Link or System Design

Engr. Quratulain
Quratulain@ssuet.edu.pk
Telecommunication Engineering
Department
Lecture 23

10/16/2020 Telecommunication Engineering Department 2

 Recap of important formulae
The risetime budget is assembled as:
Tsyst = 1.1(TS2 + TF 2 + TD 2 +TA 2)1/2

For non-return-to-zero (NRZ) data

For return-to zero (RZ) data

Optical Power Budget:

Pi = (Po + CL + Ma + DL)dBm
 Finding amplifier stages for a link
• If N denotes number of EDFA* amplifiers with gain GEDFA, then required
number of amplifiers along the link length is given by the formula:

*Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) is an optical amplifier used in the C-band and L-band, where
loss of telecom optical fibers becomes lowest in the entire optical telecommunication wavelength
bands

10/16/2020 Telecommunication Engineering Department 4

 Finding amplifier stages for a link

10/16/2020 Telecommunication Engineering Department 5

 Finding amplifier stages for a link

10/16/2020 Telecommunication Engineering Department 6

Power Budget Measurement Example
185 km

Splice Connector

PTx = 0 dBm PSEN = -28 dBm

Fiber spool = 4km each
Attenuation Coefficient:  = 0.25 dB/km
Coefficient, D = 18 p/nm-km
Number of Splice = 46
Splice Loss = 0.1 dB
Connector Loss = 0.2 dB
PMargin = 6 dB
Power
budget= ?
 Simple Calculation….

Fiber Loss = 0.25 dB/km X 185 km

= 46.3 dB
Splice Loss = 0.1 dB X 46
= 4.6 dB
Connector Loss = 0.2 dB X 2
= 0.4 dB
Total Losses = 46.3 + 4.6 + 0.4
= 51.3 dB
PMargin = 6 dB
PRX = PTX – Total Losses – PMargin
= 0 – 51.3 – 6
PRX = -57.3 dB
PRX < PSEN !!
Bad Power Budget
 How To Solve?

Answer… Place an amplifier

But… ? What is the gain value?

And… Where is the location?

 First we calculate the amplifier’s gain

Gain  PSEN - PRX

Gain  -28 – (-57.3)
Gain  29.3 dB
To make it easy, Gain  30 dB

Now…Where to put the

amplifier?
 Let us check In Line Amplifiers

30 dB gain amplifiers are available

But, What value can it take?

Typically –30 dBm

So…

Now, we can find the location…

 Where is the –30 dBm point?
PTX – Loss At That Point = 0 dBm – 30 dB

Loss At That Point = -30 dBm

Assume Other Loss = 0, Loss At That Point = Fiber Loss

30 =  x Length of That Point
Remember  = 0.25,
Point Length = 30/0.25
= 120 km
But 120 km from Tx,
No. of splice = 120/4
= 30
Splice Loss = 0.1 dB x 30 = 3 dB
 Cont…
Also remember connector loss at amplifier and Tx
+ 1 connector at Tx

2 connectors
Connector Loss = 0.2 dB x 3 = 0.6 dB
Actually, at 120 km,
Total Losses = Fiber Loss + Splice Loss + Connector Loss
= 30 + 3 + 0.6 = 33.6 dB
33.6 dB > 30 dB!! NOT GOOD!
Now, We have excess of 3.6 dB…Find the distance,
Fiber Loss Length = 3.6/0.25 = 14.4 km
Good Location = 120 km – 14.4 km = 105.6 km
 Let us confirm the answer…

At 105.6 km from Tx,

Fiber Loss = 0.25 x 105.6 = 26.4 dB
No. of Splice at 105.6 km = 105.6/4 =26.4 = 27
Splice Loss = 0.1 x 27 = 2.7 dB

Total Losses = 26.4 + 2.7 = 29.1 dB

29.1 dB < 30 dB !!
CONFIRM…105.6 KM IS A GOOD LOCATION!!
PTx = 0 dBm 185 km
Splice Connector = -28 dBm
PSEN

105.6 KM
 Sensitivity Analysis

Sensitivity gives a measure of minimum optical power that must be present at the
receiver in order to achieve the performance level required for a given system.
Factors will affect this analysis :
1. Source Intensity Noise - Refers to noise generated by the LED or Laser
– Phase Noise - the difference in the phases of two optical wavetrains separated
by time, cut out of the optical wave
– Amplitude Noise - caused by the laser emission process.
2. Fiber Noise
– Relates to modal partition noise
3. Receiver Noise
– Photodiode, conversion resistor
 Sensitivity Analysis-contd..

4. Time Jitter and Intersymbol Interference

– Time Jitter - short term variation or instability in the duration of a
specified interval
– Intersymbol Interference
• result of other bits interfering with the bit of interest
• inversely proportional to the bandwidth
– Eye diagrams - to see the effects of time jitter and intersymbol
interference
5. Bit error rate- Main quality criterion for a digital transmission system

BER = Q [AMIN2/ (4 . N0 . B) ]

where :
N0 = Noise power spectral density (A2/Hz)
AMIN = Minimum effective signal amplitude (Amps)
B= Bandwidth
Q(x) = Cumulative distribution function (Gaussian distribution)
BER Vs Q-Value
 Eye Diagrams
The effect of noise and system rise time on the performance of a digital system can be visualized by Eye Pattern

The aggregate noise power distributions at the sampling instant (within the jitter window) are drawn on the
right side of the figure
The noise distribution on transmitted 1 s is typically wider than the distribution on transmitted 0 s due to the signal
dependence of some of the noise processes.
 Cont…

• In practice, the eye diagram may have many lines at each digital level
due to pattern-dependent waveform distortion
• This diagram plots the normalized signal voltage which is linearly
proportional to the optical power waveform at the receiver.
• Associated with each of the noise-free lines of the eye diagram is an
approximately Gaussian noise distribution that is generated from a
handful of independent processes.
 Signal to Noise Ratio

SNR = S/N
S - represents the information to be transmitted
N - integration of all noise factors over the full system bandwidth

SNR (dB) = 10 log10 (S/N)

 Modulation Schemes

Process of passing information over the communication link

• Encoding
• Transmitting
• Decoding
Types of Modulation Used for Encoding
Thank You