BS 5449 Installation and Commissioning of Water Based Heating Systems

BS 5449:1990
Specification for
Forced circulation hot

water central heating
systems for domestic
premises
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BS 5449:1990
Committees responsible for this

British Standard
The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Refrigeration,

Heating and Air Conditioning Standards Policy Committee (RHE/-) to
Technical Committee RHE/24, upon which the following bodies were
represented:
Association of British Solid Fuel Appliances Manufacturers
Association of Manufacturers of Domestic Unvented Supply Systems
Equipment (MODUSSE)
British Coal Corporation
British Gas plc
Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers
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Consumer Policy Committee of BSI
Domestic Solid Fuel Appliances Approval Scheme
Electricity Supply Industry in England and Wales
Heating and Ventilating Contractors’ Association
Hevac Association
Institute ofDomestic Heating Engineers
Institute of Plumbing
Institution of Gas Engineers
Manufacturers’ Association of Radiators and Convectors Limited
National Association of Plumbing, Heating and Mechanical Services
Contract ors
Sealed Expansion Vessel Association
Society of British Gas Industries
Solid Fuel Advisory Service
Solid Smokeless Fuels Federation
Wat erheat er Manufacturers ’ Association
This British Standard, having

been prepared under the
direction of the Refrigeration,
Heating and Air Conditioning
Standards Policy Committee,
was published under the
authority of the Board of BSI
and comes into effect on
31 August 1990
O BSI 12-1998
August 1990 Amd. No. Date ofissue Comments
The following BSI references

related to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference RHE/24
Draft for comment 92/24092 DC
ISBN O 580 17293 7

BS 5449:1990
Contents
Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
...
F oreword 111
Section 1. General
1 Scope
2 Definitions
3 Exchange of information
Section 2. Materials, appliances and components
4 General
5 Boilers
6 Pipes and pipe fittings
7 Safetv valves
Section 3. Design considerations
8 Gen er al 7
9 Heating requirements 7
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10 Domestic hot water requirements 8
11 Boilers 9
12 Chimney and flue 9
13 Velocity and pressure loss in circuits 10
14 Feed and expansion cistern (open vented systems only) 10
15 Feed and expansion pipe and open vent pipe for open systems 10
16 Sealed systems 14
17 Venting 15
18 Heat emitters 15
19 Valves 16
20 Thermal insulation 16
21 Domestic hot water storage 18
22 System control 18
23 Draining 20
24 Delivery, storage and metering of h e 1 20
25 Air supply 21
26 Corrosion inhibitor 22
Section 4. Installation work on site
27 Boiler 23
28 Flueing and air supply 23
29 Condensate disposal 23
30 Circulation pipework 23
3 1 Pipe fixings and supports 25
32 Heat emitters 25
33 Circulation pump 25
34 Indirect cylinder 25
35 Electrical work 26
36 Gas pipework 26
37 Oil pipework 26
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BS 5449:1990
Page
Section 5. Commissioning
38 Filling 27
39 Boiler 27
40 Balancing 27
41 Handing over 27
Appendix A Heat loss coefficients (U-values) 28
Appendix B Resistance to hot water flow 32
Figure 1 -Diagrammatic arrangement of feed and expansion cistern
installation 12
Figure 2 -Diagrammatic arrangement for feed and expansion and open vent
pipes 13
Figure 3 - Sealed system filling and make-up 17
Fiaire 4 -Limitations on notching and drilling in structural joists 24
Table 1 -Temperatures and ventilation rates 8
Table 2 -Air change rates for rooms with open fires and flues
up to 40 O00 mm2 (200 mm X 200 mm) 8
Table 3 -Capacities of expansion vessels 14
Table 4 - Solid fuel storage capacities 21
Table 5 -Fuel oil storage capacities 21
Table 6 -Air openings sizes in mm2 per kW output 22
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Table 7 -Piping support intervals 25

