1 TISSUES Online Teaching - REVISED 2021 Anaphy

LESSON 3.
TISSUES
INTRODUCTION OF THE LESSON AND PRESENTATION OF OUTCOMES
As you learned from your previous lessons, the cell is the basic
structural and functional unit. And cells work together in a group and
called Tissues. Tissues are vital as it provides diverse roles depending
on its type such as protection, support, communication between cells
and disease to name a few. The science that deals with the study of
tissues is called Histology. A Pathologist is a scientist who specializes
in laboratory studies of cells and tissues to help physicians. One of his
principal function is to examine tissues for any change that might indicate disease. Are you
ready? Let’s continue with our lesson!
In this section you will learn about the:

1. different types of tissues and their origins.
2. membranes that cover or line a part of the body
3. conditions affecting tissue repair.
LEARNING OUTCOMES FOR THIS LESSON
At the end of the lesson, you must have:

a. Identified the four types (4) of tissues,
b. Identified the five types (5) of cell junctions,
c. Differentiated at least (3) classification of covering and lining of
the epithelium,
d. Identified atleast three (3) classification glandular epithelim,
e. Identified at least two (2) general features of connective tissue,
f. Identified at least two (2) classification of muscle tissue,
g. Identified at least one (1) composition of nervous tissue,
h. Defined membrane,
i. Differentiated the two (2) types of membranes,
j. Identified the three (3) types of epithelial membrane
k. Discussed tissue repair and the conditions affecting it.
CN 100 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: CHAPTER 2 CELLS AND TISSUES
Warm-up Activity
CROSSWORD PUZZLE:
Before starting the lesson, try answering the following crossword in one minute and see if you
can still recall lessons in Anatomy and Physiology.
TISSUES EPITHELIAL CONNECTIVE MUSCULAR NERVOUS
5
4
3 1
1. Tissues in the brain

2. Tissues that help you move
3. Example is WBC
4. Covers you body surface
5. Cells group together
Time is up! You’ll see if you’re answers are correct as you go on with your lesson.
Central Activities
This lesson covers 3 learning inputs and 3 activities that you need to accomplish as a form of
self-assessment.
Tissues are classified into four basic types. Each type of tissues has different cells and differ in
their distribution, role, form and structure.
2.1 TYPE OF TISSUES AND THEIR ORIGIN
1. EPITHELIAL TISSUES cover the body surfaces and lines hallow organs, body cavities
and ducts.
Mariano Marcos State University

College of Health Sciences
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Department of Nursing
2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE protects and supports the body and its organs. Various types of
connective tissue bind organs together, store energy and reserves as fat and help
provide immunity to disease causing organism.
Epithelial Tissue. Copyright © Connective Tissue. Copyright © 2014. ©

2014. © Gerard J. Tortora, L.L.C., Gerard J. Tortora, L.L.C., Bryan
Bryan Derrickson, John Wiley & Derrickson, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sons, Inc.
3. MUSCLE TISSUE generates the physical force needed to make body structure move.
4. NERVOUS TISSUE detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the
body and responds by generating impulses.
Nervous Tissue. Copyright © 2014. ©

Muscle Tissue. Copyright © 2014. © Gerard Gerard J. Tortora, L.L.C., Bryan
J. Tortora, L.L.C., Bryan Derrickson, John Derrickson, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The different types of tissues will be discussed more in detail as you move on with the
lesson.
All of the tissue of the body develops from the three primary germ layers (first
tissues form in a human embryo).
1. Ectoderm forms epidermis related structures & glands, the lining of the dry
glands, nasal passageway & anus; the nervous system, salivary pharyngeal
arches, teeth, pituitary gland & adrenal medulla
2. Endoderm forms most of the digestive system, liver & pancreas, most the
respiratory system, parts of the urinary & reproductive system; thymus thyroid,
parathyroid gland & pancreas

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3. Mesoderm forms dermis of the skin; lining of the body cavities; muscular skeletal,
cardiovascular & lymphatic system; kidneys & part of the urinary tract: gonads
& reproductive tracts; supportive connective tissues; adrenal cortex
Remember:
 Epithelial tissues develop from all the primary layers.
 All connective tissues and most muscle tissues stem from mesoderm.
i.pinimg.com  Nervous tissue develops from ectoderm.
CELL JUNCTIONS. How are cells joined together? You learned from your previous
lessons that cells group together to form tissues.
Now, this is made possible by what we call Cell Junctions. Cell Junctions tightly
join most epithelial cells and some muscle and nerve cells together. They are the
contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells. You will learn about
the five (5) most important types of cell junctions namely tight junctions, adherence
junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes and gap junctions.

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Cell Junctions. Copyright © 2014. © Gerard J. Tortora, L.L.C., Bryan

Derrickson, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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FIVE MOST IMPORTANT CELL JUNCTIONS:
1. TIGHT JUNCTIONS connect the cells of tissues that line the surface organs of the
body cavities. Examples are the cells of epithelial tissues that line the stomach and
intestines. Tight junctions seal off passageways between adjacent cells and
prevent the contents of organs from leaking into the blood.
2. ADHERENS JUNCTIONS are made of

plaque, a dense layer of CHONS on
the side of the plasma membrane
that attaches to both membrane
proteins and to microfilaments of
the cytoskeleton.
The plaques resist separation of
cells during contractile activities.
They are located inside the plasma
membrane proteins and
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton.
Looking closer, you can see
cadherins or transmembrane
glycoproteins inserted into the
plaque and join cells. Epithelial cells
form extensive bonds called
adhesion belts.

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3. DESMOSOMES are composed of

plaque and are linked by
transmembrane glycoprotein that
extend across the gap between
adjacent cell membranes. They
help attach cells to each other. The
plaque attaches to intermediate
filaments containing protein
keratin. Desmosomes are found in
numerous cells that make up the
epidermis and between cardiac
muscle cells of the heart.
4. HEMIDESMOSOMES look like

desmosomes but they do not
connect adjacent cells. They look
like half of a desmosome, hence the name Hemidesmosome. They connect cells
to extracellular material such as the basement membrane and anchors one kind
of tissue to another in the body.
5. GAP JUNCTIONS is named because the outer layers of adjacent plasma

membranes converge but leave a tiny intercellular gap between them. At gap
junctions, there are connexins (membrane proteins) that form tiny fluid-filled
tunnels (connexons) and connect neighboring cells.
Gap junctions allow the cells in the tissue to

communicate. In a developing embryo, chemical and
electrical signals that regulate cell growth and
differentiation travel via gap junctions. Gap junctions
enable nerve or muscle impulse to spread rapidly
between cell.
Next you will learn in detail about the

different types of tissues. As previously discussed,
there are four basic types of tissues according to their
structure and function: epithelial tissue, connective
tissue, muscular tissue and nervous tissue.
I. EPITHELIAL TISSUES (epithelium/epithelia)

Epithelial tissues consist of cells arranged in continuous sheets, in either single or
multiple layers. The cells are densely packed, held tightly together by numerous cell junction
and there is little extracellular space between adjacent plasma membranes.

