DIRECTIONAL DRILLING

WITH LOGGING
TECHNIQUES
PRESENTED BY:
INTRODUCTION TO DRILLING
• Locating an oil field is the first obstacle to be overcome.
• Today, petroleum engineers use instruments such as Seismic exploration, Gravity meters and
Magnetometers in the search for petroleum.
• Generally, the first stage in the extraction of crude oil is to drill a well into the underground
reservoir.
• Oilfield drilling is of mainly three types based on their physical presentation:
– Horizontal Drilling
– Vertical drilling
– Directional drilling
DIRECTIONAL DRILLING
• This refers to the trajectory of a well when at some point it is swayed from the vertical to drill
at an angle to reach a target some way laterally from the wellhead.
• Increasing the exposed section length through the reservoir by drilling through the reservoir
at an angle.
• Drilling into the reservoir where vertical access is difficult or not possible. For instance an
oilfield under a town, under a lake, or underneath a difficult-to-drill formation.
• Upcoming video will have a clear visualise on it.
LOGGING TECHNIQUES
Mainly logging techniques are comprised of
1. Electric Logging
2. Radioactive logging
3. Gamma ray logging
4. Nuclear magnetic resonance logging
5. Acoustic logging
1. ELECTRIC LOGGING
• Resistivity logging measures the subsurface electrical resistivity, which is the ability to impede
the flow of electric current.
• This helps to differentiate between formations filled with salty waters (good conductors of
electricity) and those filled with hydrocarbons (poor conductors of electricity).
• As oil does not conduct electricity, it shows higher resistivity and it differentiate between
water and oil presence..
• Resistivity and porosity measurements are used to calculate water saturation.
2. RADIOACTIVE LOGGING
• There are those that measure the natural radiation generated by the formation, such as the
total and spectral gamma ray logs.
• Those that measure the response of the formation to radiation generated by the tool, such as
the neutron, density and litho-density logs.
• Radioactivity is a fundamental property of the structure of all matter.
• The atoms of all elements have a nucleus which contains different numbers of protons and
neutrons, which is surrounded by a sheath of electrons that are arranged in different energy
levels.
BEHAVIOUR OF DIFFERENT
MATERIALS
3. GAMMA RAY LOGGING
• Gamma ray logs reflect naturally occurring radiation in rocks penetrated by the borehole.
• Although several types of rays are emitted, only gamma rays have enough penetration to be of
practical use in logging the natural radioactivity of rocks.
• All natural rocks contain some radioactive material.
• However, compared to that of uranium or radium ore, even of low grade, the radioactivity of
most rocks is very small.
• The radioactivity of a rock is usually expressed in terms of equivalent amount of radium per
gram of rock required to produce the same gamma ray intensity.
Effect of Casing
• Most of the gamma rays emitted by the formation can penetrate casing, so that a gamma ray
curve can be obtained in cased holes, although the amplitudes of the curve are somewhat
reduced. For example, a 5/16 inch thickness of steel reduces the gamma ray intensity about
one fourth.
Effect of Mud
• It absorbs a small percent of the radiation and therefore reduces the log amplitude; unless the
hole diameter is very large (more than 24") this effect is very small and can be ignored.
Effect of Hole Size
• The larger the hole, the smaller the gamma ray intensity reaching the probe. However, this
effect is small and can generally be neglected.
APPLICATION OF GAMMA RAY LOGS
Gamma ray logs are used in the following instances.
1. To log cased holes (no electric log can be obtained in cased holes).
2. To log dry holes (no electric log can be obtained in holes that do not contain water or mud).
3. To log holes containing salt water or salty mud (the electric logs obtained in such holes are
generally poor).
4. To supplement the information given by the electric log (identification of formations, estimating
the amount of clay in sands, etc.)
5. To locate radioactive ores, uranium in particular.
6. To help locate lignite and coal beds.
7. To help locate clay and fresh water sands.
4. NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE
LOGGING
• In petroleum industry this technology is used in petro physical laboratory research and
subsequently developed downhole logging tools for in-situ reservoir evaluation.
• A subcategory of electromagnetic logging.
• NMR effectively responds to the volume, composition, viscosity, and distribution of these fluids,
for example:
– Oil
– Gas
– Water
• Provide information about the quantities of fluids present, the properties of these fluids, and
the sizes of the pores containing these fluids.
– The volume (porosity) and distribution (permeability) of the rock pore space
– Rock composition
– Type and quantity of fluid hydrocarbons
– Hydrocarbon producibility
• Provides measurements of a variety of critical rock and fluid properties in varying reservoir
conditions (e.g., salinity, lithology, and texture), some of which are unavailable using
conventional logging methods and without requiring radioactive sources .
• Disadvantages:
– the most complex logging service introduced to date
– requires extensive pre-job planning to ensure optimal acquisition of the appropriate data
needed to achieve the desired objectives.
5. ACOUSTIC LOGGING

• Provides a measure of a formation’s capacity to transmit seismic waves

• Varies with
– Lithology
– Rock texture
– Decreases with increase in effective porosity.
• Seismic velocity is calculated using set of
two receivers, one near and one far.
• Travel time
• Porosity

• V = seismic velocity of the formation

• Vf = seismic velocity of the pore fluid
• Vmat = seismic velocity of the rock matrix
• = porosity