can be true over the entire interface and for all t is if :
r r r r r r
( ) ( ) ( )
⇒ ki ⋅ r − ωi t = kr ⋅ r − ωr t = kt ⋅ r − ωt t : Phase matching at the boundary!
 EM Waves at an Interface
r r
Phase matching condition: Ei Er r
r r r r r r r ki = n1k0
( ) ( ) ( )
r
ki ⋅ r − ωi t = kr ⋅ r − ωr t = kt ⋅ r − ωt t ki kr r
n1 r kr = n1k0
r r
r n2
kt = n2 k0
At r = 0, this results in r
kt
ωi t = ωr t = ωt t
⇒ ωi = ωr = ωt r
n2 k0
Et
(Frequency does not change at the boundary!)
n1k0
At t = 0, this results in r
r r r r r r kr
⇒ ki ⋅ r = k r ⋅ r = kt ⋅ r r
r
r x
(Phases on the boundary does not change!) ki
r r r
⇒ ki ,r ,t ⋅ r = constant kt
r r
→ the equation for a plane perpendicular to ki ,r ,t and r .
Normal
r r r
⇒ ki , kr , and kt are coplanar in the plane of incidence.
 EM Waves at an Interface
r r
Ei Er
θι θr
At t = 0, r r
r r r r r r ki kr n
ki ⋅ r = kr ⋅ r = kt ⋅ r = constant 1
x
n2
r
Considering the relation for the incident and reflected beams, kt
r r r r θt
ki ⋅ r = k r ⋅ r ⇒ ki r sin θi = kr r sin θ r r
Et

Since the incident and reflected beams are in the same medium,
nω
ki = k r = i ⇒ sin θi = sin θ r ⇒ θi = θ r : law of reflection n2 k0
c
n1k0
r
Considering the relation for the incident and transmitted beams, kr
r r r r θr r
ki ⋅ r = kt ⋅ r ⇒ ki r sin θi = kt r sin θt r
x
r
θi ki
θt
But the incident and transmitted beams are in different media,
r
nω nω kt
ki = i kt = t ⇒ ni sin θi = nt sin θt : law of refraction
c c
Normal
 Development of the Fresnel Equations
From Maxwell ' s EM field theory,
we have the boundary conditions at the interface TE-case
for the TE case :

Ei + Er = Et
Bi cos θi − Br cos θ r = Bt cos θ t

The above conditions imply that the tangential

r r
components of both E and B are equal on
both sides of the interface. We have also
assumed that μi ≅ μt ≅ μ0 , as is true for TM-case
most dielectric materials.

For the TM mode :

Ei cos θi + Er cos θ r = Et cos θ t

− Bi + Br = − Bt
 Development of the Fresnel Equations
⎛c⎞ nE
Recall that E = v B = ⎜ ⎟ B ⇒ B= TE-case
⎝n⎠ c n2

Let n1 = refractive index of incident medium

n2 = refractive index of refracting medium
n1
For the TE mode :

Ei + Er = Et
n1 Ei cos θi − n1 Er cos θ r = n2 Et cos θ t TM-case
n2

For the TM mode :

n1
Ei cos θi + Er cos θ r = Et cos θt
− n1 Ei + n1 Er = − n2 Et
 Development of the Fresnel Equations

Eliminating Et from each set of equations TE-case

and solving for the reflection coefficient we obtain : n2

Er cos θi − n cos θt
TE case : rTE = =
Ei cos θi + n cos θt
n1
Er −n cos θi + cos θt
TM case : rTM = =
Ei n cos θi + cos θt
n2
where n =
n1 TM-case
n2
We know that

sin θi = n sin θt
sin 2 θi n1
n cos θt = n 1 − sin θt = n 1 −
2
2
= n 2 − sin 2 θi
n
 Now we have derived the Fresnel Equations
Substituting we obtain the Fresnel equations for reflection coefficients r :
E cos θi − n 2 − sin 2 θi TE-case
TE case : rTE = r =
Ei cos θi + n − sin θi
2 2 n2
n2
TM case : rTM =
Er − n cos θi + n − sin θi
=
2 2 2
n≡
Ei n 2 cos θi + n 2 − sin 2 θi
n1
n1
For the transmission coefficient t :
E 2 cos θi
TE case : tTE = t =
Ei cos θi + n 2 − sin 2 θi
Et 2n cos θi
TM case : tTM = = TM-case
Ei n 2 cos θi + n 2 − sin 2 θi
n2