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The Apical surface maybe

exposed to a body cavity, the
lumen of an internal organ or
the exterior of the body.
The Basal surface adheres to
an adjacent connective
tissue.
Basement membrane is the
attachment between the
basal cell surface and
connective tissue.
Epithelial tissue has
multiple roles in the human
body such as absorption,
excretion, filtration,
protection and secretion. It
can also combine with the nervous system to form the organs of special senses (hearing,
smell, taste, touch and vision). Epithelial tissue has its own nerve supply. It can be summarized
into three major functions.
Three (3) Major Functions

a. It limits the movement of substances across the body by its selective barrier
characteristic.
b. It releases products produced by cells onto its free surface.
c. It provides protection against abrasions.
Epithelial tissues are avascular. The blood vessels that bring in nutrients and remove
wastes, via diffusion, are located in adjacent connective tissue.
 It is repeatedly subjected to physical stress and injury because

i.pinimg.co
epithelial tissues form boundaries between the body's organs, or

between the body and external environment
 It has a very high rate of cell division, constantly repairs and
renews itself by sloughing off dead or injured cells and replacing
them with new ones
There are two types of epithelial tissues: Covering and Lining Epithelium, which forms
the epidermis of the skin and the outer covering of some internal organs, forms the inner
interior lining of the blood vessels, ducts, and body cavities and the interior of the respiratory,
digestive, urinary and reproductive system, and Glandular Epithelium, the secreting portion
of glands such as the thyroid gland, adrenal glands and sweat glands.

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I-A. COVERING AND LINING EPITHELIUM. They are classified according to the arrangement
of cells into layers and the shapes of the cells.
1. ARRANGEMENT OF LAYERS. The epithelial cells are arranged in one or more layers
depending on the function it performs.
a. SIMPLE EPITHELIUM is a single layer of cells that

functions in diffusion, osmosis, filtration secretion
and absorption.
Simple Epithelium. Copyright © 2014. © Gerard J. Tortora,

L.L.C., Bryan Derrickson, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
b. STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM consists of two or more layers of cells that protect

underlying tissues in locations where there is considerable wear and tear.
Stratified Epithelium. Pseudostratified
Copyright © 2014. © Epithelium. Copyright
Gerard J. Tortora, © 2014. © Gerard J.
L.L.C., Bryan Tortora, L.L.C., Bryan
Derrickson, John Derrickson, John Wiley
Wiley & Sons, Inc. & Sons, Inc.
c. PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM consists only of a single layer of cells but

appears to have multiple layers because cells’ nuclei lie at different levels and
not all cells reach the apical surface
2. CELL SHAPES
Squamous cells. Cuboidal cells.

Copyright © 2014. © Copyright © 2014. ©
Gerard J. Tortora, L.L.C., Gerard J. Tortora,
Bryan Derrickson, John L.L.C., Bryan Derrickson,
Wiley & Sons, Inc. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
a.SQUAMOUS CELLS are thin and arranged like floor tiles which allows the rapid
transport of substances through them.
b. CUBOIDAL CELLS are shaped liked cubes or hexagons and function in either
secretion or absorption.

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Columnar cells. Transitional cells.

Copyright © 2014. Copyright © 2014.
© Gerard J. © Gerard J.
Tortora, L.L.C., Tortora, L.L.C.,
Bryan Derrickson, Bryan Derrickson,
John Wiley & Sons, John Wiley &
Inc. Sons, Inc.
c. COLUMNAR CELLS are tall and cylindrical and protect underlying tissues and may
have cilia and may be specialized for secretion and absorption.
d. TRANSITIONAL CELLS change shape, from columnar to flat and back, as body
parts stretch, expand.
The classification scheme of the Covering and Lining Epithelium is based on the
combination of the two characteristics previously discussed. Hence:
CLASSIFICATION SCHEME OF COVERING AND LINING EPITHELIUM
I. Simple epithelium
a. Simple squamous epithelium
b. Simple cuboidal epithelium
c. Simple columnar epithelium
II. Stratified epithelium

a. Stratified squamous epithelium
b. Stratified cuboidal epithelium
c. Stratified columnar epithelium
d. Transitional epithelium
lll. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Next you will learn the different characteristics of the different classifications of the
covering and lining epithelium.
I. SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
A. SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM consists of a single layer of flat cells that
resembles a tiled floor. The nucleus is oval or spherical and centrally located. They are
found in parts of the body involving filtration or diffusion like the kidneys and lungs.
Location: Lines the heart, lymphatic vessels, air sacs of lungs, Bowman's capsule of
kidneys, inner surface of tympanic membranes & serous membrane
Function: Filtration, diffusion, osmosis, secretion in serous membrane

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• endothelium -lines the heart, blood

vessels and lymphatic vessels
• mesothelium-forms the epithelial layer
of serous membrane
Simple squamous epithelium. Copyright © 2014. © Gerard J. Tortora, L.L.C., Bryan Derrickson, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.
B. SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM consists of a single layer of cube- shaped cells;

nuclei are usually round and centrally located.
Location: surface of the ovary, anterior surface of capsule of the lens of the eye,
forms pigmented epithelium at the back of the
eye, lines kidney tubules and smaller ducts of
many glands and makes up the secreting portion
of some glands such as the thyroid gland and the
ducts of some glands such as the pancreas
Function: Secretion & absorption
Simple cuboidal epithelium. Copyright © 2014. © Gerard J. Tortora, L.L.C., Bryan Derrickson, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
C. SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM. The cells appear rectangular the oval nuclei are
located near the base of the cells.
Two Forms:
1. NONCILIATED contains microvilli and goblet cells in some locations.
 Microvilli are microscopic fingerlike cytoplasmic

projections that increase the surface area of the plasma
membrane that increases the rate of absorption by the cell
 Goblet cells are modified columnar cells that's secrete
mucus, a slightly sticky fluid that serves as a lubricant for the
linings of the digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urinary
tracts and prevent destruction of the stomach lining by
digestive enzymes
Nonciliated simple columnar Location: Lines the GIT from the stomach to anus, ducts of
epithelium. Copyright © 2014. © many glands & gallbladder
Gerard J. Tortora, L.L.C., Bryan Function: Secretion and absorption
2. CILIATED SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM contains cells with cilia; with

goblet cells in some locations
Location: Lines a few portions of upper respiratory tract, uterine tubes,
uterus, some paranasal sinuses, central canal of spinal cord, & ventricles of
brain

