Unit 3: Human Biocultural and Social Evolution

MODULE SEVEN:
Biological, Cultural and Socio-Political Evolution

INTRODUCTION
Human life on Earth has
undergone evolution, the
gradual and progressive
development or change.
Many prominent authors
have studied the human
evolution and came up with
their own theories. As
humans, it is important to
understand the process of
evolution as it will help us
understand our origin and
ancestors.

This module is focused in

providing information about
evolution theories, some of
which become the basis of
so many researches and
studies. in the present that
is use to understand the
human existence. By
studying this module,
learners will travel back to
history as they unravel how
early humans live, from the
culture, their source of
food, clothing and shelter
and many more.
Photo credit: theconverstaion.com
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
Make an organizer that contains one (1) existing
theory of biological evolution and give your
personal belief.
(Learning Outcome)
To achieve this, students are expected to:
1. Study the human origin and the capacity
for culture.
2. Analyze key features of interrelationships
of biological, cultural and socio-political
processes in human evolution.
(Learning Objectives)

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 LET’S DISCUSS!!!

ANTHROPOLOGY
It deals with the study of origin, evolution, and development of the human
species and is concerned with all people everywhere, from those alive today,
back to those who lived in the remote past.

PHYSICAL ANTRHOPOLOGY
A branch that deals with the biological origins and evolution of man, and the
variations of the human species and their physical characteristics, including the
study of the different races.

*** In anthropology, dating is of primary importance. This is because evolution of

specie is done through progression, and to prove the progression the time element on
when species may have surfaced and have become extinct must be presented.

TYPES OF DATING METHODS

1. The Relative Dating – is a dating method that is not precise. It is a matter of

whether something is younger than another or older than something that can
be or have been dated, or being in between two dates.
2. The Absolute Dating – is when dating is more precise considering that it can
be narrowed to a bracket of within a few years.
2.1 Radiocarbon Dating Method – by nuclear physicist Willard F. Libby, is
based on measuring the radioactive carbon or Carbon 14 that all living
beings absorb daily from the environment and the atmosphere. It remains
in the living bodies until death.

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 2.2 The Potassium Argon K-A Dating – is a radiometric dating method
based on measurement of the product of the radioactive decay of an
isotope of potassium (K40) that breaks into argon (Ar40), a gas. The
difference from the Carbon 14 is that this method only dates inorganic
materials like rocks and minerals.
2.3 Uranium-Series dating – is the most accurate and reliable procedure at
present. It is done through a Radiogenic Isotope facility. It was used to
date the age pf the Callao Man of the Philippines (67,000 years old).

GEOLOGY
It is that science that comprises the study of solid Earth, its rock composition,
and the process of changes. Geologic time tells that the earth began 6 billion
years ago. From the beginning to the present, it is divided by time blocks called
era. An era is a change on earth that is distinct created by an event and ended
by another one. Imbedded in the earth’s crust are fossils (the remains of
ancient organisms that are imbedded and preserved in the earth’s crust).

THREE GEOLOGIC ERAS

1. Paleozoic – a major interval of geologic time that began 541 million years ago
with the Cambrian explosion, an extraordinary diversification of marine animals.
2. Mesozoic – an interval in geologic time from about 252 to 66 million years ago. It
is also called Age of Reptiles and the Age of Confiners.
3. Cenezoic – an era when the primate evolved and is divided into seven (7)
epochs: Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, and the
Recent.

Geologic findings hold that present life began to develop in the Tertiary Period, or
referred to also as the Age of Mammals. It was the beginning of the Cenezoic era which

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started 65 million BC when large mammals were dominant as insects and modern
plants were evolving. One-celled organisms and mollusks are the major marine life. it
lasted for about 63 million years.

The Quaternary Period beginning about 1.8 million years ago, include the Holocene
and Pleistocene Ice Ages, 2 million BC, when glaciers covered all Europe, North
America, and most of Asia. Modern Man first appeared 500.000 BC.

PALEONTOLOGY
It is the scientific study of life in the past geologic periods. It deals with life forms
known from fossils. When fossils show evidence of extinct species of primates
or human forms it becomes the concern of Physical Anthropology.

DARWIN’S EVOLUTION THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION

Photo credit: biologywise.com

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 Charles Darwin (1809-1882) refused to accept that all species that emerged
have been created independently. His years of study pointed out the thought of
evolution of species through change, and that this occurs through the process of natural
selection. In the Origin of Species (1859), Darwin established that all life is linked, and
demonstrated how natural selection operates on the inherited variations of species that
resulted to adaptive modification of all life forms, which then had led to a radiating
evolution. This explains why individual members of the same species differ from one
another physically e.g. some members of the same species are credited to the nature of
‘adaptation’ placed by the environment on the organism.

THE EVOLUTION OF MAN FROM THE THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION

The Evolution of Primates

Man, and other present primates share the many common traits, biological and
behavioral, that offer evidence of common ancestry. This, does not mean however, that
the present monkeys and apes are our ancestors. However, we should view them as
distant relatives of man.

The Emergence of Man

The Oligocene epoch paved the way to the emergence of the monkeys and
some of the early apes like the Oligocene Catarrhines and the Aegyptopithecus. The
Oligocene is composed of two jaw fragments and other bones creates two fossil genera,
the Parapithecus (possible ancestor of to the New and Old World Monkeys) and
Propliopithecus (a generalized hominoid – any of superfamily of primates).