TE : tTE = rTE + 1
These just mean the boundary conditions.
TM : ntTM = 1 − rTM
For the TE case : Ei + Er = Et
n1
For the TM mode : − Bi + Br = − Bt
 Power : Reflectance (R) and Transmittance (T)
The quantities r and t are ratios of electric field amplitudes.
The ratios R and T are the ratios of reflected and transmitted powers,
respectively, to the incident power :
P P
R= r T = t
Pi Pi

From conservation of energy : A

Pi = Pr + Pt ⇒ 1= R +T

We can express the power in each of the fields

in terms of the product of an irradiance and area :
Pi = I i Ai Pr = I r Ar Pt = I t At
⇒ I i Ai = I r Ar + I t At I out cos θ out ⎛ nout Eout cos θ out ⎞
2

I i A cos θi = I r A cos θ r + I t A cos θt Power _ ratio = =⎜ ⎟

I in cos θin ⎜⎝ nin Ein 2 cos θin ⎟
⎠
I i cos θi = I r cos θ r + I t cos θt

1 1 1 1
But I = n ε 0 cE02 ⇒ n1ε 0 cE02i cos θi = n1ε 0 cE02r cos θ r + n2ε 0 cE02t cos θ t
2 2 2 2
E0 r n2 E0t cos θt
2 2 2
E0 r ⎛ cos θt ⎞ E02t
⇒ 1= 2 + = 2 + n⎜ ⎟ 2 = R+T R = rr* = r
2
E0i n1 E02i cos θi E0i ⎝ cos θ i ⎠ E0 i

E02r ⎛ cos θt ⎞ E02t ⎛ cos θt ⎞ 2 ⎛ cos θ t ⎞ ⎛ cos θ t ⎞ 2

⇒ R = 2 = r2 T = n⎜ ⎟ 2 = n⎜ ⎟t T = ⎜⎜ n ⎟⎟tt* = ⎜⎜ n ⎟⎟ t
E0i ⎝ cos θi ⎠ E0i ⎝ cos θi ⎠ ⎝ cos θ i ⎠ ⎝ cos θ i ⎠
 23-2. External and Internal Reflection

t tTE ,TM > 0

cos θ i − n 2 − sin 2 θ i − n 2 cos θ i + n 2 − sin 2 θ i
rTE = rTM =
co s θ i + n 2 − sin 2 θ i n 2 c os θ i + n 2 − sin 2 θ i
rTE ,TM > 0
rTM

External Reflection [ n = n2 / n1 > 1 ]

⇒ n2 > n1 rTE ,TM < 0 rTE
⇒ n = n2 / n1 > 1 ⇒ ( n 2 − sin 2 θ ) ≥ 0 n=1.50

⇒ rTE ,TM are always real

⇒ If rTE ,TM > 0 then there are no phase changes after reflection.

⇒ If rTE ,TM < 0 then there are always π (= 180o ) phase changes.
→ rTE ,TM = − rTE ,TM = eiπ rTE ,TM

Note for the TM case :

Brewster’s angle (or, polarizing angle)
⇒ rTM (θ = θ p ) = 0 when θ p = tan n −1
(No reflection of TM mode)
Internal Reflection [ n = n2 / n1 < 1 ]
rTE ,TM > 0

cos θ i − n 2 − sin 2 θ i − n 2 cos θ i + n 2 − sin 2 θ i

rTE = rTM =
co s θ i + n 2 − sin 2 θ i n 2 c os θ i + n 2 − sin 2 θ i
TIR region

n1 > n2 ⇒ n = n2 / n1 < 1 rTE ,TM < 0

⇒ ( n 2 − sin 2 θ ) > 0, or , ( n 2 − sin 2 θ ) < 0

⇒ If ( n 2 − sin 2 θ ) > 0, rTE ,TM are always real

→ If rTE ,TM > 0 then there are no phase changes after reflection.
→ If rTE ,TM < 0 then there are π (= 180o ) phase changes.