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Function: moves mucus& any other substances/structures

(ovum) by ciliary action
Ciliated simple columnar

epithelium. Copyright © 2014. ©
Gerard J. Tortora, L.L.C., Bryan
II. STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM

A. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM has several layers of cells: cuboidal to
columnar shape in deep layers; squamous cells in superficial layers; basal cells replace
surface cells as they are lost
Location: Keratinized variety forms superficial layer of skin: non-keratinized varety
lines wet surfaces (lining of the mouth, esophagus, part of pharynx, epiglottis, & vagina &
covers the tongue)
Function: Protection
Keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium.
Nonkeratinized stratified
Copyright © 2014. ©
squamous epithelium.
Gerard J. Tortora,
Copyright © 2014. © Gerard
L.L.C., Bryan
J. Tortora, L.L.C., Bryan
Derrickson, John Wiley
Derrickson, John Wiley &
& Sons, Inc.
Sons, Inc.
Forms:
1. KERATINIZED have a tough layer deposited in the surface cells.
Keratin is a CHON that is resistant to friction and helps repel bacteria.
2. NON-KERATINIZED have no keratin and remains moist.
B. STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM is a rare

type, consists of two or more layers of cells in which the
cells at the apical surface are cube- shaped.
Location: Ducts of adult sweat glands and
esophageal glands, and part of the male urethra
Stratified cuboidal epithelium. Function: Protection and limited secretion and
Copyright © 2014. © Gerard J. absorption
Tortora, L.L.C., Bryan Derrickson, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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C. STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM is also an

uncommon tissue. It consists of several layers of
shortened, irregular polyhedral cells, only apical layer
has columnar cells.
Location: Lines part of the urethra, large excretory
duct s of some glands (esophageal glands). small areas
in anal mucous membrane and part of the conjunctiva
Stratified columnar epithelium. Copyright of the eye
© 2014. © Gerard J. Tortora, L.L.C., Function: Protection and secretion
Bryan Derrickson, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
D. TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM’S appearance is

variable (transitional): the shape of cells at apical surface
ranges from squamous (when organ lined is stretched)
to cuboidal (when organ lined is relaxed).
Location: Lines urinary bladder and portions of ureters
and urethra
Function: Permits distention
Transitional epithelium. Copyright ©

2014. © Gerard J. Tortora, L.L.C., Bryan
III. PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR

EPITHELUM is not a true stratified tissue, cell
nuclei are at diff. levels, all cells attached to
the basement membrane but not all reach the
apical surface.
Location: Lines the airways of most
URT ( psuedostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium ) and lines larger ducts of many
glands, epididymis and part of male Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
urethra ( Psuedostratified nonciliated epithelium. Copyright © 2014. ©
columnar epithelium ) Gerard J. Tortora, L.L.C., Bryan
Function: Secretion and movement Derrickson, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
of mucus by ciliary action
Remember that you learned previously that Epithelial tissues have two types:
Covering and Lining Epithelium and Glandular Epithelium. You have just finished learning
about the former. Next you will learn about Glandular Epithelium.

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I-B. GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM

The function of the Glandular Epithelium is: secretion, which is accomplished by
glandular cells that often lies in cluster deep to the covering and lining epithelium may
consist of one cell or a group of highly specialized epithelial cells.
A Gland may consist of one cell or a group of highly specialized epithelial cells that
secrete substances into ducts, unto a surface, or into the blood. All glands are classified as
either endocrine or exocrine.
1. ENDOCRINE GLANDS. In endocrine glands, secretion enters the extra cellular fluid
and diffuse directly into the bloodstream. These glands secrete hormones that
regulate many metabolic and physiological activities to maintain homeostasis.
Examples are pituitary, thyroid and adrenal.
2. EXOCRINE GLANDS secrete their products into ducts (tubes) that empty at the
surface of covering and lining epithelium or directly unto a free surface. The
products of exocrine gland are released at the skin surface or into the
lumen(cavity) of a hallow organ. These glands secrete mucus, sweat, oil, wax and
digestive enzymes. Examples are sweat glands and salivary glands.
Next you will learn about the structural classification of exocrine glands. Here is a
diagram showing it:
STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION of EXOCRINE GLANDS
1. UNICELLULAR GLANDS are single celled (e.g. goblet cell).

2. MULTICELLULAR GLANDS have cells that form a distinctive microscopic structure or
microscopic organ (e.g., sweat, oil, salivary).
Multicellular glands are further subcategorized into two (2): branched/unbranched
and shape of secretory portion.

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CATEGORIES OF MULTICELLULAR GLANDS:

1. BRANCHED or UNBRANCHED
a. simple gland: duct does not branch
b. compound gland: duct branches
2. SHAPE OF SECRETORY PORTION

a. tubular: tubular secretory portion
b. acinar: flask-like secretory portion
Multicellular glands are generally classified according to shape and whether the
ducts are branched/unbranched: simple gland, compound gland, tubular gland, acinar gland
and tubuloacinar glands. Examples are also provided for each classification.
CLASSIFICATION SCHEME
I. SIMPLE GLANDS:
a. simple tubular (ex. Large intestinal glands)
b. simple branched tubular (ex. Gastric glands)
c. simple coiled tubular (ex. Sweat glands)
d. simple acinar (ex. Glands of penile urethra)
e. simple branched acinar (ex. Sebaceous (oil) glands)
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Simple glands. Copyright © 2014. © Gerard J. Tortora, L.L.C., Bryan Derrickson, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
II. COMPOUND GLANDS:

a. compound tubular (ex. Bulbourethral or Cowper's gland)
b. compound acinar(ex. Mammary)
c. compound tubuloacinar (ex. Pancreas)

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(a) (b) (c)
Compound glands. Copyright © 2014. © Gerard J. Tortora, L.L.C., Bryan Derrickson, John Wiley
& Sons, Inc.
Another way to classify Exocrine glands is on the method of releasing secretions.
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF EXOCRINE GLANDS
1. MEROCRINE GLANDS (mero = a

part) form the secretory product
and release it from the cell.
Merocrine glands. Copyright © 2012. © Gerard J.

