incidence should be greater

Depending upon the types of video surveillance.

than the entical angle. propagation, they are further

5. What is optical fiber made classified into single-mode 8. What is the difference between
»f? fiber and multi-mode fiber step-index fiber and graded-
An optical fiber consists of an 7. Give one use of single- index fiber?
inner cylinder which is made mode and multi-mode
High dispersion is the
of glass called the core. The fiber
characteristic of step-index
core
1s Surrounded by Single-mode fiber is used for fiber. In graded-index fiber.
another cylindrical surface of long distance transimission the refractive index of the
lower refractive index known such as long distance core gradually decreases
as cladding. telephony and multichannel from the center of the core.
6. How are optical fibers television broadcast systems. As a result, all the light rays.
classified? Multi-mode fiber is used in reach the receiving end at

(i) Step-index fiber. (ii) short distance transmission approximately same time.
Graded-index fiber. such as LAN system and thereby reducing dispersion.

12. How number of modes are X RAY DIFFRACTION

9. What is dispersion?
determined?
The disparity between arival
Number of modes V/2
I. What is powder diffrac
times of the different light tion?
rays is known as dispersion. 13. Mention some applica- Powder diffraction is a
tions of optical fibers.
10. What is attenuation? technique in which X-ray is
Optical fibers used in
are used as powder or micro-
Attenuation is loss of signal
communication to transmit crystalline sample or
strength during transmission.
large amount of data over structural characterization of
Attenuation is the opposite of
long distance. It is also used materials. The instrument
amplification. in medical field as an used is called powder
11. What is V number?
endoscope. diffractometer
V number is the upper limit
2. Name the camera used to
of the number of modes that
get the diffiraction pattern.
can be iransmitted in an
Debye Scherrer camera.
optical fiber.
 fnqeies a sertes
reonarce csrCuit ik- 6.L.CR CIRCUTTS
cepts one freyuerncy cnmponent whuse
. What in the function of A..
frquwney eqals its own rewnanee Ire tor?
osilla
queny Hence it is called a accepY CH A.F osciilatur is a device
which can pen
erate sinusodal waveforn of
12. Why parallel resonance circuit is any desirod
requency ranging from 20 He to 20
wlleda rejertor circuit ?
KHz
As the parallel resonance cincuit rejects What is meant by resonance?
tthe signal having same
frequency as its
The phentnenon of making
purttcie
a
o n rewmance
frequency it is alu called vibrate with its naiural
a retet eiet frequency under
the influence of anoher
1A What is the effrct of circuit vibrating parti-
resist cle with the same
frequeny is called res.
ane on the resonnnee curve ? nance

Reronane cuve is sharp

if the resint 3. What do you
ance of she treust is low & vice-versa
mean by sharpness of
resonance?
14. What is the importanee of seris rese The sharpness of resonance is a ttcasure
nance riruit of the rale of fail of curent
ampitude
cit
s great importance fo fromits maximum value at resonant fro-
high freynen acin radio communica quency on either side of it.
on When do you say that
the reunance
4
Is sharp 7?
31
 If there is a
large change mthe value of The rane p freeCnctes bectween the
deviates two cutot
as
frequency slightly from the Irequencies & f, Is called
resoet value we say that the resonance the bandwid1h of the resonant circut
Is sharp
The handw idth of a resonance circuit
. What is the condition for resonance? represenls the range of its usetui frequen
When the cies
capacitive reactance is equal
to inductive reactance, the
the 9. Define
circui is Quality factor 'Q' of a series
sad to be resonant circuit
The curment becomes maximum in the It ts
defined as the ratio of resonance
Circut in this condition frequency of the circuit to tts handwidth
. What are forced vibrations? 10. Why should the
maximum value of
Forced vibratons are the vibrations iu
current be divided
by v2 for inding
whuch the body vibrates wih a bandwidth?
other than its natural
frequecy
frequency under Because at lower & upper cutott fre-
the influence of an external forcec
quencies the current amplitude becomes
7. What is meant
by 1/N2 times the current
quency ?
resonance fre ampitudc at reso
nance Aisa the r m.s.
value of current is
The frequency at whuch resonance oc-
given by =IV2
curs is known as 11. Why is series
resonance frequeney resonance circuit called
an acceptor circuit?
What is bandwidth of series circuit? a
Out of the
npul signals having different
32
 WAVELENGTH OF LASER 3. What is induced absorption?
is meant by least the
12. What Induced absorpton s

count?
aborption of an incident
stand
smallest valuc of a . What does LASER atorm in the
The photon by an
which can for? result of
phy sical quantit gTOund statc as a
be measured accuratcty with LASER stands for Light whach. the atorn r e s trum ts

is called lcast Amplification by Stimulated state to an ccted

an instrument
ground
ount Emission of Radiation.
state
by pitch of charac
13. What is meant 2. Mention some What pontaneous

a screw? teristics of a Laser beam.

