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Printed, Published and Owned by B.V. Shiv Shankar, Printed at Venu Graphics, 2-1-392/1/3/8, Opp. Fever Hospital, Nallakunta, Hyderabad - 500 044. India.
Published at 2-1-444/16, 1st Floor, O.U.Road, Nallakunta,Hyd-44. Editor: B.V. Shiv Shankar.
OPERATION FLOOD
The National Dairy Development Board’s (NDDB) Annual Report for 2010-11 has conveyed
that India continued to be the largest milk producing nation in 2010-11. The country’s
estimated milk production for 2010-11 is 121 million tonnes, close to 17 per cent of world
milk production.
This was possible with government schemes like Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Generation Agency (MGNREGA) which aims at rural employment generation,
milk production etc. The NDDB on its side offers technical assistance for balanced diet,
increase in milk production etc and devised a plan known as National Dairy Plan (NDP) with
a good span of 15 years hence.
The National Dairy Plan aims at contributing to increasing milk production by increasing
productivity in existing dairy animals through a focused and scientific process for breeding
and feeding.
Production of high genetic merit bulls,
Production of disease free quality semen,
Extension and demonstrations for fodder development,
Interventions to strengthen village based milk procurement systems,
Augmenting systems in the villages for procurement of milk in a fair and transparent
manner,
Project learning and monitoring and capacity building and training.
The project is proposed to be carried out by State Cooperative Dairy Federations; District
Cooperative Milk Producers Unions; Producer Companies and State Livestock development
Boards that meet the criteria for each activity.
Existing farmers and new entrepreneurs may take advantage of this programme and
augment their personal wealth as well as nation’s wealth.
- Editor
Table 1: Level of essential amino acids available for absorption in unprotected and protected protein meals:
U
LIVESTOCK LINE, MARCH 2012 13
A Few Nutritional Updates for
Feeding Dairy Animals
Dr Trishna B. Kayastha & Dr Sanjeeb Dutta
Department of Animal Nutrition & Livestock Production and ManagementApollo College of
Veterinary Medicine, Jaipur-31 Mobile phone no 09602564270.
U
India is the highest milk production country in the 25%. More than 70 million rural families are
world and by the end of 2022, India aims at engaged in milk production in India. Landless, small
producing 172 MMT milk at an annual growth rate and marginal farmers with limited resources
of 4 per cent, but its cattle feed industry has not account for 65% of the total milk production in the
kept pace ahead. There is a need to change the country. Dairy cattle production is mostly based on
conventional system of preparing cattle feed so as crop residues such as straws, stovers and agro-
to meet the current challenge of high yielding cross industrial byproducts. Over the years there has
bred cows and improved buffaloes. The bio-mass been a perceptible change in total livestock
resources is very limited and there is shortage of population. The milch buffaloes and crossbred
feed and fodder resources in the country. So the cattle population has been increasing gradually,
available feed resources would need to be utilized while the male population of cattle and buffaloes
judiciously and with value addition. Farmers have been decreasing due to mechanization in
therefore need to be encouraged to adopt improved agriculture and shortage of feed resources for
and balanced feeding practices so that they could feeding unproductive animals. Feed resources can
improve yields with available feed resources in a be broadly categorized into dry fodder (crop
cost effective manner. In this way milk out put could residues), green fodder and concentrates. Crop
be doubled. residues include mostly wheat, paddy, sorghum and
millet straws, kabdies etc; green fodder include
Feeding plays vital role in exploiting the genetic cultivated legumes and non-legumes, pastures,
potential of dairy animals. Feeding is also sugarcane tops etc and concentrates include
considered critical in the overall success of dairy grains, oil cakes/meals, brans, chunnies, and agro-
development program, as feeding alone consists industrial by-products. There always exist a huge
more than 70% of the total cost of milk production. shortage of concentrate and green fodders that has
Indian cattle industry is an integral part of Indian been calculated using appropriate grain to straw
agriculture and contributes to the well being of its ratios for crop residues, extraction rates for
people. Over 80% of these livestock unit is concentrates and average green bio mass
ruminants and can be largely described as grass production potential for different categories of land.
eater while the rest is monogastric grain eaters. To minimize the gap between requirement and
Presently India is bestowed with a huge livestock availability of feed resources, some of the
population comprising 222 million cattle, 98 million technologies that could be used in utilizing feed
buffaloes, 124 million goats, 61 million sheep and resources judiciously with value addition are briefly
489 million poultry. Animal Husbandry, Dairy and describe below.