Tortora, L.L.C., Bryan Derrickson, John Wiley & Sons,
2. APOCRINE (apo = from) accumulate their secretory product at the apical surface of
the secreting cell (then it pinches off from the rest of the cell to form the secretion
and the remaining part of the cell repairs itself and repeat the process).
Apocrine glands. Copyright © 2012. © Gerard J. Tortora, L.L.C., Bryan Derrickson, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.

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3. HOLOCRINE accumulates secretory product in their cytosol: as the secretory cell

matures it dies & becomes the secretory product just like in sebaceous lands.
II. CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Connective Tissues are one of the most abundant tissues in the body. Just like epithelial
tissues, connective tissues has different physiognomies. Compared to epithelial tissue,
connective tissue is highly vascular (with exception of cartilage which is avascular).
Connective Tissues Functions:
1. binds together, supports & strengthens other body tissue
2. protect & insulates internal organs (adipose)
3. compartmentalizes structures such as skeletal muscle
4. major transport system with the body (blood)
5. major site of stored energy reserves (adipose or fat tissue)
II.A GENERAL FEATURES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

2 Elements:
1. CELLS. The types of cells in connective tissue vary according to the type of tissue.
2. MATRIX- generally consists of fiber & a ground substance, the component of a
connective tissue that occupies the space between the cells & the fibers
The
following diagram
shows the basic
elements of
connective tissues
that you will learn
in the succeeding
discussion.

87
II.B COMPONENTS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
1. CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS are derived from mesodermal cells & mesenchymal
cells. Each major type of connective tissues contains an immature class of cells whose
name ends in- blast, which means to bud/sprout.
BLAST CELLS retain the capacity for cell division they secrete the matrix that is
characteristic of the tissue. Later on, the immature cells differentiate into mature cells
and their names end in -cyte. Example fibrocyte or chondrocyte.
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS:
a. FIBROBLASTS
Fibroblasts look like large, flat. spindle-
shaped cells with branching processes and are
present in all connective tissue. Hence, the most
abundant connective tissue cell.
b. MACROPHAGES
Macrophages develop from monocytes (a type
of white blood cell). They have an irregular shape with
short branching & projections & are capable of
engulfing bacteria & cellular debris by phagocytosis.
There are two (2) kinds of macrophage: fixed
macrophage and wandering macrophage.
 Fixed macrophages are situated in particular
tissue (e.g. alveolar macrophage in the lungs)
Fixed macrophage  Wandering macrophages roam around the
tissue and move to the location of infection or
inflammation.
Apart from their role as foragers, macrophages
play a key role in immunity by ingesting antigens and
processing them so that they can be recognized as
foreign substances by lymphocytes.
Wandering macrophage
c. PLASMA CELLS
Plasma cells are small, either round
or irregularly shaped cells that develop from B
lymphocytes (a type of WBC). They produce
antibodies.
Plasma cell

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d. MAST CELLS
Mast cells are abundant alongside the blood vessels that

supply connective tissue. They produce histamine
(chemical that dilates small blood vessels as part of the
body's reaction to injury or infection).
Mast cell. Copyright © 2012. © Gerard J.
Tortora, L.L.C., Bryan Derrickson, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
e. ADIPOCYTES
Adipocytes are found below the skin (subcutaneous
layer) and around organs such as the heart & kidneys.
Adipocytes are also called fat cells or adipose cells.
Adipocytes. Copyright © 2012. © Gerard J.

Tortora, L.L.C., Bryan Derrickson, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
f. WBC (White Blood Cells)
White blood cells migrate from blood into connective tissue in response to
certain conditions where they increase significantly at the site of infection.
 Neutrophils- increase at the site of infection
 Eosinophils- increase in response to allergic condition and parasitic invasion
Copyright © 2014. © Gerard J. Tortora, L.L.C., Bryan Derrickson, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Task: Looking at the picture above. Identify which of the different connective tissue
cells is (a) FIBROBLAST, (b) MACROPHAGE, (c) PLASMA CELLS, (d) MAST CELLS AND (5)
ADIPOCYTES

89
You have previously learned that Connective Tissues have 2 elements: connective tissue
cells and connective tissue matrix. You have finished identifying the different connective
tissue cells. Next you will learn about connective tissue matrix.
2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE MATRIX maybe fluid, semi-fluid, gelatinous, fibrous or

calcified. Notice later on that each type has exceptional properties. It is also composed
of two (2) major components: ground substances and fibers.
a. GROUND SUBSTANCES
The component of a connective tissue that occupies the space between the
cells and fibers. It can be in different forms as mentioned earlier: fluid, semifluid,
gelatinous or calcified.
Functions
• supports cells, binds them together, & provides medium through which
substances are exchanged between the building & cells
• plays an active role in how tissues develop, migrate, proliferate change shape,
and in how they carry out metabolic functions
• contains an assortment of large molecules many of which are complex
combinations of polysaccharides
FIBRONECTIN—the principal adhesion CHON of connective tissue. It binds to

both collagen fibers and ground substance, cross links them together and
also attaches cells to ground substance
b. FIBERS
Fiber strengthen & support connective tissues. There are three (3) types of
fibers entrenched in the extracellular matrix: collagen fibers, elastic fibers and
reticular fibers.
TYPES OF FIBER:
1. COLLAGEN FIBERS very strong and resist pulling forces, but are not stiff
promoting flexibility. Occur in bundles lying parallel to one another which gives
it great strength. It is found in most types of connective tissue especially bone,
cartilage, tendons and ligaments.
2. ELASTIC Fibers are smaller in diameter than collagen fibers; strong but can be
stretched up to 150% of their relaxed length without breaking and provides
bodily structures the ability to return to their original shape after being stretched
(elasticity). They are plentiful in the skin, blood vessel walls and lung tissue.
3. RETICULAR FIBERS consist of collagen and a coating of glycoprotein, provide

support in the walls of blood vessels and form network around fat cells, nerve
fibers, skeletal and smooth muscle cells. They are produced by fibroblasts, much
thinner than collagen fibers and form branching networks. They also provide

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support and strength and also form the stroma (bed or covering) or supporting
framework of many soft organs (lymph nodes, spleen) and help form the
basement membrane
II.C CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