THE MIOCENE HOMINOIDS

The Miocene was a period of environmental conditions highly favorable to the

arboreal primates, with a mild climate, moist and wetter than at present. Rainforests
covered most of Asia, Africa and Europe.

Dryopithecus

The Miocene resulted to the wide dispersal of the genus Dryopithecus, where the
members of the genus Pongo like the Oranguatn and the genus Pan like the

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chimpanzee and gorilla are derived from. Dryopithecus is the first of the fossils of the
great aps to be discovered. It had a large brain and could stand like a chimpanzee. First
found in France, then Europe, China and India. Dryopithecus Africanus is the best
preserved and best known Dryopithecus. It is small-brained compared to humans.

Pliopithecus

It was a very early proto-ape and had the look and features similar of a gibbon.
Its skeleton and teeth suggest that they are ancient relatives of the gibbons and also of
the siamangs.

Proconsul

Another Miocene fossil ape classified as dryopithecine, and is considered to be a

very early ape. They are viewed as ancestors of the chimpanzees and gorillas.

Gigantopithecus

A massive ape probably descended from Dryopihecus Indicus. The wear on the
teeth suggests that is lived in an open woodland and grassland environment. Its mode
of feeding is called “graminovorous” meaning the eating of small, tough grass seeds,
stems and rhizomes that require a lot of grinding. It is the largest known primate.

Oreopithecus

The oreopithecus bambolii was directly related to Dryopithecus. However, it was

bipedal but not in the likes of the Australopithecus who were bipeds also. Its height and
weight suggest that it walked and was not an aberrant (unusual) ape.

Silvapthecus (Ramapithecus)

It is a genus of extinct primates with fossil remains as old as 8.5 to 12.5 million
years and lived in the Miocene. Former discoveries gave it a separate name of
Ramapithecus and was suggested that they were the oldest of ancestors of humans in
direct line.

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THE PLIOCENCE HOMINIDS

The hominids are close relatives of humans. The Australopithecus is an extinct

genus of hominids that has evolved in Eastern Africa around four million years ago and
spread across the continent until two million years before they become extinct.

Australopithecus Afarensis: Lucy

It is an extinct hominid that lived between 2.9 to 3.9 million years ago. It is viewed
that it is more closely related to the genus Homo (including the modern human Homo
Sapiens), whether as a direct ancestor or a close relative of an unknown ancestor. The
fossil “Lucy” found by Donald Johnson is the most complete and closest hominid dated
3.2 million years old. The Afarensis is a biped that walked, run, and stood. It is also
believed to be both tree and land dwellers. It is the oldest hominid found.

Australopithecus Africanus

It was the South African counterpart of the A. Afarensis and was given the name
‘the south ape of Africa’. It was generally similar in traits like a bipedal hominid with
arms slightly larger than the legs (also found in chimpanzees). Despite the slightly more
human-like cranial features, other more primitive features include ape-like curved
fingers for tree climbing. The first and most promising fossil find was in 1924 at Taung
lime mine. It included a skull of an odd ape-creature having human traits such as eye
orbits, teeth, and most importantly, the hole at the base of the skull over the spinal
column, the foramen magnum, indicating a human-like posture.

Australopithecus Boisei

It is called as the ‘Nutcracker Man’ because its face and cheek are so massive.
Close relatives of robustus, same brain size, but a better one. Boisei is the ‘dead end’
branch of the hominid line. Environmental changes may have resulted to the
appearance of the first Homo or probably the long period of relative evolutionary stability
initiated by the appearance of the genus Homo. It is considered the first hominid to use
stone tools.

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THE RISE OF THE HOMO

Man, alone, is a rational animal. He alone has art and aesthetic appreciation.
Man has language. While other animals may communicate, language is unique to man.
Man is self-conscious, even though some other species have self-awareness, the self-
conscious state of man is unique.

The Homo Habilis

It is believed to be the first of the “Great Ape” type creatures to have evolved into
‘homo’ (man). He existed about 2 million to 1.5 million years ago. He was given the
name Homo Habilis, meaning “handy man”, because he made tools.

The Homo Erectus

It is also known as the “upright man” and believed to be the first creature to
stand fully upright. He was believed t be the first one to use fire. They appear to have
existed late Middle or early Late Pleistocene, and their fossils are found in Africa.

The Homo Sapiens

Their fossil remains are found in Africa, have existed from 400,000 years ago or
more and is believed to be the ancestor of all modern human beings. They have well-
defined characteristics and habits such as bipedal stance and gait, brain capacity
averaging about 82 inches, high forehead, small teeth and jaw, defined chin,
construction and use of tools, and the ability to make use of symbols such as used in
language and writing.

Early homo sapiens used simple technology. Their tools were in the form of
chipped stones, which points were sharpened to be used as simple ‘knives’ for
butchering and cutting. Their garments were made form animal hides. Their shelters
were make-shifts shelters if natural caves were not available.

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 SCORE
ACTIVITY 1
PART I - Directions: Make a comprehensive comparison of the three “early
humans” using the given categories.