⇒ If ( n 2 − sin 2 θ ) = 0, rTE ,TM =1

→ sin θ c = n = (n2 / n1 ) critical angle
Note Brewster's angle (θ p = tan −1 n )

⇒ If ( n 2 − sin 2 θ ) < 0, rTE ,TM =1, BUT rTE ,TM are complex !
for the TM case : rTM = 0

→ rTE ,TM =1 Total internal reflection (TIR) when θ > θc

→ rTE ,TM = rTE ,TM eiφ = eiφ
→ φ (-π ~ +π ) phase change may occur after reflection
 Derivation of Brewster’s Angle
Brewster's angle θ p ( for polarizing angle) : θc

− n 2 cos θ p + n 2 − sin 2 θ p
rTM (θ p ) = =0 θp θp
n cos θ p +
2
n − sin θ p
2 2

R
⇒ n cos θ p = n − sin θ p
4 2 2 2

n 4 cos 2 θ p − n 2 + sin 2 θ p
external
internal
= (n − 1) ⎡⎣ n c os θ p − sin θ p ⎤⎦ = 0
2 2 2 2 reflection
TE TM reflection

⇒ θ p = tan −1 n

For n = 1.50, θ p = 56.31°

Brewster ‘s angle : tan θ p = n : n > 1 or n < 1

Æ External & Internal reflections, but TM-polarization only

Critical angle : sin θ c = n :n < 1

Æ TE & TM polarizations, but Internal reflection only
 Total Internal Reflection (TIR)
n2
Internal reflection : n = <1 R
n1 θc R=1

For θ ≥ θ c = sin −1 n , called total internal reflection(TIR),

⇒ r = 1 and R = rr* = 1 for both (TE and TM) cases.
⇒ r is a complex number internal
reflection

Er cos θi − i sin θi − n
2 2

rTE = =
Ei cos θi + i sin 2 θi − n 2

Er − n cos θi + i sin θi − n
2 2 2
rTM = =
Ei n 2 cos θi + i sin 2 θi − n 2 r
Complex value
 23-3. Phase changes on reflection
External reflection
tTE ,TM > 0
Phase shift after External Reflection
rTE ,TM > 0
rTE ,TM is always a real number for external reflection,
rTM

then the phase shift is 0° for rTE ,TM > 0,

rTE ,TM < 0

and the phase shift is 180°(= π ) for rTE ,TM < 0. rTE
n=1.50

External Reflection External Reflection

TE TM

For TE case, π phase shift for all incident angles For TM case, π phase shift for θ < θp
No phase shift for θ > θp
Phase shift after Internal Reflection Internal reflection

⇒ rTE > 0 for θ < θ c = sin −1 n

⇒ rTE is complex in TIR region where θ > θ c Complex value

→ rTE = rTE eiφTE = eiφTE In TIR region

⇒ rTM > 0 for θ < θ p = tan −1 n

: θ > θc
⇒ rTM < 0 for θ p < θ < θ c
→ rTM = − rTM = eiφTM rTM → φTM = π

⇒ rTM is complex in TIR region where θ > θ c

→ rTM = rTM eiφTM = eiφTM

TIR TIR

For TM case, no phase shift for θ < θp

For TE case, no phase shift for θ < θc
π phase shift for θp < θ < θc
φTE(θ) phase shift for θ > θc
φTM(θ) phase shift for θ > θc
Phase shifts on total Internal Reflection for both TE- and TM-cases

When θ ≥ θ c (TIR case) then r is complex and for both the TE and TM cases has the form :

a − ib cos α − i sin α e − iα sin α b

r= = = + iα = e − i 2α = eiφ ⇒ tan α = = φ = − 2α
a + ib cos α + i sin α e cos α a
φ is the phase shift on total internal reflection(TIR ).