There are different classifications of Connective Tissues because of its various cells
and cellular matrix. You will learn in this course the following classification: embryonic
connective tissue and mature connective tissue. The following is a bird’s eye-view of what
you will learn in the succeeding lessons.
II.C.1. EMBRYONIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE

a. Mesenchyme
b. Mucous connective tissue
II.C.2. MATURE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

a. Loose connective tissue
a.1 areolar connective tissue
a.2 adipose tissue
a.3 reticular tissue
b. Dense Connective Tissue
b.1 dense regular
b.2 dense irregular
b.3 elastic connective tissue
c. Cartilage
c.1 hyaline
c.2 fibrocartilage
c.3 elastic
d. Bone Tissue
e. Blood Tissue
f. Lymph
2 CLASSIFICATIONS
II.C.1 EMBRYONIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE has two (2) types.

a. MESENCHYME is the tissue from which all connective tissue
arises.
Description: Consists of irregularly shaped mesenchymal cells
embedded in a semifluid ground substance that contains
reticular fibers
Location: Under skin & along developing bones of embryo:
some cells are found in adult connective tissue, esp. along
Mesenchyme. Copyright © 2014.
blood vessels
© Gerard J. Tortora, L.L.C., Bryan
Derrickson, John Wiley & Sons,
Function: Forms all other kinds of connective tissue
Inc.

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b. MUCOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Description: Consists of widely scattered fibroblasts
embedded in a viscous. jellylike ground substance that
contains fine collagen fibers
Location: Umbilical cord of fetus
Function: Support
Mucous connective tissue. Copyright © 2014. ©

Gerard J. Tortora, L.L.C., Bryan Derrickson, John
II.C.2 MATURE CONNECTIVE TISSUE present in newborn and has cells produced from
mesenchyme. In the succeeding lessons, you will learn about the different types of
Mature Connective Tissue: loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, cartilage,
bone tissue and liquid connective tissue.
 TYPES OF MATURE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
A. LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE have fibers lightly woven sandwiched

between cells. Among the types include areolar connective tissue, adipose
connective tissue and reticular connective tissue.
TYPES:
a. AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE is one of the most widely spread
connective tissues. It consists of fibers (collagen,
elastic, and reticular) & several kinds of cells
(fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells,
adipocytes & mast cells) surrounded by a
semifluid ground substance
Location: Subcutaneous layer of the skin:
papillary (superficial) region of dermis of skin;
lamina propia of mucous membrane; & around
blood vessels, nerves & body organs
Areolar connective tissue. Copyright © Function: Strength, elasticity & support
b. ADIPOSE TISSUE comprises of adipocytes, cells that are specialized to

store triglycerides in a large central area in their
cytoplasm with nuclei peripherally located.
Location: SC layer deep to skin, around heart &
kidneys, yellow marrow of long bones, & padding
around joints & behind eyeball in eye socket
Function: Reduces heat loss through skin, serves
as an energy reserve. supports & protects. In
Adipose tissue. Copyright © 2014. © Gerard newborns, brown fat generates considerable
J. Tortora, L.L.C., Bryan Derrickson, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.

92
heat that helps maintain proper body temperature

 White fa/White adipose tissuet-most of the fat in adults
 Brown fat/Brown adipose tissue- widespread in the fetus and infant,
found in small amount in adults
c. RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE consists of fine interweaving reticular fibers

and reticular cells (cells connected to each other
and form a network).
Location: Stroma (supporting framework) of liver,
spleen, lymph nodes; portion of bone marrow that
gives rise to blood cells: reticular lamina of the
basement membrane: & around blood vessels &
muscle
Function: Forms stroma of organs; binds together
smooth muscle tissue cells; filters & removes worn
Reticular connective tissue. Copyright © out blood cells in the spleen & microbes in lymph
2014. © Gerard J. Tortora, L.L.C., Bryan nodes
B. DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE: contains more numerous, thicker and denser

fibers but considerably less cells than loose connective tissue. The three (3) types
are: dense regular connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue and elastic
connective tissue.
3 Types
a. DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE has
extracellular matrix that looks shiny white. It consists
mainly of collagen fibers
Location: Forms tendons (attach muscle to bone) most
ligaments arranged in bundles: fibroblasts present in
rows between bundles lattach bone to bone) &
aponeuroses (sheet-like tendons that attach muscle to
muscle or muscle to bone)
Function: Provides strong attachment between various
structures
Dense regular connective tissue. Copyright ©
b. DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE contains

collagen fibers that are usually randomly/ irregular
arranged and a few fibroblasts - found in parts of the body
where pulling forces are exerted in various directions
Location: Dermis of the skin, pericardium of heart, heart
valves. perichondrium (membrane surrounding
Dense irregular connective tissue. Copyright © cartilage). periosteum (membrane surrounding
2014. © Gerard J. Tortora, L.L.C., Bryan bone), joint capsules, membrane capsules around

93
various organs (kidneys, liver, testes, lymph nodes), fasciae (tissue beneath the
skin and around muscles and other organs)
Function: Provides strength
c. ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE

composed mainly of freely branching elastic fibers which
gives yellowish color; fibroblasts present in spaces
between fibers - quite strong and can recoil to its original
shape after being stretched
Location: Lung fissure, walls of elastic arteries, trachea,
bronchial tubes, true vocal cords, suspensory ligament of
penis, & ligaments between vertebrae
Function: Allows stretching of various organs
Elastic connective tissue. Copyright
© 2014. © Gerard J. Tortora, L.L.C.,
Bryan Derrickson, John Wiley &
C. CARTILAGE consists of solid system of collagen fibers and elastic fibers

firmly entrenched in chondroitin sulfate (rubbery component of the ground
substance). It can withstand considerably more stress than lose and dense
connective tissues because of the its collagen fibers (strength) and chondroitin
sulfate (resilience). It has no blood vessel (unlike connective tissues) or nerves
except in the perichondrium.
Chondrocytes are the cells of mature cartilage, occurring as groups within
spaces (lacunae). Cartilage surface is mostly enclosed by a membrane of dense
irregular connective tissue called Perichondrium. The perichondrium contains
blood vessels and nerves and the source of new cartilage cells.
There are three (3) kinds of cartilage: hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage and
elastic cartilage.
THREE KINDS:
a. HYALINE CARTILAGE consists of a bluish- white, shiny ground substance with fine
collagen fibers. It contains numerous chondrocytes. It considered the most
abundant but weakest cartilage in the body.
Location: Ends of long bones, anterior ends of ribs, nose, parts of larynx, trachea,
bronchi, bronchial tubes, & embryonic skeleton
Function: Provides smooth surfaces for movement at joint, as well as flexibility &
support
Hyaline cartilage. Copyright © 2014.

