This chapter reviews the related literature which substantiated and supported the

details of this comprehensive study. It also provides a synthesis of the reviewed related
literature and a discussion of the gaps bridged by this research.

State of the Art

The researcher presents both local and foreign literature and studies to provide a
comprehensive background of the problem under study. Concepts, findings, theories, and
notions from scholarly researches and articles presented are fortified, negated, or improved
by the additional knowledge that this study provided.
Importance of Information Communication Technology in Education
The performance of computer technology has grown to come to be an essential part of
contemporary life and it immediately impacts communication, education, entertainment and
work. Computer literacy has been recognized to be valuable for senior high school student
as it not just aids and gaining knowledge of process, it provides students with tendency that
will be required in their future work life. (Huffman, et. Al, 2016)
According to Mbaeeze et. al (2010). Regard that there is an effect of information and
communication technology (ICT) on senior high school student’s academic performance.
Senior high school students allow to have been shown a technology in the classroom daily to
have computer knowledge. It is the work of all teachers to aid computer literacy for no
society can grow to its fullest without computer literacy in the world today.
According to Jarvis, et. al, (2015) Nowadays senior high school students are expected
to be computer competent and be able to operate effectively in computerized context as
well. This shows that computer literacy should be included in the definition of academic
literacy to give it more complete meaning and deep sense.
The study conducted by the U.S. Department of Education (2010) urges that the
content and structure of education must effectively integrate technology in order to
adequately prepare students to live and act in the world in which they are growing up. Voogt
& Pelgrum (2005) supported the idea that curriculum needs to be reformed for students to
develop competencies that will help them to survive in this 21st century. However, there is a
need for rigorous academic research that identifies how digital education can be deliberately
and effectively used to positively transform learning and teaching across subject matter
areas.
According to the study of Onuoha (2019) the field of education has been affected by
ICTs, which have undoubtedly affected learning and research as well as the overall
processes of knowledge transfer and receipt. ICTs have the potential to innovate,
accelerate, enrich, and deepen skills, to motivate and engage students and educators or any
other category of persons that engage in knowledge sharing. It is also stated that much has
been said and reported about the impact of technology, especially computer-enabled
devices in communication practices. These computers and applications of technology
became more pervasive in society which led to a concern about the need for computing and
ICT skills in everyday life.

In the study of Laguador (2013) it is stated that academic community must support
extra-curricular activities related to computer technology that would help the students realize
the value of having high functional computer literacy without sacrificing the health of the end-
users. Parents and guardians are convinced reasonably to have computer units at home and
some laptops to be used in school for educational purposes but they must be vigilant of the
virtual entertainment activities of their children and they must advised their children to
consider the bad health effects of spending long hours of computer usage. Integrating
Information and Communication Technology in the curricula would advance the learning of
the students both in managing technology and study habits. Using e-learning would enhance
the interest of both students from board and non-board programs to participate in the online
group discussion with an aid downloadable study material.
Advantages of being Computer Literate
Academic performance of computer literate students is more complement than those
who are not. Academic success is accomplished when a balanced use of internet tool was
taken by senior high school students for their course work leading to a significant influence
of internet use or academic performance. (Aitokhuchi, et. al, 2014).
According to Lulu (2009) as cited by Michael (2018), computer literacy is the ability of
a person to operate computer and its system with ease. It is considered as the knowledge
and skill to utilize computers efficiently, with some range of skill level. Some valuable
component of computer literacy is knowing on how to operate a computer, how it works and
know how to solve problems using it. However, computer literate always
connotes less more than the skill to use multiple application such as Microsoft Word, Internet
Explorer, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft PowerPoint and Outlook for a certain task.
In the study conducted by Shehu (2014) it is observed that the relative percentage of
computer literate students that favored computerization is higher than the non-computer
literate students. From the percentage analysis, there is high enthusiasm among both
computer literate and non-computer literate students for computerization of the record
system. This finding appears to support Rosen & Weil (1995) who assert that technophobia
is not necessarily associated with level of computer expertise. In this case, it was observed
that there appears to be low computer anxiety among students who are deemed to be
noncomputer literate. In fact, they appear to possess high enthusiasm for computerization.
Amua-Sekyi and Asare (2016) conducted a survey on the ICT literacy among
students and found out the possession of Internet accessing skills, word processing skills,
email sending skills, presentation skills, and database searching skills, among other skills.