Fisheries generate supplementary incomes and
gainful employment for rural house holds, 1. Implementation of Ration balancing program.
particularly among landless, marginal or small 2. Feeding of Compound Cattle Feed.
farmers, as well as women in one hand and the 3. Supplying protein source of feed in the form of
products obtain from these sectors are also a by pass protein.
source of valuable nutrients to millions of people in 4. Supplementation of area specific mineral mixture.
India. Dairying only provides nearly 2/3 of the total 5. Feeding of Urea Molasses Mineral Block Lick.
livestock’s contribution to GDP with an encouraging 6. Enrichment and Densification of Crop Residues.
growth rate of 5 percent. Agriculture and allied 7. Enhancement of Green Fodder Production.
sectors account for about 24% of GDP. Of this,
animal husbandry and dairy accounts for about Implementation of Ration balancing program
1. Test by single intra dermal tuberculin test (or any Early lesions occur in the walls of the small intestine
other better tests, if feasible) and the draining mesenteric lymph nodes, and
infection is confined to these sites at this stage. As
2. Immediate culling of the positive animals from the disease progresses, gross lesions occur in the
the herd by humane slaughter. ileum, jejunum, terminal small intestine, caecum and
3. Careful management of above listed risk factors. coon and in the mesenteric lymph nodes.
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis is present in the
4. Development of an Anti TB vaccine – this is most lesions and terminally, throughout the body. The
relevant today because it was M.bovis strain that is intestinal lesions are responsible for a protein leak
used as BCG for human TB control with satisfactory and a protein mal absorption syndrome, which lead
results across the world. Research and development to muscular wasting. Clinical sings usually first
is the need of the hour in this direction to develop a appear in young adulthood, but the disease can
better, new generation vaccine for animal use. Even occur in animals at any age over 12 years.
if the cost of this is in terms of few crores it is much
smaller when compared to total annual economic The infection progress and the animal still does not
loss due to Bovine tuberculosis apart from immense show any clinical sings. Nevertheless, the organisms
zoonotic significance the bacteria posses which can are being excreted in very high numbers, probably
never be assessed financially. enough to infect other animals in contact. Infection
is detectable by fecal culture techniques but not
JOHNE’S DISEASE / PARATUBERCULOSIS often blood tests. In later stage the animal show early
Paratuberculosis, popularly known as Johne’s signs of disease and most diagnostic tests can detect
disease, is an infectious disease caused by the infection.
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) The DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus, was
is a technique in which organism may be the first thermostable polymerase used in PCR, and
differentiated by analysis of patterns derived from is still the one most commonly used.
cleavage of their DNA by a set of restriction enzyme 4. Stoffel fragment
(RE). If two organisms differ in the distance between
The Stoffel fragment is made from a truncated gene
sites of cleavage of a particular restriction
for Taq polymerase and expressed in E. coli. It is
endonuclease, the length of the fragment produced
lacking 5'-3' exonuclease activity, and may be able
will differ when DNA is digested with a RE. The
to amplify longer targets than the native enzyme.
similarity of the patters generated can be used to
differentiate species (and even strains) from one 5. Faststart polymerase
another. By designing primers that will introduce or
Faststart polymerase is a variant of Taq polymerase
destroy a restriction site for one of the alleles, the
that requires strong heat activation, thereby avoiding
PCR product for SNP alleles can be distinguished
non-specific amplification due to polymerase activity
by restriction fragment length analysis.
at low temperature. Currently using in most of real
13. Overlap-extension PCR time PCR.
It is a genetic engineering technique allowing the 6. Pfu DNA polymerase
construction of a DNA sequence with an alteration
Enzyme Pfu DNA polymerase, isolated from the
inserted beyond the limit of the longest practical
Pyrococcus furiosus, has proofreading activity, and
primer length.
a 5-fold decrease in the error rate of replication
14. Vectorette PCR compared to Taq. Since errors increase as PCR
progresses, Pfu is the preferred polymerase when
Vectorette PCR is a method that enables the
products are to be individually cloned for sequencing
amplification of specific DNA fragment in situation
or expression.
where the sequence of only primer is known. Thus it
extends the application of PCR to stretches of DNA 7. Vent polymerase
where the sequence information is only available at
Vent polymerase is an extremely thermostable
one end.
polymerase isolated from Thermococcus litoralis.
