HCMC UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION

REPORT
ENERGY IN VIETNAM

SUBJECT: HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY

TEAM : Tran Minh Khoi 17145030
Vu Thi Phuong 17145048
Nguyen Thanh Dat 17145011

Contents
1. FOSSIL FUEL........................................................................................3

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 1.1. COAL ENERGY.................................................................................3
1.2. CRUDE OIL........................................................................................6
1.3. NATURAL GAS...............................................................................10
2. RENEWABLE ENERGY IN VIETNAM.................................................13
2.1. HYDROPOWER...............................................................................14
2.2. WIND POWER.................................................................................14
2.3. SOLAR POWER..............................................................................15
2.4. BIOMASS.........................................................................................16
REFERENCE..........................................................................................17

1.
FOSSIL FUEL
1.1 COAL ENERGY

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 According to US Energy Information Administration, Layers of dirt and
rock covered the plants over millions of years. The resulting pressure and
heat turned the plants into the substance we call coal. Coal is a
combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock with a high amount
of carbon and hydrocarbons. Layers of dirt and rock covered the plants
over millions of years. The resulting pressure and heat turned the plants
into the substance we call coal. Coal is classified as a nonrenewable
energy source because it takes millions of years to form. Coal contains the
energy stored by plants that lived hundreds of millions of years ago in
swampy forests. Layers of dirt and rock covered the plants over millions of
years. The resulting pressure and heat turned the plants into the substance
we call coal.

Types of coal
Coal is classified into four main types, or ranks: anthracite,
bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite. The ranking depends on the types
and amounts of carbon the coal contains and on the amount of heat energy

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the coal can produce. The rank of a coal deposit is determined by the
amount of pressure and heat that acted on the plants over time.

Anthracite contains 86%–97% carbon and generally has the highest

heating value of all ranks of coal. Anthracite accounted for less than 1% of
the coal mined in the United States in 2019. All of the anthracite mines in
the United States are in northeastern Pennsylvania. In the United States,
anthracite is mainly used by the metals industry.

Bituminous coal contains 45%–86% carbon. Bituminous coal in the

United States is between 100 million and 300 million years old. Bituminous
coal is the most abundant rank of coal found in the United States, and it
accounted for about 48% of total U.S. coal production in 2019. Bituminous
coal is used to generate electricity and is an important fuel and raw material
for making coking coal or use in the iron and steel industry. Bituminous coal
was produced in at least 19 states in 2019, but five states accounted for
about 75% of total bituminous production: West Virginia (27.5%),
Pennsylvania (14.0%), Illinois (13.5%), Kentucky (10.6%), and Indiana
(9.3%).

Subbituminous coal typically contains 35%–45% carbon, and it has

a lower heating value than bituminous coal. Most subbituminous coal in the
United States is at least 100 million years old. About 44% of total U.S. coal
production in 2019 was subbituminous and about 88% was produced in
Wyoming and 9% in Montana. The remainder was produced in Alaska,
Colorado and New Mexico.

Lignite contains 25%–35% carbon and has the lowest energy

content of all coal ranks. Lignite coal deposits tend to be relatively young
and were not subjected to extreme heat or pressure. Lignite is crumbly and
has high moisture content, which contributes to its low heating value.
Lignite accounted for 8% of total U.S. coal production in 2019. About 51%
was mined in North Dakota and about 41% was mined in Texas. The other
9% was produced in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Montana. Lignite is mostly
used to generate electricity. A facility in North Dakota also converts lignite

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to synthetic natural gas that is sent in natural gas pipelines to consumers in
the eastern United States.

Coal in VietNam

Vietnam holds 3,704 million tons of proven coal reserves as of 2016,

ranking 19th in the world and accounting for about 0% of the world's total
coal reserves of 1,139,471 million tons. Vietnam has proven reserves
equivalent to 65.4 times its annual consumption. This means it has about
65 years of Coal left (at current consumption levels and excluding unproven
reserves).
Vietnam consumes 56,641,097 Tons of Coal per year as of the year
2016. Vietnam ranks 16th in the world for Coal consumption, accounting for
about 5.0% of the world's total consumption of 1,139,471,430 tons.
Vietnam consumes 604,879 cubic feet of Coal per capita every year (based
on the 2016 population of 93,640,422 people), or 1,657 cubic feet per
capita per day.
Vietnam produces 42,468,697 tons of Coal per year (as of 2016)
ranking 15th in the world.
Vietnam imports 23% of its Coal consumption (13,147,450 tons in
2016).