© Gerard J. Tortora, L.L.C., Bryan

94
b. FIBROCARTILAGE consists of chondrocytes scattered among bundles of collagen

fibers within the extracellular matrix. It lacks a
perichondrium. It combines strength and rigidity and is
the strongest of the 3 types of cartilage.
Location: Pubic symphysis (point where hip bones join
anteriorly), intervertebral discs, menisci (cartilage pads)
of knee, and portions of tendons that insert into
cartilage
Function: Support & fusion
Fibrocartilage. Copyright © 2014. © Gerard J. Tortora, L.L.C., Bryan Derrickson, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
c. ELASTIC CARTILAGE consists of chondrocytes located in a delicate network of

elastic fibers inside the extracellular matrix.
Location: Lid on top of larynx (epiglottis), part of
external ear (auricle), & auditory (eustachian) tubes
Function: Gives support & maintains shape
Elastic cartilage. Copyright © 2014. © Gerard J. Tortora,

L.L.C., Bryan Derrickson, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
GROWTH OF CARTILAGE. Cartilage grows slowly. It is a metabolically inactive tissue.

When injured or inflamed, repair is slow in large part because it’s avascular.
Materials needed for repair must migrate/diffuse into the cartilage. Growth has two
(2) patterns: interstitial growth and oppositional growth.
TWO (2) PATTERNS OF GROWTH

1. INTERSTITIAL GROWTH CARTILAGE
 cartilage increases growth rapidly in size due to the division of existing
chondrocytes and the continuous deposition of increasing amounts of
extracellular matrix by the chondrocytes
 occurs while the cartilage is young and pliable (childhood and
adolescents)
2. OPPOSITIONAL GROWTH
 activity of the cells in the inner chondrogenic layer of the
perichondrium leads to growth (increase in width)
 starts later than the interstitial growth and continues through
adolescence
You have previously learned the 2 classifications of connective tissues namely

embryonic and mature. Embryonic connective tissue is further classified as mesenchyme and
mucous connective tissue. Mature connective tissue on the other hand is further classified into
loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, cartilage, bone tissue, blood tissue and
lymph. You have just finished up to cartilage. Now, you will learn about bone tissue.

95
D. BONE TISSUE. The Bone is composed of several different connective

tissues including bone or osseous tissue, the periosteum, red and yellow bone
marrow, and the endosteum (membrane that lines a space within the bones that
stores yellow bone marrow). Bone tissues can be classified as: compact bone and
spongy.
Classifications:
 Compact Bone. The Osteon/ Haversian system is the basic unit of
compact bone. It has four (parts): lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi and central canal.
4 Parts
1. Lamellae consists of mineral salts (Ca and phosphates) which give bone its
hardness, and collagen fibers which give bone its strength
2. Lacunae are small spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes
(mature bones cells).
3. Canaliculi are networks of minute canals containing the processes of
osteocytes and provide routes for nutrients to reach osteocytes and for
wastes to leave them.
4. Central (haversian) Canal- contains blood vessels and nerves
 Spongy Bones have no osteons. Instead, it consists of trabeculae

(columns of bones) which contain lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae and canaliculi.
Lessons on bones will be discussed more in details in the Skeletal System.
E. BLOOD TISSUE or simply blood is a connective tissue with a liquid matrix

called PLASMA - a straw colored fluid that contains mostly of H20 with a wide

96
variety of dissolved substances - nutrients, wastes, enzymes hormones respiratory

gases, ions
 In the plasma, formed elements

(cell and cell fragments, including
RBC (erythrocytes),
WBC(leukocytes], and platelets) are
present
 RBC-transports O2 and removes

CO2 from body cells
 WBC- involved in phagocytosis,
immunity and allergic reaction
 Platelets- involved in blood
clotting
F. LYMPH is an interstitial fluid that streams in lymphatic vessels. It consists

of a clear fluid that flows similar to plasma but with much LESS PROTEINS.
 In the fluid- various cells and chemicals similar to blood plasma but with
less CHON (varies from one part of the part of body to another)
 Lymph leaving lymph nodes has many lymphocytes
 Lymph from small intestine has high content of newly absorbed
dietary lipids
At the beginning of the lesson, you learned that there are four(4) main types of tissues:
A. EPITHELIAL TISSUE
B. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
C. MUSCLE TISSUE
D. NERVOUS TISSUE

97
You are done with A and B. next you will learn about muscle tissue and nervous tissue.
The following tissues will be discussed more in detail when you learn about the Muscular
System and Nervous System.
III. MUSCLE TISSUES
Muscle Tissue consists of fiber(cells) that are beautifully constructed to generate force
thus producing motion, maintaining posture and generating heat.
There are 3 Classifications (based on its location, structural and functional

characteristics)
1. SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUES are usually attached to the bones of the skeleton.
Skeletal muscles are striated and voluntary.
 Striated (fibers have alternating light and dark bands called striations)
 Voluntary- can be made to contract or relax by conscious control
Elastic cartilage. Copyright © 2012. © Gerard J. Tortora, L.L.C., Bryan Derrickson, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2. CARDIAC MUSCLES form the bulk of the wall of the heart. They are striated but
involuntary.
 fibers- attach end to end to each other by transverse thickenings of the
plasma membrane- INTERCALATED DICS- contain desmosomes and gap
junctions, unique to heart muscles
 desmosomes strengthen the tissue and hold the fibers together during their
vigorous construction

98
 gap junctions provide a route for quick conduction of muscle action

potentials through the heart
3. SMOOTH MUSCLES TISSUE are located in the walls of hollow internal structures such
as blood vessels, airways to the lungs, the stomach, intestine, gall bladder. They are
non-striated and involuntary.
Contraction:
 Helps constrict or narrow the lumen of blood vessel;
 Physically breakdown and move food along the GIT;
 Moves fluid in the body and
 Eliminate wastes.

99
III. NERVOUS TISSUES

The Nervous System is composed of neurons( nerve cells) and neuroglia.
1. Neurons- most neurons are composed of a cell body and 2 processes, dendrites and
axons
- sensitive to stimuli, converts stimuli into nerve impulses, and conduct nerve impulses
2. Neuroglia - protective and supporting cells
Activity 3.1 Test your knowledge! Before we move on to the next lesson, it’s time
for you to evaluate first what you have learned by answering the following questions.
Are you ready? Let’s get going! � You will find the Answer Key at the end of the
lesson.
1. A type of tissue that generates physical force to make the body structure move.
2. The type of tissue that covers body surfaces and lines hallow organs.
3. The type of tissue that binds organs together, store energy and reserves as fat.
4. Tissues that generate impulses and detect changes in different conditions inside and
outside the body.