They stated that surfing the Internet for information will make the student’s work easy and
engender the establishment of connections with global education, word processing skills and
ability to communicate through emails give the students the capability to easily create and
produce documents relevant to their academic requirements. The study further revealed that
ICT skills is of immense effects to students as it enables them to save time in creating or
modifying materials to be used in studying, create documents that are more appealing to the
others, among other numerous benefits.
According to West Africa Examination Council (WAEC, 2010), computer skills is the
ability to use computer as a tool in solving problems with confidence by obtaining access to
the information they needed and communicate to other to share ideas. It is also a
prerequisite ability a student should have to use computer effectively in doing academic
related activities. They also stated that students should possess computer skills such as
word processing applications, spreadsheets, file browser, graphics software and email.
In the study of Censon (2011) Most of the respondents use internet for
communication purposes like online social networking. Respondents possess enough skills
in word processing. The literacy level of respondents in spreadsheets is enough for basic
tasks only especially in performing data entry tasks which are needed in calculations and
computations. Most respondents know how to use graphic application for creating
presentation. Results shows that there is significant difference in the computer literacy of the
respondents when grouped according to their age, years in teaching, computer application in
teaching and attendance to computer training.
Hindrances in being Computer Literate
Afolakemi (2008) as cited by Mamadu (2014) stated that computer literacy is the skill
to use computer hardware and software in order to accomplish works. It is also the skill to
use computer for academic purposes. However, computer literacy has a connection to
computer anxiety that affects the way on how they use computer. It is discovered that a
positive attitude in using computer is required in being a computer literate person.
According to the study of Tambari (2016), it is revealed that ICT application like e-
books, e-library, e-examination and e-classroom among others are available for use in
learning. However, they are not extensively utilized in senior secondary schools in the area
of this study. This is because of the constraints to effective utilization of the ICT application
such as incessant power failure, high cost of acquisition of ICT facilities and shortage of
trained qualified personnel.
Gender in Relation to Computer Literacy
In the study of Oseghale (2014), it is founded out that students computer literacy
improves their academic performance in secondary schools generally, that computer literate
students perform better academically than the non-computer literate, that female computer
literate students perform better academically than the male counter-part, that the non-
computer addicted students perform better academically than the addicted ones, and that
the literate computer students in co-educational secondary schools perform slightly better
than those in the single sex secondary schools in Esan West Local Government Area of Edo
State, Nigeria.
In study of Orungbemi (2013) computer literacy and students’ academic achievement
explored in the study seems very innovative, and the findings showing the importance of
adequate computer skills to the academic achievement of students. The need to study
factors that influences students’ academic achievement has become more critical for all
disciplines consequent on the need to train globally competent students that can function
effectively in the information age. The study has shown that gender and computer literacy
are potential factors that can influence students’ academic achievement. The findings
suggest that the higher the ability of a student to use e-mail, graphical interfaces such as
Netscape, word process document, analyze data, browse Internet and install software, the
higher the student’s academic achievement.
The study of Michael (2018) concluded that computer literacy level among secondary
school teachers in Rivers State is high. However, it was observed that majority of the
teachers are computer literates. Although most teachers are computer literate but the impact
of computer literacy among the teachers is very low. It was also observed that the teachers
were computer literates, but they did not use the computer knowledge in the teaching
process. Most of those factors are responsible for the failure of the computer literacy
program among teachers in secondary schools in Rivers State. It is concluded that there is a
significant difference between the mean response of male and female teachers on the
factors affecting computer literacy in secondary schools in Rivers State.
Information Communication Technology in the Philippines
 In a study conducted by Bonifacio (2013) it is stated that ICTs can be used to
improve the quality of learning. They can promote learner motivation, mastery of basic
concepts, and the development of higher order thinking and lifelong learning skills. However,
ICT is broad and confusing, and it deeply encroaches on the processes of education. Lack of
vision, lack of consensus and lack of policy on how to integrate ICT in education
consistently, are not very helpful either. ICTs cannot by themselves resolve educational
problems in the developing world, as such problems are rooted in well entrenched issues of
poverty, social inequality, and uneven development. What ICTs as educational tools can do,
if they are used correctly, is enable developing countries to expand access to and raise the
quality of education. Developing ICT curriculum standards for K-12 schools in the Philippines
seems to be a long decision process, yet the urgency to do it should be realized now as
technology is becoming more and more crucial in the lives of Filipinos as they follow the path
of economic growth and strengthening of a nation.