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 SCORE
ACTIVITY 1
PART II - Directions: Answer the question below.
Identify one (1) existing theory of biological evolution and give your personal
belief.
Darwin’s theory of evolution it states that evolution happens by natural selection
Individuals in a species show variation in physical characteristics.As a
consiquences those individuals must suited to their environment survive ang
,given enough time the species wil gradually evolve.I believe in the creation which
is we have a god and god created all things in thes universe

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 Unit 3: Human Biocultural and Social Evolution

MODULE EIGHT:
Early Civilization, Rise of the State
INTRODUCTION and Democratization
The establishment of a
complex form of
organization, the state and
the development of
hierarchal administrative
bureaucracies are the
central characteristics of all
civilizations. However, one
has to note that each
civilization is unique on its
own.

This module will give the

learners an insight of what
our early civilization looks
like, and how and why it
progresses to the kind of
civilization that we know of
today. They will be able to
identify what are the Photo credit: history.com
changes that occurred and
how these changes have At the end of this module, you are expected to:
influenced the modern
civilization, recognize Create a story map showing some changes from
early civilization to the present.
historical events that
transpired, and how power (Learning Outcome)
is acquired and distributed
in each civilization.
To achieve this, students are expected to:

3. Study the development of early civilization.

4. Become aware of the changes that unfold
from early civilizations up to present.
(Learning Objectives)

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Preliminary Activity …
Directions: Share an old story told by parents/grandparents (or could be
something that you heard from someone of old age) in your society. The story could be
anything. Write it below.

BAMBOO

One of the story that I heard from the peple in my community is that there is a one
Bamboo that has a spirit they say when the nights come and you will pass through it
the bamboo will blocked the roads to scare you that’s why many of accidents happen
here because of that bamboo that’s has a spirit on it.

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 LET’S DISCUSS!!!

EARLY CIVILIZATION
The emergence of civilization in human history arose first in Lower Mesopotamia
(3000 BC), followed by Egyptian civilization along the Nile River (3000 BCE), the
Harappan civilization in the Indus River Valley (in present day India and Pakistan; 2500
BC), and Chinese civilization along the Yellow and Yangtze River (2200 BC). These
civilizations are characterized by the development of agriculture and sedentary way of
life, dated back to about 6,000 years BC. Civilizations in the history had the following
common particularities:
a) Intensive agricultural techniques, such as crop development and irrigation
permitted a surplus of food beyond the subsistence. This allowed the sustaining
of a group population in other fields, such as administration, war, science or
religion, etc.
b) Those not in agriculture constituted the population of the cities. By time a
government and its bureaucracy in charge of coordinating the tasks of production
and protecting the whole community began to concentrate in cities.
c) This institutionalized control of production by a ‘ruling class’ became more
complex in time and other formal social institutions such as organized religion,
education, permanent army and markets and money as forms of economic
exchange developed.
RISE OF NATION STATE
The nation-state developed fairly recently. Prior to the 1500s, in Europe, the
nation-state as we know it did not exist. Back then, most people did not consider
themselves part of a nation; they rarely left their village and knew little of the larger
world. If anything, people are more likely to identify themselves with their region or local
lord. At the same time, the rulers of the state frequently had little control over their

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countries. instead, local feudal lords had a great deal of power, and kings often had to
depend on the goodwill of their subordinate to rule.
In the early modern era, a number of monarchs began to consolidate power by
weakening the feudal nobles and allying themselves with the emerging commercial
classes. This difficult process sometimes requires violence. Not surprisingly, then, the
birth of the nation-state also saw the first rumblings of nationalism, as monarchs
encouraged their subjects to feel loyalty toward the newly established nations. The
modern, integrated nation-state became clearly established in most of the Europe
during the 19th century.

DEMOCRATIZATION
It is a concept that encapsulates the expansion of a set of related political ideals
with different intellectual vintages that gain public prominence during the
emergence of capitalist modernity.
It is also a process in which various social groups have made claims on the
state through protests, riots, strikes, and lobbies.
It’s intellectual origin of the concept stretch back to Athenian ideals of city
governance and Roman republicanism.

During the 1700s, the notion that sovereignty lay with the people, which emerged from
ancient Greece and Rome, became coupled with the modern ideologies of the
Enlightenment, especially liberalism (belief in value of social and political change to
achieve progress) and socialism (major industries are owned and controlled by the
government)
In most of the world’s countries, national power and authority are allocated to
various individuals and groups through politics, usually by means of compromise
between conflicting interests. Through politics, governments are elected or appointed,
or, in some cases, created by armed force. Governments have the power to make,
interpret, and enforce rules and decisions that determine how countries are run. It
encompasses wide range of human affairs including commerce, education, marriage,
medical care, employment, military service, religion, travel, scientific research, and the
exchange of ideas.

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 SCORE
ACTIVITY 1
Directions: Describe the following stages of civilization.
Early Civilizations
These stage is all about transferring product from one another to other countries

Rise of Nation-State
These stage is all about ruling of a person in a certain city

Democratization
At these stage it is all about the reformation of people

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 SCORE
ACTIVITY 2
Directions: Choose one from the range of human affairs discussed. Explain its
development and the changes it undergoes from early civilization up to the
present by creating a story map.

DEMOCRATIZATION

During the 1700s, the notion that

sovereignty lay with the people,
which emerged from ancient
Greece and Rome, became
coupled with the modern
ideologies of the Enlightenment
In most of the world’s countries,
national power and authority are
allocated to various individuals
and groups through politics

Most of the peole Nowadays people can speak

nowadays are rallying whatever they want to the
because of the bad government because these is
governance there privelage

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 INTRODUCTION
“No one is self-sufficient;
everyone relies on
others” (John Donne)
Unit 4: Becoming a Member of Society
This saying also explains
MODULE NINE:
the famous notion that
says “no man is an island”. Enculturation and
As human, we socialize
with others. Most often Socialization
than not, we do so in order
to express our emotions,
our ideas, and our attitudes
and the like. As we interact
with others, we are also
able to adapt their culture;
we learn from them and
sometimes imitate their
ways. By learning our
culture and that of others,
we develop ourselves and
form our identity.

