Diet Therapy and

Dietary Supplement
(2109133)

Narudol Teerapattarakan, PhD

High-Protein Low-Carborhydrate
Composition of a
Hi-Pro Low-Carb
Dish

The RDA for a healthy adult (0.8 g/kg)

Low-Carbohydrate Diet (Low-Carb)
• There are three macronutrients found in food:
• Carbohydrates (4 kcal/g), Fat (9 kcal/g), and Protein (4 kcal/g)

• All low carbohydrate approaches reduce the overall intake of carbohydrates

• Low carbohydrate is defined by a percent of daily macronutrient intake or total daily

carbohydrate load
• Very low-carbohydrate (< 10% carbohydrates) or 20-50 gm/day – Ketogenic Diets (Hi-Pro Hi-Fat)/(Low-carb Hi-fat)

• Low-carbohydrate (<26% carbohydrates) or less than < 130 gm/day – Carnivore diets, Paleo Diet

• Moderate-carbohydrate (26%-44%)
• High-carbohydrate (45% or greater)

Feinman R.D., Pogozelski W.K., Astrup A., Bernstein R.K., Fine E.J., Westman E.C., Accurso A., Frassetto L., Gower B.A., McFarlane S.I., et al. Dietary carbohydrate
restriction as the first approach in diabetes management: Critical review and evidence base. Nutrition. 2015;31:1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.06.011
The Carbohydrate-Insulin
Model of Obesity

• Lowering insulin and improves

cardiometabolic function, and
induces weight loss

• Studies have shown low-carb

approaches to be superior to
other dietary approaches in
producing rapid weight loss for
the first 6-12 months

JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Aug 1; 178(8): 1098–1103. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.2933

 Carnivore diet
(Plant-free diet)

• The carnivore diet consists almost exclusively

of animal-based foods, such as meat, fish,
eggs, and low lactose dairy.

• The following diets may also use: honey, salt,

pepper, and zero-carb seasonings.

• Fruits and Vegetables, grains, high lactose

dairy, sugars, and plant-based oils are
completely excluded from the carnivore diet.
 Paleo Diet
• Paleo = Ancient

• Caveman, Stone age food

• The paleo diet is designed to resemble what human

hunter-gatherer ancestors ate thousands of years
ago

• Eat: Meat, fish, eggs, vegetables, fruits, nuts, seeds,

herbs, spices, healthy fats and oils.

• Avoid: Processed foods, sugar, soft drinks, grains,

most dairy products, legumes, artificial sweeteners,
vegetable oils, margarine and trans fats.

http://historyofcivilizations.blogspot.com/2013/06/food-housing-of-stone-age.html
 Ketogenic Diets
Keto diets include more the fats and restrict carbohydrate to induce
nutritional ketosis, typically limits carbs to 20-50 g daily

• Standard ketogenic diet (SKD): 5% carbs, 20% proteins, and 75% fat.

• Targeted ketogenic diet (TKD): This type of keto diet includes low
intake of carb, high intake of protein and fat. The recommended ratio
is around 5% carbs, 35% protein, and 60% fat

• Cyclical Ketogenic diet (CKD): This type of keto diet cycles between
low intake of carbs and high intake of carbs.

• Restricted Ketogenic Diet: A medical condition protocol for those

patients suffering form epilepsy and neurological conditions
 Ketosis

“Ketosis is a metabolic
process of using stored fat
for fuel.”
The advantages of Hi-
Pro Low Carb Diets

❑Reduction in appetite due to higher

Hi-protein/Low
satiety effect of proteins Carb

❑Reduction in lipogenesis and

increased lipolysis

❑Protective effects in some diseases

 Some disadvantages of Hi-Pro Low Carb Diets
• High in fat, cholesterol, and
sodium
• lack certain micronutrients
and fiber
• May not be suited for some
populations

Over a short period of ketosis, cognitive function and mood are negatively affected
Intermittent
Fasting
 “Intermittent fasting is an eating pattern where you cycle between periods of eating and fasting.
It does not say anything about which foods to eat, but rather when you should eat them”

During periods of fasting, triglycerides are broken down to fatty

acids and glycerol, which are used for energy. The liver converts
fatty acids to ketone bodies, which provide a major source of
energy for many tissues, especially the brain

Time restricted Fasting

16:8 means
• Eat nothing for 16 hours
• Eat freely for 8 hours
 The Effects of
Intermittent Fasting

Loss of water
Increase Lipolysis
Decrease energy intake
Maintain metabolism