Information Communication Technology (ICT) can lead to enhanced students’
learning and ensure better teaching methods. A report of National Institute of Multimedia
Education, Japan (2009) showed that an increase in student exposure to educational ICT
through curriculum integration has a significant and positive impact on student achievement,
especially in terms of knowledge and comprehension. In this connection, some schools that
are technologically sound have adopted programs which focus on “Learning to learn” and
“Enquiry based learning” which move learning away from simple subject knowledge to higher
level thinking skills in all subjects. It is not about excessive concentration on ICT skills but
allowing those skills to support the delivery of a much wider and more relevant curriculum
(Allen, 2018).
According to Palfrey and Gasser (2008) as cited by Duke (2011) an advocate, next
generation learners (NGLS), the term used in this report, have emerge with access to
computer technology, and they all have the skills to use these technologies. NGL’s showing
to and capability to use technology has made their mind differently from for ego generations;
this juvenile generation have an obviously different learning technique from their
predecessors.
Further, computer literacy skills courses are being pulled out from higher education
curriculum based on the belief that incoming college freshmen and NGLs already have the
essential computer literacy skills. Eventually, claims are regularly made that Education
University of Perpetual Help System Laguna - JONELTA Senior High School Department
must evolve to meet the needs of inherently computer literate NGL’s who are defining the
landscape in higher education. (Hartman et. Al, 2008 as cited by Duke 2011).
Local Literature
The Philippine Star (2010) discussed the edge of students over teachers in ICT.
Students now are virtually knowledgeable about chatting, on-line games and other useful
applications of computer, while teachers, mostly, are clueless about them. The sad part is
teachers lack training so they cannot even teach students of computer.
Students have high regard on the capability of their teachers. It is a fact that many
students can afford to have ICT gadgets at home, hence, they are advanced in terms of
knowledge and skills on ICT. It is a great challenge for teachers to learn and internalize the
use of computers in the subjects they are teaching, integrating ICT in the classroom
instruction (Itaas, 2009).
Former President Arroyo called for a better integration of ICT into the Philippine
educational system to improve the quality of learning and hone the computer skills of young
Filipinos to give them a competitive edge in securing work in a world that is growing highly
technical. Also, she enjoins all teachers from public schools to get the National ICT
Competency Standards (NICS) and be ICT-certified. She stressed that teachers need to be
competent in ICT, so classroom dynamics become more innovative with ICT. (Manila
Bulletin, 2006).
In the study of Chowdhury (2019) it is concluded that most of the teachers conducted
classes guided by lesson plans and also achieved learning outcomes in teaching learning
activities. However, ICT lab classes were taken place occasionally. To ensure students’
active participation in teaching-learning process as well as assessment shifting towards
student-centered approach from teacher-centered approach is highly appreciated. Teachers
use only book reading technique to engage the students in the teaching-learning process.
The teachers prepare lesson plan regularly before the class and they take preparation about
content knowledge from textbook as well as e-learning resources. Besides, teachers conduct
ICT class based on lesson plan. The mostly used teaching aids in ICT class include
textbook, picture in textbook, multimedia materials like projector. The study further
investigates that ICT subject is not fearful to the students at all.
Synthesis of the Reviewed Literature
In conceptualizing the research, the related literature and studies that were
conscientiously coordinated and presented guided the researchers. Computer literacy and
students’ academic achievement explored in the study of Philippine Star (2010), Oseghale
(2014), Orungbemi (2013), Shehu (2014), seems very innovative, and the findings showing
the importance of adequate computer skills to the academic achievement of students.
According to the study and survey of Tambari (2016), Rosen & Weil (1995). U.S.
Department of Education (2010), Voogt & Pelgrum (2005), Amua-Sekyi & Asare (2016), the
content and structure of education must effectively integrate technology in order to
adequately prepare students to live and act in the world in which they are growing up. Itaas
(2009), Michael (2018), Chowdhurry (2019) and Onuoha (2019) concluded that computer
literacy level among students and teachers are high, which have undoubtedly affected
teaching, learning, and research as well as the overall processes of knowledge transfer and
receipt.