In this module, the learners

will reflect as to how
socialization allows them to
develop themselves during
the course of time and how
it molds them to be the Photo source: https://nrewminate.com/the-sociology-of-socialization
person they are now.
At the end of this module, you are expected to:

Write a reflective essay explaining your

development as a product of socialization and
enculturation.
(Learning Outcome)
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 To achieve this, students are expected to:

1. Define enculturation and socialization.

2. Discuss the relationship between
enculturation and socialization.
3. Explain how a person acquire
knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values
to become functioning member of a
society.
(Learning Objectives)
Preliminary Activity …
Directions: Share below some of your roles as member of the society in which
you belong.

 Obey the rules and regulations in our society

 Participate in the activitys in our society
 Help other
 Don’t be the problems in your society

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 LET’S DISCUSS!!!

ENCULTURATION
It is the process
THREEbyLEVELS
which individuals
OF HUMAN acquire the knowledge, skills, attitudes,
DEVELOPMENT
1.andVegetativ - refers
values that enable them to
to embryo and early infancy.
become functioning membersThis is characterized
of their societies.
e Level by preoccupation with food. The infant grab things and
brings them directly to the mouth. The main though of the
infant is survival.
2. Animal - is characterized by desire for sex and reproduction. At
Level this stage, man is no different from animals in their need
SOCIALIZATION for food and sex. Socialization of man is incomplete.
3.It is the process whereby
Human the individual’s
- is considered behavior isofmodified
the attainment human to of conform to the
a personality.
Level
expectation of the group.
This implies the assimilation of behavior, attitudes, and
values the society considers necessary and important to
the well-being of the group.

SOCIAL NORMS AND SOCIAL VALUES

SOCIAL NORMS are standards of behavior which tell whether an action is right or
wrong; appropriate or not. They represent standardized generalizations concerning
expected modes of behavior. It includes the following:

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A. Folkways – are customary ways of doing things which are fairly weak forms
of norms, whose violations is generally not considered serious within a
particular culture. They are the habits, customs, and repetitive patterns of
behavior.
 Mano Po (blessing of the hand/means “right” [opposite f left] and po is
a word you say to show respect. Usually, it’s the kids who execute the
“Mano Po” although adults will also dot his especially when visiting
parents or other elders.
 Po and Opo. It is a kind of respect you use among elders in the
Filipino culture. It’s also a custom provided in the Philippines to mean
respect for older people.
 Bayanihan. It is a Filipino term taken from the word bayan referring to
a nation, town or community. The whole term bayanihan refers to a
spirit of communal unity or effort to achieve a particular objective.
 Harana. It is an old Filipino courtship tradition of serenading women,
probably a Spanish influence. It has been practiced mostly in rural
areas and small towns. The man goes to the house of the woman he s
courting and sings love songs to her.
 Pamamanhikan. From the word panhik [which means to ascend
stairs], is “the asking for the girl’s parent’s permission to wed the
affianced pair.” The custom symbolizes honor and respect for the
parents, seeking their blessing and approval before getting married.

B. Mores – are special folkways with moral and ethical values which are strongly
held and emphasized. These include customs, values, and behaviors that are
accepted by a particular group, culture, etc.
C. Laws – are formalized norms enacted by people vested with authority. These
laws reinforce the mores.
D. Sanction – are penalties or other means of enforcement used to provide
incentives for obedience with the law, or with rules or regulations. To ensure
that individuals conform to the norms or behave in ways prescribed within
society, sanctions are applied to attain the individual’s conformity and
acceptance of its norms.
Forms of Sanctions
 Informal Sanctions – come in unfavorable or favorable public
opinion, giving or withdrawing of support, or gossip.
 Formal Sanctions – maybe in the nature of getting high academic
ratings, awards in school, promotion or salary increase for
employees, medals or plaques of honor, certificate of merit or other
citations fort achievement.

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 Application of Sanctions
 Physical Sanction – bring physical plain or pleasure. Ex: Having it
brings pleasure, losing, losing it brings pain.
 Psychological Sanction – address the feelings and emotions of a
person. They can make one feel good or bad. Positive
psychological sanctions are found in compliments ribbons, badges
and awards, while negative sanctions are found in insults and
rejections.

SOCIAL VALUES are cultural standards that indicate the general good deemed
desirable for organized social life. these are assumptions of what is right and important
for the society.

STATUS refers to one’s position or place in a social group. It can be ascribed, a

status that is assigned to an individual from birth; or achieved that which one acquire
either by choice or by force or though some form of competition and individual effort.

ROLE refers to the functional and dynamic aspect of the status. It is the totality of
cultural patterns and behavior expected of a particular status.
Forms of Roles
a) Role as Expectation – refers to the rights, duties and obligations an
individual has while occupying a status.
b) Role as performance – refers to how the individual actually behaves while
occupying a status.
c) Role Conflict – arises when an individual encounters conflicting demands
form his two or more statuses. This happens when in his performance of one
role; such would run counter to another role.
d) Role Set – refers to the individual’s repertoire (list) of performances towards
variety of others while he/she occupies a given status.