100
5. Made of plaque that attach to both a. Tight junctions

membrane proteins and microfilaments b. Adherens junctions
of the cytoskeleton c. Desmosomes
6. Connects cells to extracellular material d. Hemidesmosomes
such as basement membrane e. Gap junctions
7. Composed of plaque linked by a
transmembrane glycoprotein that
extends across the gap between
adjacent cell membranes.
8. Connect cells of tissues that line the
surface organs of body cavities.
9. Enable nerve impulse to spread rapidly
between cell.
10. Epithelium that consist of single layer of cube-shaped cells found in the surface of the
ovary.
11. Epithelium that contains cells with cilia lining some parts of the upper respiratory tract
moving mucus by ciliary action.
12. The epithelium that varies in shape ranging from squamous to cuboidal permitting
distention.
13. Glandular epithelium found in gastric glands.
14. Glandular epithelium found in pancreas.
15. Glandular epithelium found in glands of penile urethra.
16. A type of connective tissue cells that have an irregular shape with short branching &
projections & are capable of engulfing bacteria & cellular.
17. The component of a connective tissue that occupies the space between the cells and
fibers.
18. Muscle tissue that that are striated and involuntary that forms most of the wall of the
heart.
19. Muscle tissue that is non-striated and involuntary found in blood vessels.
20. Nervous tissue is composed of neurons and _________.
Now you can move to the next topic!

Let’s get going!
LEARNING INPUT 3.2
MEMBRANES
MEMBRANES are flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body.
Generally, membranes are classified in to: epithelial membranes (majority consist of it) and
synovial membranes (contains connective tissue but has no epithelium).

101
1. EPITHELIAL MEMBRANE is a combination of an epithelial layer and an underlying

connective tissue layer. The principal epithelial membranes include: mucous
membranes, serous membranes and cutaneous membranes or skin.
PRINCIPAL EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES:

a. MUCOUS MEMBRANE OR MUCOSA lines the body cavity that directly opens to
externally. It lines the entire digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary
systems. The epithelial layer of the mucous membrane serves as a protection, as
blocks microorganisms and other pathogens from easily passing through.
Goblet cells secrete slippery mucus that prevents drying of cavities. It traps
particles in the respiratory passageways and lubricates food moving through the
GIT.
Epithelial layer also secretes some of the enzymes needed for digestion and is
the site of fluid and food absorption in the GIT.
b. SEROUS MEMBRANE OR SEROSA lines a body cavity that does not open directly
to the exterior, and it covers the organs that lie within the cavity. The mesothelium
of serous membrane secretes a serous fluid, a watery lubricating substance/fluid
allowing organs to glide easily over one another or to slide against the walls of the
cavities.
Some examples of serous membranes are the following:
 pleura- lines the thoracic cavity and covers the lungs
 pericardium- lines the pericardial cavity and covers the heart
 peritoneum- lines the peritoneal cavity and covers the internal organs in the
abdominal cavity
c. CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE OR SKIN covers the entire surface of the body and
consists of a superficial portion called the epidermis and a deeper portion called
the dermis. You will learn more about the epidermis and dermis during the
discussion of the Integumentary System.
2. SYNOVIAL MEMBRANES line the cavity of freely movable joints and also line
structures that do not open to the exterior. They secrete synovial fluid that lubricates and
nourishes the bones at movable joints (articular synovial membrane). Others line cushioning
sacs (bursae), and tendon sheaths in the hands and feet making easy movement of muscle
tendons.

102

103
lesson.
1. What is a membrane/s?
2. Compare and contrast epithelial membrane and synovial membrane.
3. Membrane that lines body cavities not opening directly externally and covers organs
that lie within the cavity.
4. Membrane that covers the entire surface of the body.
5. Membrane that lines body cavities that opens directly externally like the digestive
system.
On to the next topic!
LEARNING INPUT 3.3
TISSUE REPAIR
TISSUE REPAIR is the replacement of worn-out, damaged or dead cells by healthy new
ones. Stem cells may divide to replace lost or damaged cells. In Superficial injury, tissue repair
involves parenchymal regeneration where a near perfect reconstruction of the injured tissue
may occur.
Epithelial cells have a constant capacity for renewal. Some connective tissue also have
continuous capacity for renewal just like bones. On the other hand, connective tissues like
cartilage can undergo renewal but at a lesser capacity. Muscular tissue has poor capacity for
renewal of lost cells. Nervous tissue has the poorest capacity for renewal.
During extensive damage, granulation tissue is involved and both the
connective tissue stroma and the parenchymal cells are active in repair.
 GRANULATION TISSUE- the result of repair involving the rapid cell

division of many fibroblasts and the manufacture of new collagen fibers
to provide structural strength
Conditions Affecting Repair

1. Nutrition- adequate CHON, vitamins(vitamin C is needed for collagen
2. Blood Circulation - transports O2, nutrients, antibodies and many defensive

104
- removal of tissue fluid, bacteria, foreign bodies, debris formation) cells to the injured
sites
3. Age
a. Young - tissue heal faster and leave less obvious scars than aged; their body is
generally in a better nutritional state
b. Aged- decreased quality of collagen fibers; elastin thickens, fragments and
acquires greater affinity for calcium
lesson.
Discuss: What is tissue repair? How would you compare tissue repair between the four
(4) main types of tissues? What are the factors that can affect tissue repair?
Wrap-up Activity
RECALL:
1. Cells grouped together is called Tissue. Tissues have four main types: epithelial,
connective, muscular and nervous.
2. Cells in tissues are held together by cell junctions. Cell junctions can be tight junctions,
adherens junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes and gap junctions. Gap junctions
permit electrical and chemical signals to pass between cells.
3. Epithelial cells have two subtypes: covering and lining epithelium and glandular
epithelium.
4. Epithelial layers can be simple, pseudostratified or stratified. Cell shapes can be
squamous, cuboidal, columnar or transitional.
5. Connective tissue is one of the most numerous body tissues, with few cells and
abundant extracellular matrix of ground substance and protein fibers.
6. Two types of connective tissue are embryonic and mature. Embryonic is found in
embryo and fetus while mature connective tissues are present in newborn.
7. Mature connective tissue differentiates from mesenchyme and is subdivided into
several types: loose or dense connective tissue, cartilage, bone tissue, and liquid
connective tissue (blood and lymph).
8. Muscular tissue are made up of muscle fibers/myocytes that function in contraction.
Provides movement, maintenance of posture, heat production and protection.
Muscular tissue can be skeletal, cardiac or smooth muscle tissue.
9. Nervous tissue is composed of neurons and neuroglia. Neurons are also known as
nerve cells. Neuroglia are the protective and supporting cells.
10. Membranes are flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body. They
can be epithelial membrane or synovial membrane.

