CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

MKAM1033

Blasting And Ripping In Civil Engineering Work

NAME: OMED MOHAMMAD PIROT

MKAM191042

Blasting
 It is one of the fundamental parts for civil engineering working. It is best way to
tunnel construction(Valašková et al., 2016). An explosive is a chemical compound or
mixture of compounds that undergoes a very rapid decomposition when initiated by energy
in the form of heat, impact, friction, or shock(Dick et al., 1983). Blasting method is used for
construction different project. During the explosion process selecting type of blasting
depends on rock field quality and rock mass being blasted. Blasting material is put in special
borehole. Diameters are nearly 75mm to 38cm. The three drill patterns commonly used are
square, rectangular, and staggered. (Austin Powder Company, 2002).The explosive matters
for exploding can be classifies for eight classes.1) gunpowder, 2) Nitrate mixtures (like
ANFO, Aqua dyne, Energel, GN-1, Godyne, Permadyne, Power flow, Perm flow, Powerite,
Super dyne, Super gel, Toe blast, 3) Nitro compounds as Ajax-G and Soligex, 4) Chlorate
mixtures, 5) Fulminate, 6) Fireworks and 8) Liquid Oxygen Explosive (LOX)(Rout, 2007).
Blasting and drilling includes many advantage and dis advantage points. Disadvantage as
spreading many crash stone around the opening and because of this disturbance, drift
conditions may be more difficult to assess for quality assurance.

During the tunnel construction and using drill – blasting method we have to consider
many points as: 1) Tunnel dimensions, 2) Tunnel geometry, 3) Length of tunnel, total
volume to be excavated, 4) Geological and rock mechanical conditions, 5) Ground water
level and expected water inflow, 6) Vibration restrictions and 7) Allowed ground
settlements. Drilling and blasting includes these points 1) drilling holes, 2) putting the
explosive matter, 3) Detonating the blast, 4) removing the blasted rock around there, 5) draw
out the polluted air, 7) installing the ground support at prevent at collapsing and 8) scaling
the wanted area(Paper, 2015). Blast design is the procedures developed for a blast are aimed
at the desired fragmentation and area of coverage. Generally the blast design depends on
explosive material quantity and its energy, Orientation of the ore body and rock properties.
Blasting is the easiest way to engineering construction and no need high cost with developed
equipment for operation(Balasubramanian, 2017). Blasting method has some environmental
negative impacts as ground vibration, air noise, fly rock and dust and fume. Controlled
blasting includes line drilling, presplitting, smooth blasting and Cushion blasting(Dick et al.,
1983). For design the blasting method we have to follow these steps.1) Determine drilling
equipment capabilities. Air track drill available, hole sizes 1.6 inches to 4.0 inches.
Contractor selected 3.0 inch diameter, 2) Check explosives selection for specific site
conditions. 3) Determine specific gravity of rock and explosives, Specific gravity of
explosive 1.3, specific gravity of rock 2.6 - 2.9 (average 2.75), 4) Check burden dimension.
Generally the burden spaces can be found through this formula B = ( 2 SGc/SGr) + 1.5) De,
where, SGc is explosive specific gravity, SGr is the specific gravity of rock and De is hole
diameter(Blasting, 1991).

Ripping
 Ripping is a method of loosening rock during excavation using steel tines attached to
the rear of bulldozers. The tynes are lowered to earth and the bulldozer moves toward, the
land is excavated by tynes shear force. Usually for thick layer this method is done before
doing the blistering. Ripping is affected not only to material properties but also depending on
equipment selected(Mohamad et al., 2011). Ripping costs are typically 50 to 65% less than
blasting .choosing the proper bulldozer-mounted ripper depends of four factors: downward
pressure on tip, horsepower of the bulldozer, weight of the bulldozer, and angle of tooth
penetration. (For et al., 2009) investigated that the ripple method is much suitable for
shallow excavation. The excavation ratio also relies on bulldozer capacity with rock or land
quality and is better than blasting for sedimentary land.(Clark, 1996) has showed that the list
of many advantages of ripping includes: 1) economically advantageous in suitable ground, 2)
improved safety, 3) ease of automation 4) accuracy of finished excavation dimensions, 5)
excavation walls remain undamaged and 6) suitable where there are limitations on the level
of vibrations. There are three types of rippers: hinge, parallelogram and adjustable
parallelogram. Saturated ground makes ripping easier by lubricating the tips and shanks.
Several geological conditions affect the ripping work as 1) rock type, 2) rock hardness, 3)
rock mass structure, 4) General site conditions and 5) ripper capacity. Bulldozer ripper work
n
production can be written as: Area productivity= ∑ LWD / ∑ T , where L (in metres) is the
1
run length, W (in metres) is the width between successive runs, D (in metres) is the depth of
penetration of the tip, T (in hours) is the time the tip is in the ground for a run and n is the
number of runs in an area.

The materials contain high percentage of quartz (58 – 68%), thus they can be
classified as hard material. The quartz content is the most influential factor in the
performance of ripper tip during excavation. Ripping productivity decreases as the wearing
of ripper tip increases and the wearing rate of ripper tip increases as the rock material
contains higher quartz content(Pebrianto et al., 2014). Usually, a single shank is preferred for
heavy ripping. The ripper shank is fitted with a replaceable tungsten steel alloy tip, referred
to as a 'boot’. Ripping rock breaks the ground surface rock or pavement into small rubble
easy to handle and transport, with agricultural ripping, a farmer breaks up rocky or very hard
earth, which is otherwise unploughable, in order to farm it. Types of ripping process includes
Ripping rock – Can break big rocks, Agricultural ripping – Used by farmers to excavate the
hard top soil and rooter – Used to rip plant off the ground.