SOCIALIZATION FOR SEX ROLES – societies categorize their members into

males and females and each is viewed as distinct sex or gender. Gender differences
are a function of cultural patterns which prescribe the different expectations and norms
of behavior for boys and girls.

CULTURAL LEARNING is the way a group of people or animals within a society or

culture tend to learn and pass on information. Learning styles are greatly influenced by
how a culture socializes with its children and young people. A modern approach to
cultural transmission would be the internet. One example would be millennials which
“are both products of their culture as well as influencers.” Millennials are often the ones
teaching the older generations how to navigate the web. The Communication

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Accommodation Theory elaborates the human tendency to adjust their behavior while
interacting. The end result would be that with the help of someone else, people are able
to share their newly acquired skills among people in their culture which was not possible
before.

SCORE
ACTIVITY 1
Directions: Answer the following.
Differentiate Enculturation from Socialization by giving examples.
Ans: Going to school and participating in recitation the enculturation is you learn
from your teacher by paying attention to her and the socialization is speaking in
the clss by reciting

Explain how you acquire knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values to become
functioning member of a society.
Ans: by going to school so that you become educated and someday you can help
in your society

SCORE
ACTIVITY 2
Directions: Write a reflective essay explaining your development as a product of
socialization and enculturation.

By developing myself as a person, example of these is going to school and be

educated, and to learn something new
22 everyday,making friends,participating in

the school activitiesand someday be a successful person

23
 INTRODUCTION
Society makes various
types of social control Unit 4: Becoming a Member of the Society
depending on the
situations. In primitive MODULE TEN:
societies, beliefs and Conformity and Deviance
superstition are sufficient
enough for the control. In
rural areas, folkways,
norms, beliefs, customs,
and traditions are used as
means of social control,
while in modern societies,
formal agencies like police,
army, radio, newspapers,
universities are the means.

By studying this module,

the learners will be able to
understand how individuals
should behave as part of
the community. They will
be equipped with reasons
as to why members
conform and defy the
culture of the society. at
the end of the lesson, they Photo credit: https://steemit.com/blog
would be able to
differentiate the primitive At the end of this module, you are expected to:
and modern societies way
Create a table showing the difference between
of social control. primitive society and modern society’s way of social
control, and its advantages and disadvantages.
(Learning Outcome)

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 To achieve this, students are expected to:
1. Study the various primitive and modern ways
of social control.
2. Define conformity and defiance.
3. Understand why people conform or defy the
rules of the society they belong.
(Learning Objectives)

LET’S DISCUSS!!

CONFORMITY
TYPES
It is the act of matching OF SOCIAL
attitudes, CONTROL
beliefs, and behaviors to group norms, politics
1.orDirect Direct Control is exercised by Indirect Control is exercised
being like-minded. People often conform
the primary groups like family, by from a desire for security,
the secondary withinlike
groups a
Control
group.
and Conformity peerinfluences
group, formation
who praise and or
maintenance
traditions, of social norms,
customs, and
institutions,
societies condemn
Indirect
helps functions the behavior
smoothly and of an etc. via the self-elimination of
predictably
Control individual.
behaviors as contrary to the unwritten rules.
2. Positive Positive Means is through Positive Means includes
and praises, prizes, fame, respect, criticism, gossip, punishment
Negative and promotion. and exclusion.
Means
3. Formal Formal Control is designed Informal Control is the
and and regulated by some unwritten rules and regulations
Informal authority like the government characterized by informal
Control which makes laws to control authority like criticism,
order. sociability, and public opinion.

DEVIANCE
In Sociology, it describes an action or behavior that violates social norms,
including a formally enacted rule (e.g. crime) as well as informal violations of
social norms (e.g. rejecting folkways and mores). Although deviance may have
25 social norms are not always a negative
negative connotation, the violations of
action: positive deviation exists in some situations.
EXPLANATIONS FOR DEVIANT BEHAVIORS
1. Pathology
Social Pathology considers deviant behavior as the result of societal disease
which must be isolated, contained and treated. Biological pathology maintains
deviance results from actual physical illness, malfunctions or deformities.
2. Social Disorganization
Cultural conflict suggest that deviant and criminal behavior results when
two normative systems come into contact. Member expectations in one system
differ from those of the other, thus, actions outside the dominant normative
system appear deviant. Social disorganization can occur when adherence to
cultural expectations do not yield anticipated consequences. When the normative
function does not function, an obvious solution is to work outside the system.
3. Labeling
This theory of deviant behavior suggests that what defines deviance is the
actions of others or by the actors themselves. The crucial variable here is the
power of the labeler. If the individual or group is not powerful enough to
effectively affix the deviant label on a person displaying out-of-ordinary behavior,
then no consequence will likely to follow.
4. Value Conflict
This theory holds that acts are considered criminal or deviant because
they are at variance with a group’s values. There is also an assumption that what
is valued by one group is not valued by another. The ultimate determinant then of
whether an act is deviant or criminal is the orientation or interest of a group that
is offering the definition.
SCORE
ACTIVITY 2
Directions: Create a table showing the difference between primitive society and
modern society’s way of social control, and its advantages and disadvantages.
MOST COMMOM DEVIANCES
Homosexual Lesbianism Mental Illness
Drug Addiction Perversion Politics
Alcoholism Communism Atheism
Murder Political Extremism Ear Piercing
Prostitution Tattooing