Er cos θi − i sin θ i − n
2 2
TE case : rTE = =
Ei cos θi + i sin 2 θi − n 2

a = cos θi b = sin 2 θ i − n 2 Internal reflection

TIR
⎛ φTE ⎞ sin 2 θi − n 2 (Complex r )
⇒ tan α = tan ⎜ − ⎟=
⎝ 2 ⎠ cos θ
⎛ sin 2 θ − n 2 ⎞
φTE = − 2 tan ⎜
−1 i
⎟ : θi > θ c
⎜ cos θi ⎟
⎝ ⎠

A similar analysis for the TM case gives :

⎛ sin 2 θ − n 2 ⎞
φTM = π − 2 tan ⎜ −1 i
⎜ n cos θ i
2
⎟
⎟
: θi > θ c
⎝ ⎠
Therefore, rTE ,TM after TIR is ………..
Internal reflection

rTE ,TM
For TIR case ( θ incident > θ c )

Er cos θi − i sin θi − n
2 2

rTE = = Complex value

Ei cos θi + i sin 2 θi − n 2

Er −n cos θi + i sin θi − n
2 2 2

rTM = =
Ei n 2 cos θi + i sin 2 θi − n 2

⎛ sin 2 θ − n 2 ⎞ φTE ,TM

φTM = π − 2 tan ⎜ −1 i
⎟
⎜ n cos θ
2
⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ sin 2 θ − n 2 ⎞
φTE = − 2 tan ⎜
−1 i
⎟
⎜ cos θ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Summary of Phase Shifts on Internal Reflection

⎧ Internal reflection
⎪ 0o θ <θ p' TIR
⎪ (Complex r )
⎪⎪
φTM = ⎨π (= 180o ) θ p' < θ <θ c
⎪
⎪ ⎛ sin 2 θ − n 2 ⎞
⎪ π − 2 tan ⎜⎜ n 2 cos θ ⎟ θ <θ c
−1 i
⎟
⎩⎪ ⎝ ⎠

⎧ 0o θ <θ c
⎪⎪
φTE =⎨ ⎛ sin 2 θ − n 2 ⎞
⎪−2 tan ⎜⎜ ⎟ θ >θ c
−1 i

cos θ ⎟
⎪⎩ ⎝ ⎠

⎧ = 0o θ <θ p Δφ
⎪ φTM
Δφ = φTM − φTE ⎨= π θ p < θ <θ c
⎪
⎩ > 0 o
θc < θ
φTE
 Fresnel Rhomb
3π
Note φTM − φTE = near θ i = 53o when n = 1.5
4
→ After two consequentive TIRs, Δφ
φTM
3π
→ φTM − φTE =
2
π φTE
→ Δφ = φTM − φTE =
2
→ Quarter − wave retarder

Linearly polarized light (45o)

Circularly
Polarized
light
Quarter-wave retardation after TIR

π φTM Δφ
Note φTM − φTE = near θ i = 69 when n = ???
o

2
π
→ Δφ = φTM − φTE =
2
→ Quarter − wave retarder φTE

Linearly Circularly
polarized light Polarized
(45o) light

n
23-5. Evanescent Waves at an Interface
r r r r
Incident beam :
⎣ (
Ei = Eoi exp ⎡i ki ⋅ r − ωi t ⎤
⎦ )
r r r r
(
Reflected beam : Er = Eor exp ⎡i kr ⋅ r − ωr t ⎤
⎣ ⎦ )
r r r r
(
Transmitted beam : Et = Eot exp ⎡i kt ⋅ r − ωt t ⎤
⎣ ⎦ )
For the transmitted beam :
r r
(
Et = Eot exp ⎡i kt ⋅ r − ωt t ⎤
⎣ ⎦ )
r r ) ) ) )
kt ⋅ r = ( kt sin θt x + kt cos θt z ) ⋅ ( x x + zz )
= kt ( x sin θ t + z cos θt )