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1.2 CRUDE OIL
We call crude oil and petroleum fossil fuels because they are mixtures
of hydrocarbons that formed from the remains of animals and plants
(diatoms) that lived millions of years ago in a marine environment before
the existence of dinosaurs. Over millions of years, the remains of these
animals and plants were covered by layers of sand, silt, and rock. Heat and
pressure from these layers turned the remains into crude oil or petroleum.
The word petroleum means rock oil or oil from the earth.

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 Crude oil and other hydrocarbons exist in liquid or gaseous from in
underground pools or reservoirs, in tiny spaces within sedimentary rocks,
and near the earth's surface 
After crude oil is removed from the ground, it is sent to a refinery
where different parts of the crude oil are separated into useable petroleum
products. These petroleum products include gasoline, distillates such as
diesel fuel and heating oil, jet fuel, petrochemical feedstocks, waxes,
lubricating oils, and asphalt.
A U.S. 42-gallon barrel of crude oil yields about 45 gallons of
petroleum products in U.S. refineries because of refinery processing gain.
This increase in volume is similar to what happens to popcorn when it is
popped. A corn kernel is smaller and more dense than a popped kernel.
The amount of individual products produced varies from month-to-month
and year-to-year as refineries adjust production to meet market demand
and to maximize profitability.

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Crude oil in VietNam

Vietnam holds 4,400,000,000 barrels of proven oil reserves as of

2016, ranking 25th in the world and accounting for about 0.3% of the
world's total oil reserves of 1,650,585,140,000 barrels.
Vietnam has proven reserves equivalent to 25.2 times its annual
consumption. This means that, without Net Exports, there would be
about 25 years of oil left (at current consumption levels and excluding
unproven reserves).

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 Vietnam consumes 478,000 barrels per day (B/d) of oil as of the year
2016.
Vietnam ranks 34th in the world for oil consumption, accounting for
about 0.5% of the world's total consumption of 97,103,871 barrels per day.
Vietnam consumes 0.21 gallons of oil per capita every day (based on
the 2016 population of 93,640,422 people), or 78 gallons per capita per
year (2 barrels). [1 barrel = 42 US Gallons]

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 Vietnam produces 313,632.73 barrels per day of oil (as of 2016)
ranking 32nd in the world.
Vietnam produces every year an amount equivalent to 2.6% of its
total proven reserves (as of 2016).
Vietnam exports 47% of its oil production (148,903 barrels per day in
2016).

1.3 NATURAL GAS

Natural gas is a fossil energy source that formed deep beneath the
earth's surface. Natural gas contains many different compounds. The
largest component of natural gas is methane, a compound with one carbon
atom and four hydrogen atoms (CH4). Natural gas also contains smaller
amounts of natural gas liquids (NGL, which are also hydrocarbon gas
liquids), and nonhydrocarbon gases, such as carbon dioxide and water
vapor. We use natural gas as a fuel and to make materials and chemicals.
Millions to hundreds of millions of years ago and over long periods of
time, the remains of plants and animals (such as diatoms) built up in thick
layers on the earth’s surface and ocean floors, sometimes mixed with sand,
silt, and calcium carbonate. Over time, these layers were buried under

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sand, silt, and rock. Pressure and heat changed some of this carbon and
hydrogen-rich material into coal, some into oil (petroleum), and some into
natural gas.
In some places, natural gas moved into large cracks and spaces
between layers of overlying rock. The natural gas found in these types of
formations is sometimes called conventional natural gas. In other places,
natural gas occurs in the tiny pores (spaces) within some formations of
shale, sandstone, and other types of sedimentary rock. This natural gas is
referred to as shale gas or tight gas, and it is sometimes
called unconventional natural gas. Natural gas also occurs with deposits of
crude oil, and this natural gas is called associated natural gas. Natural gas
deposits are found on land, and some are offshore and deep under the
ocean floor. A type of natural gas found in coal deposits is called coalbed
methane.

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Natural gas in VietNam

Vietnam holds 25 trillion cubic feet of proven gas reserves as of 2017,

ranking 29th in the world
Vietnam has proven reserves equivalent to 86.5 times its annual
consumption. This means it has about 86 years of gas left (at current
consumption levels and excluding unproven reserves).

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Vietnam consumes 285,628 million cubic feet (MMcf) of natural gas per
year as of the year 2017.
Vietnam ranks 49th in the world for natural gas consumption, accounting
for about 0.2% of the world's total consumption of 132,290,211 MMcf.
Vietnam consumes 3,019 cubic feet of natural gas per capita every year
(based on the 2017 population of 94,600,648 people), or 8 cubic feet per
capita per day.

Vietnam produces 365,157.10 million cubic feet (MMcf) of natural gas per

year (as of 2015) ranking 45th in the world.

2.
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN VIETNAM
Vietnam exploits all four big sources of renewable energy: hydroelectricity,
wind power, solar power and biomass.
By the end of 2018, hydropower was the largest source of renewable
energy, contributing about 40% to the total national electricity capacity.
Wind and solar have a combined share of 10% of the country's electrical
generation at the start of 2020.