Modes of Adaptation Societal Goals Approved Means

Conformist Accept Accept
Innovator Accept Reject

Explain how you acquire knowledge,

26 skills, attitudes, and values to become
functioning member of a society.
 Ritualist Reject Accept
Retreatist Reject Reject
Rebel Reject and Substitute Reject and Substitute
New Goals New Means

1. Conformist – is a person who accepts both the societal goals and the approved
means to reach them.
2. Innovator – is a person who seeks to achieve goals by means that are not
approved by the society.
3. Ritualist – is a person who follows the norms to be latter but reject or abandon
the hope of achieving societal goals.
4. Retreatist – is a person who rejects both the societal goals and institutionalized
means to achieve them.
5. Rebel – is a person who rejects both the societal goals and the means to
achieve them; instead he substitutes them with new goals and newSCORE means to
achieve them. ACTIVITY 1
Directions: Give practical examples for each mode of adaptation.

Explain how you acquire knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values to become
functioning member of a society.

27
28
 INTRODUCTION
Every individual is a
member of the society that
essentially establishes a
body politic called state or
government which
guarantees the rights and
duties to its citizens as
enshrined in the Unit 4: Becoming a Member of Society
Constitution. These
includes natural rights, civil MODULE ELEVEN:
rights, political rights, Human Dignity, Rights, and
economic rights, etc. With
the universal human rights the Common Good
being expressed and
guaranteed by law, the
citizens, in return, should
uphold their responsibility
to be a good and law-
abiding citizen.

In this module, the learners

will be equipped with the
concepts of human rights,
human dignity, and
common good, and be
made aware of what are
the things they can
contribute to the society
and be called responsible
citizen.

Photo source: https://www.scld.org/December-a-season-to-celebate-

human-rights

29
 At the end of this module, you are expected to:

Gather pictures and create either a slideshow or a

photobook showing the difference between a
responsible and an irresponsible citizen in your
society.
(Learning Outcome)

To achieve this, students are expected to:

Demonstrate understanding about what a

responsible and an irresponsible member
of a society is.
(Learning Objectives)

LET’S DISCUSS!!!

HUMAN DIGNITY
It refers to an individual or group’s sense of self-respect and self-worth, physical
and psychological integrity and empowerment. Moral, ethical, legal, and political
Preamble of the 1987 Philippine Constitution states:
discussions use the concept of dignity to express the idea that every person has
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty
an innate right to be valued, respected, and to receive ethical treatment.
God, in order to build a just and humane society, and establish a
Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote
the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and
secure to ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of
HUMAN RIGHTS
independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime
These are moral principles or norms that describe certain standards of human
of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and
behavior and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights. They are
promulgate this Constitution.
commonly understood as inalienable, fundamental rights to which a person is
inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being.

COMMON GOOD (general welfare)

In philosophy, economics, and political
30 science, it refers to either what is shared
and beneficial for all or most members of a given community, or alternatively,
what is achieved by citizenship, collective action, and active participation in the
 CITIZENSHIP
It has been defined as “the membership in a political community which is
INCLUSIVE
personal CITIZENSHIP
and more or less permanent in character”. It is the status or character
ofAsbeing
Citizens, we always
a citizen, and a think
citizenofofthe promotion
a given state of
or the common
country good
is one whoorowes
general
it
welfare. A responsible
permanent citizen:
allegiance and is entitled to its protection on the basis of the legal
a) and
promotes
politicalcommon
conceptiongood by obeying the law, paying taxes honestly, informing
of citizenship.
himself about important political issues, volunteering in the community and
respecting the rights and opinions of others.
b) is willing to sacrifice his individual interests for the collective good of the nation,
remembers his civic duties and serves his country despite any discomfort such a
course might bring.
c) obey the law. A harmonious society has order and citizen implicitly consents to
maintaining social order by upholding the law even when he does not like it. If he
believes that a law is unfair, he resorts to the political process to change the law
in the manner society prescribes.
d) are familiar with politics and keep the government accountable by staying on top
of its latest proceedings. They wisely exercise their right to vote so that able,
honest men are elected to seats in government.
e) volunteers in the community, and when they see a need, they do not idly wait for
someone else (like the government) to address it. They lend a hand, selflessly
offering their time, effort and resources.
f) respect the rights and opinions of others and do not use force or abuse
government to silence people who have different views because such actions
subvert a free society.
g) listen to others with sincerity and work with fellow citizens to find the best
solutions to the problems.
SCORE
ACTIVITY 1
Directions: Follow the instructions below.
Gather pictures and create either a slideshow or a photobook showing the
difference between a responsible and an irresponsible citizen in your society.
Advocate inclusive citizenship through any means available to you. (e.g. poster
making, slogan etc.)

GOOD CITIZEN

WE ALL HAVE DIFFERENT

INSPIRATIO
31
BUT ONE GOAL
A BETTER WORLD
 INTRODUCTION
Man, by nature, is a social
being. As such, he needs
others to satisfy his BAD CITIZEN
psychological, social and
biological needs. And to a
large extent, man’s
personality is determined
by the kind of experiences
he has with the different
groups of which he is a
member. Moreover, it is
also important to note that
majority of us rely on
multiple reference groups.
Embracing the norms of a
reference group and
expressing them ourselves Unit 4: Becoming a Member of Society
is how we achieve
important connections with MODULE TWELVE:
others that leads to social Primary /Secondary Groups, In-
acceptance. groups/Out-groups, Reference Groups
In this module, the learners
will be able to evaluate
themselves and the roles
they play in a group they
are connected, and how
they should behave that
G
would benefit the social
interest of the group as a
whole.