105
11. Tissue repair is the replacement of worn-out, damaged or dead cells by healthy new
ones.
12. Good nutrition, blood circulation and age can affect tissue repair.
CONGRATULATIONS!
You made it!
You were great! You are done with Tissues. After finishing the module, you have
acquired the basic knowledge that will help you further understand the different body systems
in your course, CN 100.
Review your lessons in preparation for your quiz, which will be scheduled and
administered online by your Instructor. There are also websites listed in your syllabus that you
can visit to help enhance your learning in Anatomy and Physiology. Keep it up!

106
FEEDBACK
Answer Key:
Activity 1
1. Muscle tissue
2. Epithelial tissue
3. Connective tissue
4. Nervous tissue
5. b
6. d
7. c
8. a
9. e
10. Simple cuboidal epithelium
11. Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium
12. Transitional Epithelium
13. Simple branched tubular
14. Compound tubuloacinar
15. Simple acinar
16. Macrophage
17. Ground substance
18. Cardiac muscle
19. Smooth muscle tissue
20. Neuroglia
Activity 2
1. Membranes are flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body.
2. Epithelial membranes comprise majority of the membranes of the body. It consists
of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer. On the other hand,
synovial membrane lines joints, contains connective tissue but has no epithelium.
3. Serous membrane/serosa
4. Cutaneous membrane or skin
5. Mucous membrane or mucosa
Activity 3
Tissue Repair is the replacement of worn-out, damaged or dead cells by healthy
new ones. Stem cells may divide to replace lost or damaged cells. In Superficial injury,
tissue repair involves parenchymal regeneration where a near perfect reconstruction of
the injured tissue may occur.
Epithelial cells have a constant capacity for renewal. Some connective tissue
also have continuous capacity for renewal just like bones. On the other hand, connective
tissues like cartilage can undergo renewal but at a lesser capacity. Muscular tissue has
poor capacity for renewal of lost cells. Nervous tissue has the poorest capacity for
renewal. Conditions affecting repair include nutrition, blood circulation and age.
How did it go with your practice test? Are you satisfied with your score? Do you need
further study? Do you have more questions about the topics? How do you find the module,
did it help you with your learning? Feel free to contact your Instructor at his/her given
consultation time for the course.

107
REFERENCE MATERIALS
 National Geographic Society. (2019, May 23). National Geographic. Retrieved from
National Geographic: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/history-cell-
discovering-cell/
 Kearl, M. (2012, March 17). The Embryo Project Encylopedia. Retrieved from
embryo.asu: https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/rudolf-carl-virchow-1821-
1902#:~:text=In%201855%2C%20he%20further%20developed%20his%20ideas%20b
y,are%20unable%20to%20arise%20without%20previously%20existing%20cells.
 Biga, L. M., Dawson, S., Harwell, A., Kauffmann, J., LeMaster, M., Matern, P., . . .
Runyeon, J. (nd). Anatomy & Physiology. Oregon: Oregon State University. Retrieved
August 23, 2020, from Oregon State:
https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/1-4-anatomical-terminology/
 Bergman, R. A. (n.d.). Anatomy Atlases. Retrieved from Anatomy Atlases website:
http://www.anatomyatlases.org
 Marieb, Elaine. 2014 Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology11th edition.
Philippines: Pearson Education South Asia.
 Seeley, Rod R. et al. 2011. Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology 11th edition. New
York: McGraw-Hill.
 Tortora, Gerard/ Derrickson Bryan 2013. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 14th
edition
 Underwood, E. A. (2019, October 9). Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved from
Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rudolf-Virchow
 Visible Body. (n.d.). Retrieved from visiblebody.com: http://www.visiblebody.com

108

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LESSON 3.

INTRODUCTION OF THE LESSON AND PRESENTATION OF OUTCOMES

In this section you will learn about the:

LEARNING OUTCOMES FOR THIS LESSON

At the end of the lesson, you must have:

TISSUES EPITHELIAL CONNECTIVE MUSCULAR NERVOUS

1. Tissues in the brain

2.1 TYPE OF TISSUES AND THEIR ORIGIN

Mariano Marcos State University

Epithelial Tissue. Copyright © Connective Tissue. Copyright © 2014. ©

Nervous Tissue. Copyright © 2014. ©

Mariano Marcos State University

Mariano Marcos State University

Cell Junctions. Copyright © 2014. © Gerard J. Tortora, L.L.C., Bryan

Mariano Marcos State University

FIVE MOST IMPORTANT CELL JUNCTIONS:

2. ADHERENS JUNCTIONS are made of

Mariano Marcos State University

3. DESMOSOMES are composed of

4. HEMIDESMOSOMES look like

5. GAP JUNCTIONS is named because the outer layers of adjacent plasma

Gap junctions allow the cells in the tissue to

Next you will learn in detail about the

I. EPITHELIAL TISSUES (epithelium/epithelia)

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The Apical surface maybe

Three (3) Major Functions

 It is repeatedly subjected to physical stress and injury because

epithelial tissues form boundaries between the body's organs, or

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a. SIMPLE EPITHELIUM is a single layer of cells that

Simple Epithelium. Copyright © 2014. © Gerard J. Tortora,

b. STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM consists of two or more layers of cells that protect

c. PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM consists only of a single layer of cells but

Squamous cells. Cuboidal cells.

Mariano Marcos State University

Columnar cells. Transitional cells.

CLASSIFICATION SCHEME OF COVERING AND LINING EPITHELIUM

II. Stratified epithelium

lll. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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• endothelium -lines the heart, blood

B. SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM consists of a single layer of cube- shaped cells;

 Microvilli are microscopic fingerlike cytoplasmic

2. CILIATED SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM contains cells with cilia; with

Mariano Marcos State University

Function: moves mucus& any other substances/structures

Ciliated simple columnar

II. STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM

B. STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM is a rare

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C. STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM is also an

D. TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM’S appearance is

Transitional epithelium. Copyright ©

III. PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR

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I-B. GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM

STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION of EXOCRINE GLANDS

1. UNICELLULAR GLANDS are single celled (e.g. goblet cell).

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CATEGORIES OF MULTICELLULAR GLANDS:

2. SHAPE OF SECRETORY PORTION

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)