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The commercial biomass electricity generation is currently slow and limited
to valorizing bagasse only.

2.1 HYDROPOWER
Hydropower or water power is power derived from the energy of
falling or fast-running water
Vietnam can exploit the hydropower capacity of around 25,000-
26,000MW, equivalent to about 90-100 billion kWh of electric power
Vietnam has an exploitable hydropower capacity of about 25-38 GW.
60% of this capacity is concentrated in the north of the country, 27% in the
center and 13% in the south.
Since 1975, Vietnam has developed several typical hydropower
projects, including: Son La Hydropower (2400 MW), Lai Chau Hydropower
(1200 MW) and Thuy Huoi Quang electricity (560 MW)
Currently, the Inter-reservoir operation procedure for hydropower
cascades has been established and approved by the Prime Minister for all
river basins characterized by hydropower cascades. By 2018, there were a
total of 80 large hydropower projects and hydropower plants newly
operated with the total capacity of installed units of 15,999MW.
Up to now, large hydropower projects with the capacity of over
100MW are almost fully exploited. The construction of projects with
favorable locations and low investment costs has been also commenced.
Some hydropower plants are being under construction to expand their
scales and investment is invested in building pumped storage hydropower
plants to match the power structure in the national power system.

2.2 WIND POWER

Wind power or wind energy is the use of wind to provide mechanical
power through wind turbines to turn electric generators 

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 Wind power is a sustainable, renewable energy source that has a
much smaller impact on the environment compared to burning fossil fuels.
Vietnam’s location in the monsoonal region, spread over a coastline
of over 3,000km, provides ample potential for wind energy. South Central
regions and the Mekong Delta provide the highest potential of harnessing
wind energy at an average wind speed of 7 m/s or more.
Vietnam's first high-capacity wind farm, with 30 MW, was inaugurated
by the Vietnam Renewable Energy Joint Stock Company (REVN), in the
central province of Binh Thuan on April 18.
Provincial wind power development plans for eight provinces: Bac
Lieu, Ben Tre, Binh Thuan, Ca Mau, Ninh Thuan, Quang Tri, Soc Trang
and Tra Vinh were published in 2016.
The major challenge that remains is low feed-in-tariffs (FITs).
Although these were recently increased for wind, these are still low in
comparison to neighbouring countries in Southeast Asia. This makes
renewable energy projects commercially less viable for potential investors.

2.3 SOLAR POWER

At present, Solar power accounts for only 0.01 per cent of the total
output. The government aims to increase the share of solar power to 3.3
per cent by 2030 and 20 per cent by 2050. As of July 2018, solar power
projects with a total capacity of around 15,000 MW were in the
development phase and only 8 MW were at the operating stage. During the
same period, around 748 Solar roof top projects were also in operation,
with a total capacity of 11.55 MW. The south-central province of Ninh
Thuan has the highest potential for Solar power generation, with over 140
projects. Other provinces with good Solar potential include Binh Thuan,
Daklak, and Khanh Hoa, which attracted 100, 13 and 12 projects
respectively.
At the same time, Solar power faces challenges. The government
needs to be more consistent with pricing policy and Commercial Operation

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Date (COD) deadlines need to be extended beyond 2019 as project
processes and land acquisitions cause delays

2.4 BIOMASS
Vietnam is major agricultural producer which also produces large
amounts of agricultural waste each year. The Mekong Delta region
produces approximately 50 per cent of the total share of agricultural waste
for the whole country. Rice husk from paddy milling stations, bagasse from
sugar factories, coffee husk from coffee processing plants in the Central
Highlands and wood chips from wood processing industries are major
biomass resources.
In 2018, 38 sugar mills across the nation were using biomass for
electricity and heat production, with a total capacity of around 353MW.
Apart from agricultural waste, municipal solid waste is also a good biomass
source. At present, Vietnam generates over 28 million tonnes of waste
annually – out of which 76 per cent is disposed in landfills. The country has
the potential to produce around 1 million MWh in 2020 and 6 million MWh
in 2050 from this waste. The government of Vietnam has further set a
target of 500MW for biomass power by 2020 and 2,000 MW by 2030.
The major challenges with biomass energy production include:
1. Scattered residue with no reliable waste disposal system in
place.
2. Lack of information on bio-energy technologies and
perception of steep investment costs for biomass plants.

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REFERENCE
https://www.worldometers.info/coal/vietnam-coal/
https://en.evn.com.vn/d6/news/Overview-of-hydropower-in-Vietnam-66-163-1514.aspx
https://www.vietnam-briefing.com/news/vietnams-push-for-renewable-energy.html/

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