sin 2 θi
But , cos θt = 1 − sin θt = 1 −
2

When sin θi > n ( total internal reflection), then :

sin 2 θ i
cos θt = i −1 ⇒ a purely imaginary number
n
 Evanescent Waves at an Interface
For the transmitted beam with an TIR condition ( sin θi > n ) ,
we can write the phase factor as :

⎡ ⎛ k x sin θt ⎞⎤
r r ⎛ sin θ sin θi
2 ⎞ Et = E0t exp ⎢i ⎜ t − ωt ⎟ ⎥ exp ( −α z )
k t ⋅ r = kt ⎜ x t
+ iz −1 ⎟ ⎣ ⎝ n ⎠⎦
⎜ n n ⎟
⎝ ⎠

Defining the coefficient α :

z
sin θi
2
2π sin θ i
2
α = kt −1 = −1 n2
n λt n
n1 > n2 h
x
We can write the transmitted wave as :
⎡ ⎛ k x sin θt ⎞⎤
Et = E0t exp ⎢i ⎜ t − ωt ⎟ ⎥ exp ( −α z ) n1
⎣ ⎝ n ⎠⎦

The evanescent wave amplitude will decay rapidly

as it penetrates into the lower refractive index medium. Note that the incident and reflection waves
form a standing wave in x direction

⎛ ⎞ 1 1 λ
Penetration depth: Et = ⎜ e ⎟ Eot ⇒ h = α =
⎝ ⎠ sin 2 θ i
2π −1
n2
 Frustrated TIR
d
Tp = fraction of intensity
transmitted across gap

n1=n2=1.517
1.65

Zhu et al., “Variable Transmission Output

Coupler and Tuner for Ring Laser Systems,”
Appl. Opt. 24, 3610-3614 (1985). d/λ
 Frustrated Total Internal Reflectance

Pellin-Broca prism

Zhu et al., “Variable Transmission Output

Coupler and Tuner for Ring Laser Systems,”
Appl. Opt. 24, 3610-3614 (1985).

d = 1 ~ λ: changing the reflectance

Rotation: changing the wavelength resonant at θB
 23-6. Complex Refractive Index
⎛ σ ⎞
For a material with conductivity (σ ) : n% = 1 + i ⎜ ⎟ = nR + i nI
⎝ ε0 ω ⎠

⎛ σ ⎞
n% 2 = 1 + i ⎜ ⎟ = nR − nI + i 2nR nI
2 2

⎝ ε0 ω ⎠
Solving for the real and imaginary components we obtain :
σ σ
nR2 − nI2 = 1 2nR nI = ⇒ nR =
ε0 ω 2 nI ε 0 ω
2 2
⎛ σ ⎞ ⎛ σ ⎞
⇒ ⎜ ⎟ − nI = 1
2
⇒ nI4 − nI2 − ⎜ ⎟ =0
⎝ 2 nI ε 0 ω ⎠ ε
⎝ 0 ⎠
2 ω

From the quadratic solution we obtain :

2 2
⎛ σ ⎞ ⎛ σ ⎞
1± 1+ 4⎜ ⎟ 1 + 1 + 4 ⎜ ⎟
ε
⎝ 0 ⎠
2 ω ε
⎝ 0 ⎠
2 ω
nI2 = ⇒ nI2 =
2 2
We need to take the positive root because nI is a real number.
 Complex Refractive Index

Substituting our expression for the complex refractive index back into
our expression for the electric field we obtain

r r r r
(
E = E0 exp ⎡i k ⋅ r − ωt ⎤
⎣ )⎦
r ⎧ ⎡ ω r ⎤⎫
= E0 exp ⎨i ⎢( nR + i nI ) ( uˆk ⋅ r ) − ωt ⎥ ⎬
⎩ ⎣ c ⎦⎭
r ⎧ ⎡n r ⎤⎫ ⎡ n ω r ⎤
= E0 exp ⎨i ω ⎢ R ( uˆk ⋅ r ) − t ⎥ ⎬ exp ⎢ − I ( uˆk ⋅ r ) ⎥
⎩ ⎣ c ⎦⎭ ⎣ c ⎦

The first exponential term is oscillatory.