IV. Post PCR modifications
8. Tth polymerase
PCR-ELISA
Tth polymerase is a thermostable polymerase
The PCR product are labeled (digoxigenin) during from Thermus thermophilus. It has reverse
amplification. This labeled amplicon is immobilize in transcriptase activity in the presence of Mn2+ions,
immuno-well plate. Normal ELISA is then employed allowing PCR amplification from RNA targets.
to quantitate PCR product.
VI. Other modifications
V. Modification in DNA Polymerases
1. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms
There are several DNA polymerases that are used (ALFP)
in PCR viz.
The use of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA
1. Klenow fragment (RAPD) markers in systematic studies has been
reviewed. The use of randomly amplified polymorphic
The Klenow fragment, derived from the original DNA
DNA (RAPD) markers in systematic levels of
Polymerase-I from E. coli, was the first enzyme used
polymorphism and their low cost compared to other
in PCR. Because of its lack of stability at high
techniques, such as allozymes and Restricrion
temperature, it needs be replenished during each
Fragment length polymorphism (RFPL). Two new
cycle, and therefore is not commonly used in PCR.
marker methodologies appear to be supplanting
2. Bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase RAPD analysis (AFLPs and simple sequence
2. Boehnke M et.al. “Fine-structure genetic mapping 16. White TJ, Arnheim N, Erlich HA. 1989. The
of human chromosomes using the polymerase chain polymerase chain reaction. Trends Genet. 1989;
reaction on single sperm.” Am. J. Hum. Genet. Vol. 5:185-9.
45(1) pp. 21-32 (1989). 17. Wittwer C. 2001.Rapid cycle real time PCR:
3. Erlich HA, Gelfand DH, Saiki RK. Specific DNA Method s and application, In Rapid cycle real time
amplification. Nature 1988; 331:461-2. PCR (eds Meuer et.al.) 2001, pp1-11 Springer
,Heidelberg, Germany 2. Niesters H.G: Quantitation
4. Frohman MA, Dush MK, Martin GR. Rapid of viral load using real-time amplification. Methods
production of fulllength cDNAs from rare transcripts: 2001, 25:419-2.
amplification using a single gene-specific
LIVESTOCK LINE, MARCH 2012 44
LIVESTOCK LINE, MARCH 2012 45
LIVESTOCK LINE, MARCH 2012 46
LIVESTOCK LINE, MARCH 2012 47
LIVESTOCK LINE, MARCH 2012 48
Impact of nanotechnology in veterinary
science – a review
S. Ganguly1*, A. Prasad2, I. Paul3, D. Seth4, S.K. Mukhopadhayay5
Uwill revolutionize animal health and help to boost up
AbstractNanotechnology refers to the use of very tiny
(nano-scale) materials in a range of novel ways. ‘Nano’ livestock production (Patil et al., 2009).
means tiny and nano-particles are tiny particles, more
than 8000 times smaller than a human hair. The properties Livestock and fisheries will be affected by the
of nano-particles make them suitable for a range of nanotechnology revolution. While the great hopes of nano-
environmental applications, both in terms of improving medicine are disease detection and new pharmaceuticals
existing environmental problems or by anticipating and for humans, veterinary applications of nanotechnology
preventing future environmental problems. Some of the may become the proving ground for untried and more
greatest potential uses or application of nanotechnology controversial techniques - from nano-capsule vaccines
in the environment are as biosensors and in the sectors to sex selection in breeding. Nanotechnology, dealing
of treatment, agriculture, veterinary science, fisheries, with functional structures and materials smaller than
bioremediation and for green nanotech manufacturing and 100nm, is emerging as a truly interdisciplinary research
engineering. The present article has been constructed area spanning several traditional scientific disciplines. In
considering the tremendous potential and application of keeping with the growing trend, there is a strong need for
nanoscience and nanotechnology in the concerned a platform to share original research related to applications
fields.Keywords: nanotechnology; nano-particles; of nanotechnology in biomedical fields.In the era of new
veterinary science; nanoscience.IntroductionVeterinary health related technologies, Veterinary Medicine will enter
health care is a highly responsible and growing concern a phase of new and incredible transformations. The major
not only for pet owners, but also for our nation and contributor to those changes is our recent ability to
government. With an ever increasing pet population measure, manipulate and organize matter at the nano-
throughout the globe, along with higher costs for scale level. Our understanding of the principles that rule
medications and veterinary care, the need for new the nano-scale world will be of great impact on veterinary
solutions is urgent. At this period of time the main research leading to new discoveries never before