emission
The distance betwcen any A Laser beam: SpontaneULs
cmIsn Is the

two consccutrve thrcads of a i) Has unique direction. (ii) Has Cmissan t i ph4n wheTn an

screw is called ns ptch.

high intensity.(ii) Is highly atom transmits trom he
monochromatic. exeited state w the gTund

(iv) Is highly coherent.

 long time of
excited state
atom stays for a

of atoms in the
state without the aid of an
the order of 10 s.

extemal photon.
is more than that in a ground is not
9. Why a spectrum
state.
What is stimulated formed on the sereen?
7. What is pumping8
emission? Since the laser light falls on

Stimulated emission is the The method of exciting the

atoms from a lower energy the grating normally.
emission of two photons diffraction thus produces
when an atom transmits irom
state to higher enerEy state
a
Circular spols on the screen

the excited state to the by supplying energy is called

instead of a spectrum.
with the aid of pumping.
ground state
10. Why the spots are circular?
8. What is metastable state?
an external photon.
Since the aperature of the
What is population Metastable state i s an
intermediate level between laser source used is circular,
inversion?
the ground state and the the spots obtained are also
Population inversion is a
excited state in which the circular.
situation in which the number

Give the NUMERICALAPERATURE fiber such that it undergoes

1. cquation
responsible for diffraction. total internal reflection.
Nis the order of diffraction. 1. Define numerieal apera- 3. Name the principle on
is the angle of diffraction. is ture. which optical fiber works.
the wavelength of laser used. Numerical aperature is a Optical fiber works on a
measure of light gathering principle called total intermal
12. Mention some applications capacity of an optical fiber, etlection.
Laser. It is defined as the sine of 4. What are the conditions
Lasers are used: (i) in laser acceptance angle. required for total internal
welding. laser cutting and 2. Define acceptance angle. reflection to take place?
laser drilling. (ii) in the The angle of acceptance is The conditions are: (i) The
measurement of pollutants
defined as the maxXimum ray of light should travel
present in the atmosphere.
ngle with which a ray of light from denser to rarer
(i) In holography. can be sent into the optical medum.un) The angle of
N
3
 OK is called Fermi factor
level above
a given energy
factor?

electron occupying
Femi
is
S. What
The probability of an
states at 0 K.
states and empty
level? all the lilled
is Fermi
which separates
6.
What
is a boundary line
Fermi level
thermal properties
importance
of
Fermi energy? idea about
the electrical and
7. What is the
of Fermi energy gives very good
The knowledge
of metals.

of resistance for metals? with

resistance increases
8. What is temperature coetlicient coefficient of
resistance ie. Its
Metals have positive temperature
increase in temperature.

and Griffith's bridge? study the variation of

9. is Callender
What and is specially designed to
form of Wheatstone's bridge
It is a modified of accuracy.
This bridge provides high degree
resistance with temperature.

electron volt.
10. Define
the electron when it is
accelerated through a potential
It is the amount of energy gained by
volt.
difference of one

11. What material will

have negative temperature coefficient of resistance?
Semiconductors.

Csrev
DIVERGENCE OF LASER

1.What is divergence?
Divergence is an angular measure of the increase in beam diameter with distance from the optical
aperature from which the beam emerges.

2. When a laser beam is said to be coherent?

When the waves (photons) of a beam of light have the same frequency, phase, and direction, then it is
said to be coherent.

What you conclude from the result of the

3.
experiment?
We can see from the beam
divergence that the laser is very well collimated.
. a
Sens c u i c
a
THERMAL cONDUCTIVITY OF GOOD
CONDUCTOR
I. Does thermal
conductivity depend upon temperature?
Yes, thermal conductivity decreases as
the temperature rises.

3. .n
dt
THERMAL. CONDUCTIVITY 5. Why is the correction factor
3. Can thermal conductivity
OF BAD CONDUCTOR of a good conducting disc required?

be determined by this When the rate of cooling is

measured,. the lower disc is
1. Define thermal conductivity. method?
allowed to cool by radiating
Themal conductivity is No. This method cannot be
heat from its top. bottom. and
detined as the quantity of heat used to ind the thermal
side surfaces. whereas in
conducted per second conductivity because the
actual experiment the
normally across unit area of temperatures T, and T, will
radiation taking place from
cross-section of the material be almost cqual.
the bottom and side surfaces
per unit temperature 4. What do you mean by of the disc is measured. In
diflerence. temperature gradient? order to co-relate these two
2. What is ihe unit of thermal The fall of temperature in a measurements, the corection

conductivity? body per unit distance is factor known as Bedford's

The SI. unit is W m' K' calleda temperature correction is introduced.

gradient.