The EM wave propagates with a velocity of nR / c.

The second exponential has a real argument (absorbed).

 Complex Refractive Index
r r ⎧ ⎡n r ⎤⎫ ⎡ n ω r ⎤
E = E0 exp ⎨i ω ⎢ R ( uˆk ⋅ r ) − t ⎥ ⎬ exp ⎢ − I ( uˆk ⋅ r ) ⎥
⎩ ⎣ c ⎦⎭ ⎣ c ⎦

The second term leads to absorption of the beam in metals due to inducing
a current in the medium. This causes the irradiance to decrease as the wave
propagates through the medium.

r
r r* r r * ⎡ 2 nI ω ( uˆk ⋅ r ) ⎤
I ≡ EE = E0 E0 exp ⎢ − ⎥
⎣ c ⎦
r
⎡ 2 nI ω ( uˆk ⋅ r ) ⎤ r
I = I 0 exp ⎢ − ⎥ = I 0 exp ⎡
⎣ − α ( k )⎦⎤
ˆ
u ⋅ r
⎣ c ⎦

2 nI ω 4π nI
The absorption coefficient is defined : α = =
c λ
 23-7. Reflection from Metals
Reflection from metals is analyzed
by substituting the complex refractive index n% in the Fresnel equations :
E cos θi − n% 2 − sin 2 θi
TE case : rTE = r =
Ei cos θi + n% 2 − sin 2 θi

Reflectance
Er −n% 2 cos θ i + n% 2 − sin 2 θi
TM case : rTM = =
Ei n% 2 cos θi + n% 2 − sin 2 θi

Substituting n% = nR + i nI we obtain :

Er cos θi − (n 2
R − nI2 − sin 2 θi ) + i ( 2nR nI )
TE case : r = =
Ei cos θi + (n 2
R − nI2 − sin 2 θi ) + i ( 2nR nI )
θi

Er − ⎡⎣( nR − nI ) + i ( 2nR nI ) ⎤⎦ cos θi + (n − nI2 − sin 2 θi ) + i ( 2nR nI )

2 2 2
R
TM case : r = =
Ei ⎡( nR2 − nI2 ) + i ( 2nR nI ) ⎤ cos θi + (n 2
− nI2 − sin 2 θi ) + i ( 2nR nI )
⎣ ⎦ R
 Reflection from Metals at normal incidence (θi=0)
At normal incidence, θi = 0° : At normal incidence
(from Hecht, page 113)

cos θi − n% 2 − sin 2 θi 1 − n%
rTE = =
cos θi + n% 2 − sin 2 θi 1 + n%

− n% 2 cos θi + n% 2 − sin 2 θi 1 − n%
rTM = =
n% 2 cos θi + n% 2 − sin 2 θi 1 + n%

1 − ( nR − i nI )
∴ r=
1 + ( nR − i nI ) visible

λ
The power reflectance R is given by

R = r r*
⎡1 − ( nR − i nI ) ⎤ ⎡1 − ( nR + i nI ) ⎤ ⎛ 1 − 2nR + nR2 + nI2 ⎞
=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎜ 2 ⎟
⎣ 1 + ( nR − i n )
I ⎦⎣ 1 + ( nR + i n )
I ⎦ ⎝ 1 + 2 nR + nR
2
+ nI ⎠

( n − 1) + nI2
2

R= R
( nR + 1) + nI2
2