32
 Photo Credit: thrive global (1); thedanishway.com (2); the balancesmallbusiness (3)

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

Interview your family members and ask them about
your role and responsibility as a member of that
primary group.
(Learning Outcome)

To achieve this, students are expected to:

1. Define primary group, secondary group,
ingroup and out-groups, and reference group.
2. Compare and contrast the different
classifications of groups.
(Learning Objectives)

Preliminary Activity …
Directions: What can you say about the picture? Write your observations in the space
below.

33
 As you can see in the picture in the top there 3 people in the front and two at the
Back the two people in the front maybe theyre try to convice the other girl to drink or
Just taste a little bit because as you can see shes the only one that does not have a
Drink.

LET’S DISCUSS!!!

SOCIAL GROUP
It has been understood as a unit of interacting personalities with
interdependence of roles and statuses existing among them. Group is a
collection of people whose members interact with each other in accordance with
the position they occupy and the roles they are expected to perform.

34
CHARCTERISTICS OF GROUPS
1. the members interact with each other over some period of time. Through
communication, they affect and influence one another.
2. Each member identifies with the group and is recognized as part of the group
by the other members.
3. Each member is entitled to certain privileges and at the same time is
expected to accept certain responsibilities and duties.
4. There is specialization, or role in their activities which is carried out by the
members of the group.

TYPES OF GROUPS
A. Groups According to Nature and Social Ties
a) Primary Groups – is the basic universal human relationship. This is the
kind of group where the members have intimate, personal, ‘face-to-face’
relationship it is usually characterized by bonds of tenderness, sympathy,
mutuality of interest and a ‘we’ feeling. It is in the primary group where
members imbibe and internalize their own values, e.g., social, religious,
political, economic and moral values. The primary group, therefore, is
considered the nursery of human nature.
Examples: family, neighborhood, peer group
b) Secondary Groups – is a group which the individual comes in contact with
later in life. it is characterized by impersonal, business-like, contractual,
formal and casual relationships. It is larger in size, of short duration, and is
physically and spatially distant with other groups. Persons engage in
secondary interactions because people need other people and because
they have certain obligations toward them.
Examples: employer-employee relationships, vendor-client, doctor-patient,
workers in an office, athletic team
B. Groups According to Self-Identification
1. In-Groups – are social groups to which an individual feels he or she
belongs, while an individual doesn’t identify with the out-group. It is a group
in which an individual identifies himself and is given a sense of
belongingness. It can be as small as the family or as big as the nation. It is
in this group that the individual learns to use “my” and “we”.
2. Out-Groups – is a group towards which one has a feeling of indifference,
strangeness, avoidance and dislike. It refers to the members’ position in
reference to another group or to a group where they do not belong.
C. Groups According to Purpose
1. Task Group – is a group of persons formed to accomplish jobs, tasks or
obligation. It is similar to a work group, but operating within a larger
organizational context. A task group is charged with the responsibility for

35
 making a specific contribution to the goals of the parent organization.
2. Relationship Group – is a group of persons formed to fulfill the feeling of
companionship. It is similar to a ‘barkada’ or peer group.
3. Influence Group – is a group of persons formed to support a particular
cause or ideology. Examples are political parties or campaign groups.
D. Groups According to Social Organization
1. Gemeinschaft – is a social system in which most relationships are
personal or traditional and often both. It is composed of many primary
groups. Its structure is referred to as “community”.
2. Gesellschafts – is a society of bargaining and contract. Relationships are
individualistic, impersonal, formal, contractual and realistic. This is also
referred to as “society”.

PEER PRESSURE
It is a social pressure by members of one’s peer group to take a certain action,
adopt certain values, or otherwise conform in order to be accepted. It is normal
to want to belong and feel part of the group. There is nothing wrong with having
REFERENCE GROUPS
good friendships, however, choosing who are friends are, is an integral aspect of
It friendships.
is a group to which the individual refers and
There is a downside to seeking with whom
out good he identifies either
relationships.
consciously or unconsciously. It serves as a model to which the individual
patterns his lifestyle. It can be a primary group, status group, or a professional
association. The individual may or may not be a member of this group.
Examples: a group of doctors may serve as reference to an individual who
wants to be a doctor.
INFORMAL REFERENCE GROUP – this is based on group member’s shared interests
and goals. They are not structured with a specific goal in mind. Group members interact
on a very personal level.
Examples: families, a group of local mothers, peer groups

FORMAL REFERNCE GROUPS – they have a specific goal or mission. They also have
a specific structure and positions of authority.
Examples: labor unions

THREE BASIC FUNCTIONS OF REFERENCE GROUPS

1. They serve as normative function by setting and enforcing standards of conduct
and belief

36
2. They perform comparison function by serving as standard against which people
can measure themselves and others
3. They serve not only as source of current evaluation but also as source of
aspiration and goal attainment.

SCORE
ACTIVITY 1
Directions: Differentiate primary group, secondary group, ingroup and out-
groups, and reference group by giving your own examples. Do not copy the given
examples in the module.

37
 SCORE
ACTIVITY 2
Directions: Interview your family members and ask them about your role and
responsibility as a member of that primary group. Make a table below.