Thermal conductivity of bad

6. How is the correction factor necessarily be placed only
conductors such as cork.
arrived? at the top?
wood. glass, cardboard.
The correction factor is No. it need not be placed. It be
ebonite. tc. can
the ratio of can also be placed below the
amived by finding determined.
the two radiating surtace bad conductor.
Newton's law of
11. State
areas.
9. Where is the bad conductor
cooling.
7. Why is the specimen taken placed?
Newton's law of cooling
in the form of a disc? The bad conductor is placed
states that the rate at which a
between the steam chamber
For a disc the thickness is hot body cools is
and copper disc.
small and the cross sectional difference
proportional to the
Name the substances
area is large. Consequently. 10. of temperatures between the
amount of heat conducted whose thermal condue
the body and the surroundings
be determined
will be large. tivity can provided this temperature
the steam chamber by this method? difference is small.
8. Is
 called extrinsic semi temperature on the DIELECTRIC CONSTANT
conductor energy gap?
What do you mean by As temperafure increascs. 1. What is a capacitor?
doping? enengy gap decreases. A capacitor is a device for
The process of adding storing charge. A capacitor

an intrinsic blocks the passage otf direct

impunty to
cument through it
semiconductor is known as

doping. What does apacitor

8. What are the factos on consist of?

A capacitor consists of two
which energy gap
conductors separated by an
depends?
insulating or dielectric
the
Enengy gap depends on
medium and carry equal and
matenal and the temperature.
effect ot
opposite charges
9. What is the

the dielectric is called

6. What are polar and non-
3. Mention the various types
dielectric constant. Dieiectric
polar molecules?
of capacitors. constant is also callei relative
If the center of gravity of the
Mica capacitor. Paper pemitivit. tis also defincd
capacitor. ceramic capacitor.
positive and negative
as the ratio of absolute
electical charges do not
electrolytic capacitor. etc. pemittivity ot the gnen
coincide then the molecule is
4. What is a dielectric? meuium to that ot air of

a polar molecule. While. if

A dielectric is an insulator the wo center of gravity
which is used to increase the coincide then the molecule is 8. Give the relation
capacitance of a capacitor.
connecting Q. C and .
called a non-polar molecule
How are dielectrics CV
What is dielectric
classified? for
constant? 9. Give the expression
Dielectrics are classifie into stored in
The capacitance with the energ
rolar and non-polar dielectric to that ot without capacitor.
ielectrics
 LED's can used for
be 7. What is turn-on voltage? ENERGY GAP OF A
i) SEMICONDUCTORR
indicating on/off conditions. It is a threshold voltage at
They can be switched on and which electron hole
off in a time less than one recombination occurs and 1. What is a Semiconduetor?
nano second. the diode starts emitting light. A semiconductor is a
6. What is the difference 8. What is the difference substance whose resistivity
between ordinary diode between LED and lies in between conductors
and LED? semiconductor laser? and insulators.
In the case of ordinary diode. LED works in the low 2. What is band gap?
the energy released due to forward current region The energY gap between
electron hole whereas semiconductor laser the conduction band and
the
recombination appears in the in the high current
operates the valence band is called
fom of heat but in the case of region. band gap.
LED's. the energy released
will be in the form of light.

5)
4)

semiconductors?
and conduction band are
Silicon and Germanium are
separated by a very large
3. How do you differentiate
7ev. the most commonly used
between a conductor, energy gap of about
semiconductors.
semiconductor and insulator
on the basis of energy gap? 4. What are the values of
and 6. What are intrinsiC and extrnsie
In conductors, the valence energy gap of silicon
band and the conduction gemanium? seniconductors
of silicon is A Semiconductor in its
band overlap, hence there is Energy gap
1s called
no cnergy gap. In I.leV. Energy gap of Cxiremely pure lom
semiconductors, the valence germanium is 0.72eV. intrinsie semiconductor.
band and conduction band Exan1ple: Silicon and
are separated by a small emnum.
. What are the most
leV. In semiconductor
energy gap of about Commonly used A doped is

insulators. the valence band

 Miller indices?
c o m p l e t e crystal s t r u c t u r e . 10. What are

widely the
units are
Miller indices are

ii)
XRD
the classification of
available
9. Explain reciprocal of intercepts
crystals. the
values of lattice para made by the plane on

