Natural Gas Engineering

Name: Harshith Renikindi

Reg.No:19MIC0004
1. Differentiate different types of reservior based with major emphasis on
bubble point

Ans:
1.Gas reservoirs:
i)An oil that is at pressure above its bubble point pressure is called an “unsaturated oil” because it
can dissolve more gas at the given temperature. An oil that is at its buuple point pressure is
called a “saturated oil” because it can dissolve no more gas at the given temperature.Single
phase flow prevails in an undersaturated oil reservoir, where as two-phase (liquid oil and
free gas) flow exists in a saturated oil reservoir.
ii) In general, if the reservoir temperature is above the critical temperature of the hydrocarbon
system, the reservoir is classified as a natural gas reservoir. On the basis of their phase diagrams and
the prevailing reservoir conditions, natural gases can be classified into four categories:

• Retrograde gas-condensate
• Near-critical gas-condensate
• Wet gas
• Dry gas
a) Retrograde gas-condensate reservoir: If the reservoir temperature T lies between
the critical temperature Tc and cricondentherm Tct of the reservoir fluid, the
reservoir is classified as a retrograde gas-condensate reservoir.
b) Near-critical gas-condensate reservoir. If the reservoir temperature is near the
critical temperature, the hydrocarbon mixture is classified as a near-critical gas-
condensate.
c) Wet-gas reservoir. Reservoir where temperature is above the cricondentherm of the
hydrocarbon mixture. Because the reservoir temperature exceeds the
cricondentherm of the hydrocarbon system, the reservoir fluid will always remain in
the vapor phase region as the reservoir is depleted isothermally, along the vertical
line A-B. As the produced gas flows to the surface, however, the pressure and
temperature of the gas will decline. If the gas enters the two-phase region, a liquid
phase will condense out of the gas and be produced from the surface separators.
d) Dry-gas reservoir: The hydrocarbon mixture exists as a gas both in the reservoir and
in the surface facilities. The only liquid associated with the gas from a dry-gas
reservoir is water.
2. Compare different types of logging techniques
Ans:
Types of logging techniques

1.Mud logging,: also known as hydrocarbon well logging, is the creation of a detailed record
(well log) of a borehole by examining the bits of rock or sediment brought to the surface by the
circulating drilling medium (most commonly mud). Mud logging is usually performed by a third-
party mud logging company. This provides well owners and producers with information about
the lithology and fluid content of the borehole while drilling.

2.Gamma ray logging: is a method of measuring naturally occurring gamma radiation to

characterize the rock or sediment in a borehole. It is sometimes used in mineral exploration and
water-well drilling, but most commonly for formation evaluation in oil and gas well drilling.
Different types of rock emit different amounts and different spectra of natural gamma radiation.
In particular, shale’s usually emit more gamma rays than other sedimentary rocks, such as
sandstone, gypsum, salt, coal, dolomite, or limestone because radioactive potassium is a
common component in their clay content, and because the cation exchange capacity of clay
causes them to adsorb uranium and thorium.

3.Spectral logging :Some specialized gamma radiation logging distinguishes the three
component decay chains (potassium, uranium, and thorium) by the wavelengths of their
characteristic gamma emissions. The characteristic gamma ray line that is associated with each
component:

• Potassium : Gamma ray energy 1.46 MeV

• Thorium series: Gamma ray energy 2.62 MeV

• Uranium-Radium series: Gamma ray energy 1.76 MeV

4.Resistivity logging is a method of well logging that works by characterizing the rock or
sediment in a borehole by measuring its electrical resistivity. Resistivity is a fundamental
material property which represents how strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current.
In these logs, resistivity is measured using

4 electrical probes to eliminate the resistance of the contact leads. The log must run in holes
containing electrically conductive mud or water.

5.Density logging is a well logging tool determining rock bulk density along a wellbore. This is
the overall density of a rock including solid matrix and the fluid enclosed in pores. Geologically,
bulk density is a function of the density of the minerals forming a rock (i.e. matrix) and the
enclosed volume of free fluids (porosity)