38
 INTRODUCTION
Social network is seen as
the basic tool individuals
use to connect to society.
And with the advent of
technology, there exist
social media outlets that
are used all over the world
may it. Since social media
has a huge audience, it Unit 3: Human Biocultural and Social Evolution
has been made a popular
mode of advertisement and MODULE THIRTEEN:
marketing for businesses, Social Networks
information dissemination,
entertainment,
communication, and many
more.

This module will focus on

recognizing the social link
and ties of every individual
in a given social network.
Learners will be made
aware as to how these
links are formed through
the different levels of
network analysis. At the
end of the module, they will
be able to create a lay out
of their own social network.

Photo Credit: researchleap.com

39
 At the end of this module, you are expected to:

Draw a lay out of your social network.

(Learning Outcome)

To achieve this, students are expected to:

Define social network.

Analyze your own social network.
(Learning Objectives)

Preliminary Activity …

Directions: Draw your family tree below. You can attach/paste pictures (if one
wishes).

40
 LET’S DISCUSS!!

SOCIAL NETWORK
It is referred to as the social structure that exists between actors – individuals or
SOCIAL NETWORK
organizations. THEORY
It indicates the way that people and organizations are connected
It is also referred to as Social Network Analysis. This is the study of social
through various social familiarities, ranging from casual acquaintances to close
network. Research indicates that social networks operates on many levels –
family bonds. Social networks are composed of nodes and ties. The person or
from familial to national – and play a critical role in determining the ways that
organization participating in the network is called a node. Ties are the various
problems are solved, the way organizations are run, and the degree to which
types of connections between the nodes. Ties are assessed in terms of strength.
individuals succeed in achieving their goals.
Loose connections, like mere acquaintance, are called weak ties. Strong ties,
This theory argues that individual traits and characteristics usually presumed to
like family bonds are called strong ties.
have significance actually matter far less than an individual’s relationship and
ties to other actors in a network.

THREE TYPES OF SOCIAL NETWORK

1. Ego-centric networks – are connected with the single node or individual. For
example, you(node) are connected to all your close friends.
2. Socio-centric networks – are closed networks by default. Examples: children in
a classroom, workers inside an organization

41
 3. Open-system network – the boundary lines are not clearly defined. Examples:
connections between corporations, chain of influencers of a particular decision.
This type of network is considered to be the most difficult to study.

Levels of Network Analysis

1. Micro Level – the analysis begins with an individual, snowballing as social
relationships are traced or may begin with a small group of individuals in a
particular social context.
a) Dyadic Level – a dyad is a social relationship between two individuals.
Network analysis on dyads may concentrate on structure of relationship
(multiplexity, strength), social equality and tendencies towards
reciprocity/mutuality).
b) Triadic Level – a triad is a social relationship between three individuals.
This level concentrates on factors such as balance and transitivity, as well
as social equality and tendencies towards reciprocity/mutuality). According
to Fritz Heider, the triad is the key to social dynamics.
c) Actor Level – the smallest unit of analysis in social network is an individual
in their social setting (an actor or ego). Ego-centric network analysis
focuses on network characteristics such as size, relationship strength,
density, centrality, prestige and roles.
a) Subset Level – begins at the micro-level, but may cross over to meso-level
of analysis. It is focus on distance and reach ability, cliques, subgroups or
group actions or behavior.
2. Meso Level – the analysis designed specifically to reveal connections between
micro- and macro-level.
3. Macro Level – the analysis which traces the outcome of the interactions.

Metrics of Social Network Analysis

A. Connections
a) Homophily – the tendency of an individual to associate and bond with
similar others. (birds of the same feather flocks together)
b) Heterophily – the love of the different, is the tendency of the an individual to
collect in diverse groups
B. Distribution
a) Bridge – a relation between two individuals if there is no direct connection
between them through mutual contacts.
b) Density – the minimum number of ties required to connect two particular
actors.
c) Structural Holes – a gap between two individuals or the absent of ties

42
 d) Tie Strength – defined by the linear combination of time, emotional
intensity, intimacy and reciprocity/mutuality.
e) Centrality – refers to a group of metrics that aims to quantify the
importance or influence of a particular node (individual or group) within a
network. It focuses on the behavior of an individual.
C. Segmentation
a) Clustering Coefficient – a measure of the likelihood that two associates of
a node are associate. The higher the clustering coefficient, the higher the
cliquishness.
b) Cohesion – the degree to which actors are connected directly to each
other by cohesive bonds (a strong bond between members)

SOCIAL MEDIA
Most of the countries across the world call media as the forth pillar of democracy.
Many of the emotions of democratic nation are expressed through media. Social media
in general includes all the means of mass communication that are used by the public in
general to interact with the rest of the society. whether it may be the most popular tools
of social media such as Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, YouTube, and Google + or be
the private forums which enable people with a common concern to interact with each
other, social media is playing a great role in integrating the world as we know it.

43
 ACTIVITY 1 SCORE
Directions: Make a creative lay out of your social network using any materials
available.

FAMILY

CHURCH
RELATIVES ME MEMBER

FRIENDS

SCORE
REFLECTIVE
44 ANALYSIS
Directions: Complete the sentence below:
After studying this module, I learned that …UCSP is a hard subject
You have to think wisely in orther for you ta answer the question. But
45
References:
Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics: Workbook for Senior High School, Our Lady of
Fatima University.

46