(v) The are classified into

can be determined Crystals three axis.
meters
seven systems: least
accurately. 11. What is meant by
be ) Tnclinic systern.
7. Can a single crystal count?
method? (i) Orthorhombic system. of
analysed by this
a
The smallest value
(ii) Rhombohedral system. which can
No. A Bragg's spectrometer physical quantity
is usually used to analyse
a
(iv) Cubic system. be measured accurately with
single crystal. (v) Tetragonal system. an instrument is called least
of a crystal.
8. Define unit cell (vi) Monoclinic system.
and
count.
The unit cell is
defined a s the
(vii) Hexagonal system.
the
smallest geometric figure,

repetition of
which gives the 12)

WAVELENGTH OF LED'S When LED is forward light depends on the type of

biased, the electrons and semiconductor used in the
1. What is an LED?
holes move towards the diode. (i) Gallium Arsenide
A pn junction which emits
junction and recombination Infrared radiation ii)
light when forward biasedis
known as light emitting diode
takes place. The electrons in Grallium Phosphide Green.
the conduction band of n- (1ii) Gallium Arsenide
LED side fall into the holes in the Phosphide Red
2. On what factors does the
valence band of p-side. The 5. Mention some of the
light emitted from LED
difference in energy between applications of LED.
depend? conduction band and valence
The amount of light emitted (i) LED's are used in numeric
band produces light energy
s directdly proportional to the and alpha numeric
4. On what factors the colour
forward current.
of
displays.
the emitted light
3. What produced light in an (11) LED's
depends?
are used in burgiar
LED? alarn systems
The colour of the emitted

21
 =
CV? =

12. What is the effect of the

15. Define fárad.
Fnergystored The capacitance of the
resistor in the circuit?
What is time constant T1 capacitor is said to be one
The effect of the resistor in
farad if the addition of one
the circuit is to ensure that
coulomb of churge raises its
lt is the
time required for the growth or decay of the
potential by one volt.
increasing the voltage of the voltage across the capacitor
half of its 16. What is the value of
apacitor to
takes place gradually.
dielectric constant for a
maximum value during
13. Name some dielectries. conductor?
charging or for decreasing its Mica, paper,. glass, etc.
voltage to half of ts maximum Infinity
value during discharging. 14. On what factors time
11. On what factors dielectric constant T,, depends?
Time constant depends on
constant depends?
the values of R and C in the
Dielectric constant depends on
trequency and temperature.
circuit
3
3

0 K is
depends the density of energy level above
FERMI ENERGY
electrons of the metal and called Fermi factor.

also temperature. 6. What is Fermi level?

1. Define Fermi energ 4. What is Pauli's exclusion Fermi level is a boundary line
ot
Femi energy is the energy principle? which separates all the filled
the highest occupied level at According to Pauli's states and empty states at 0
0 R. exclusion principle only Two K.
Fermi
2. What is the unit of electrons can occupy a 7. What is the importance of
energy in
given state, one with spin up Fermi energy?
Fermi energy is expressed and the other with spin The knowledge of Femi
eV. down.
factors does energy gives very good idea
3. On what 5. What is Fermi factor? about the electrical and
Fermi energy of a metal
The probability of an thermal properties of metals.
depend? electron
Fermi energy ol a metal
occupying a
given
 a series resonance circuit ac-
frequencies
one frequency component whose
cepts
resonance fre
frequency equals its own
called a acceptor cir-
quency. Hence it is
cuit.
is
12. Why parallel resonance circuit
called a rejector circuit ?
As the parallel resonance circuit rejects
thesignal having same frequency as its
own resonance frequency it is also
called
a rejector circuit.

13. What is the effect of circuit resist

ance on the resonance curve ?
Resonance curve is sharp if the resist-
ance of the circuit is low & vice-versa.
14. What is the importance of series reso-
nance circuit ?
This circuit is of great importance for
high frequency a.c in radio communica-
tion.
34
 Explain how diffraction diffracted beams. These X-ray powder diffraction is
is obtained using cones intersect a circle of
most widely used for the
pattern
the camera. film mounted in a cylindrical identification of unknown
to record the crystalline materials. Other
A very small amount of camera

material is sealed diffraction pattern. applications are: (i) Deter

powdered mination of unit cell
into a fine capillary tube made 4. How monochromatic X-ray
dimensions. (i) Measure
from glass that does not is produced?
diffract x-rays. The specimen
ment of sample purity, etc.
By using a filter which 6. What are the advantages
is placed in the Debye absorbs all the wavelengths of powder diffraction
Scherrer camera. X-rays except one thus making the method?
enter the camera through a incident X-ray mono-
collimator. The powder chromatic. (i) Powerful and rapid (< 20 m)

diffracts the X-rays in 5. What are the applications technique.

accordance with Bragg's law
of X-ray powder (ii) Minimal sample preparatiom
produce cones of diffraction? iS required.

(8) ()