objectives of Veterinary Medicine is to excel according imagined.Nanotechnology has the potential to impact not
to the accepted standards of scientific excellence in the only the way we live, but also the way we practice
creation of new knowledge and its translation into improved veterinary medicine. Today scientists foresee that the
health for the other species with which we share our world, progress in the field of nanotechnology could represent a
to create more effective veterinary services and products major breakthrough in addressing some of our technical
and to strengthen the veterinary education challenges not only in engineering but also in the fields
system.Nanotechnology has a tremendous potential to of both human and veterinary medicine. Very soon
revolutionize agriculture and livestock sector. It can engineers will develop tiny motors to power computers
provide new tools for molecular and cellular biology, and appliances and doctors will have miniature devices
biotechnology, veterinary physiology, animal genetics, that aim to fight cancer on the molecular level at their
reproduction etc. which will allow researchers to handle disposal.In the veterinary community, some of the
biological materials such as DNA, proteins or cells in principal areas of nanotechnology research are currently
minute quantities usually nano-liters or pico-liters. being undertaken in the world of medicine because of
Nanotechnology tools like micro-fluidics, nano-materials, the vast scope of the medical applications of
bio-analytical nano-sensors, etc. has the potential to solve nanotechnology. Many discoveries of veterinary and allied
many more puzzles related to animal health, production, professions in the field of nanotechnology have been
reproduction and prevention and treatment of diseases. made till date and it is needed to provide a glimpse of the
It is reasonable to presume that in the upcoming year’s potential important targets for nanotechnology in the field
nanotechnology research will reform the science and of veterinary medicine. However, nanotechnology is in its
technology of the animal health and will help to boost up early stage of development and it may take several years
the livestock production. Nanotechnology will have a to perform the necessary research and conduct clinical
profound impact, but not in the immediate future as it is trials for obtaining meaningful results, but professionals
in the early stages of its development and needs to equip should begin to take note of it (Feneque, 2003).Biochips
scientists, engineers and biologists to work at the cellular - current and future industry applications Using
and molecular levels for significant benefits in healthcare biochips, biological samples such as blood, tissue and
and animal medicine. But It is reasonable to presume semen can be instantaneously analysed and
that in the upcoming year’s nanotechnology research manipulated. In fewer than five years, biochips have
1,2
Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke,
Ranchi - 834 006 (Jharkhand), India. 3Department of Veterinary Microbiology, WBUAFS, India.
4,5
Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery
Sciences (WBUAFS), Kolkata - 700 037 (West Bengal), India. *Corresponding author, E-mail: ganguly38@gmail.com
A one day Seminar on “Challenges for Indian The first speaker Dr. S. Anandan, Senior Scientist,
Dairy Sector in the Coming Decade” was National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology,
organised by CLFMA of India on 24th January 2012 spoke on Availability and Demand of Feeds and
at Pune. Shri. Gopal Rao Mhaske, Chairman, Pune Fodders in the country.
Milk Co-operative Federation graced the occasion Mr. Vishvas Chitale, CEO, Chitale Dairy informed
as Chief Guest. Dr. C. S. Prasad, Vice Chancellor, the gathering about Challenges faced by the Private
Maharashtra Animal & Fishery Science University, Dairy Industry. Mr. Rahul Kumar, Managing Director,
Nagpur was Guest of Honour. After Inauguration and Kaira Dist. Co-op. Milk Prod. Union Ltd. presented
the traditional lighting of Lamp, Mr. B. S. Yadav, the Challenges faced by Milk Cooperative Sector.
Chairman, CLFMA of India delivered the welcome Mr. Girish Sohani President, BAIF, spoke on the
address. Dr. C. S. Prasad delivered the Keynote Challenges faced by NGO’s.
address. Mementos were presented to the Chief
Guest and the Guest of Honour. As a token of appreciation, memento were
presented to all speakers and sponsors of the
Technical Sessions were chaired by Dr. C. S. event. Mr. S.V. Bhave who was convener of the
Prasad and Co-chaired by Mr. Amit Saraogi. Dr. seminar delivered Vote of Thanks.
Dinesh Bhosale presented an overview on activities
of CLFMA and set the tone for the presentations The response to this successful seminar was
which followed. overwhelming with over 130 delegates in
attendance.