Table 8 - U-values for solid walls 28
Table 9 - U-values for timber framed walls 28
Table 10 - U-values for cavity walls 29
Table 11 - U-values for pitched roofs 29
Table 12 - U-values for windows 30
Table 13 - U-values for ground floors 30
Table 14 - U-values for party and partition walls 31
Table 15 - U-values for intermediate floors 31
Table 16 -Pressure loss per metre run due to flow ofhot water through
copper tubes 32
Publications referred to 36
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BS 5449:1990
F orewor d
This revision of BS 5449 has been prepared under the direction of the
Refrigeration, Heating and Air Conditioning Standards Policy Committee. It
supersedes BS 5449-1:1977 which is withdrawn. In 1977 there was an intention
t o produce a Part 2 on warm air heating systems, but as this was not proceeded
with, Part 1 is deleted from the title of this revision.
In this revision, the opportunity has been taken to present BS 5449 in the format
of a practice specification as defined in PD 650 1-1. This allows the use of a format
where the requirements of the specification are supported by recommendations.
To comply with this specification, the user has to comply with all its
requirements. He may depart from recommendations but this would be on his
own responsibility and he would be expected to have good reasons for doing so.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British S t a n d a r d does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations. I n particular, attention i s drawn t o the G a s Safety
(Installation a n d Use) Regulations a n d the Building Regulations of
England and Wales a n d of Scotland, a n d t o Water Supply Bye-laws.
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S u m m a r y of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv,
pages 1 to 37 and a back cover.
The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the
document was last issued.
...
OBSI 12-1998
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BS 5449:1990
Section 1. General
1 Scope
This British Standard specifies requirements and gives recommendations on good practice in the work
involved in the general planning, designing and installation of forced circulation hot water central heating
systems with heat requirements, which may include those for domestic hot water, up to a total of45 kW.
The standard covers the following types of heating systems:
a) open-vented smallbore and microbore;
b) sealed smallbore and microbore.
NOTE The titles of the publications referred to in this standard are listed on page 36.
2 Definitions
For the purposes of this British Standard the following definitions apply.
2.1
h e a t emitters
a generic term including radiators, convectors, skirting heaters and radiant panels
2.2
boiler
an appliance designed for heating water either for space heating or for space heating combined with hot
water supply
2.3
central h e at ing
heating from a single central source within the dwelling, defined in detail as follows
2.4
whole house central heating
the simultaneous heating of all spaces in a dwelling so as to maintain specified temperatures (see Table 1
and clause 9), based upon calculated heat losses
2.5
p a r t house central heating
the simultaneous heating of some of the spaces in a dwelling so as to maintain specified temperatures
(see Table 1 and clause 9), based upon calculated heat losses
2.6
background central heating
the simultaneous heating of all or some of the spaces in a dwelling to temperatures below those specified
in Table 1 and clause 9, based upon calculated heat losses
2.7
combined system
a system which, as well as providing central heating for rooms or spaces, heats water for domestic use
2.8
immersion p r i m a r y heater
a unit which is fitted into a direct cylinder consisting of an element such as a coil ofpipe through which is
passed a heating fluid (e.g. hot water) in such a way that the heat is transferred through the walls of the
element without mixing of the primary water in the element and the secondary water to be heated outside
the element
2.9
smallbore heating system
a heating system incorporating circulation pipework normally within the size range of 15 mm to 35 mm
outside diameter (1 Y2 in to 1?A in nominal bore)
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BS 5449:1990 Section 1
2.10
microbore heating system
a heating system incorporating circulation pipework normally within the size range of 6 mm to 12 mm
outside diameter
2.1 1
open vented heating system
a heating system which is open to the atmosphere and incorporates a feed and expansion cistern
2.12
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sealed heating system
a heating system which is not open to the atmosphere but which incorporates a sealed diaphragm
expansion vessel
2.13
designer
the consulting engineer, heating contractor, installer or other person responsible for the design of the
heating installation
2.14
design heat requirement
the design heat requirement of a room or space is the total heat required to provide space heating under
design conditions
it is the calculated heat loss, with the addition ofany intermittency factor for ensuring faster heat-up after
a period out of operation
the design heat requirement of a dwelling is the sum ofthe design heat requirements of each heated room
or space within the dwelling
2.15
ventilation h e a t loss
the ventilation heat loss of a room or space within a dwelling is the heat lost to outside air by the
replacement of heated internal air by cooler external air due to the design ventilation rate and design
temperature differences
2.16
s t r u c t u r a l heat loss
the structural heat loss of a room or space within a dwelling is the heat which is conducted through the
enclosing surfaces ofthe room or space (walls and windows, floor andceiling) due to the design temperature
differences across them
it should take into account the exposure ofexternal walls to climatic influence and any heat gain from those
surfaces where the adjoining room or space is at a higher design temperature than that of the considered
room or space
2.17
calculated h e a t loss
the calculated heat loss of a room or space within a dwelling is the total heat loss from the room or space
due to the design temperature differences and ventilation rate
it is the sum of the structural heat loss and the ventilation heat loss
2.18
p u m p overrun device
a facility for allowing the circulation pump to operate for a period after the boiler has switched off to
dissipate residual heat remaining in the appliance at the end of a cycle
2.19
room-sealed appliance
an appliance which has the combustion system isolated fkom the room in which the appliance is installed
2.20
op en-flu e d appliance
an appliance which draws its combustion air from the room or internal space in which it is installed
2
Copyright British Standards Institution OBSI 12-1998
Section 1 BS 5449:1990
3 Exchange of information
3.1 Preliminary design information
The designer shall consider with the potential customer and settle at the planning stage the following
matters:
a) Thermal characteristics of the building for calculation of heat requirements and possible
improvements for energy conservation.
b) Fuel to be used.
c) Position of the boiler, bearing in mind access for maintenance, means of flueing and provision of
combustion air.
d) Type, location, dimensions, construction and suitability of chimney and flue terminal, where required.
e) Location and size of fuel storage and access thereto, where required. For solid fuel, ash removal and
disposal will require consideration.
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f) Position of feed and expansion cistern for open systems or expansion vessel, filling point and pressure
gauge for sealed systems.
g) Facilities for filling and draining the system.
h) Requirements for domestic hot water supply.
i) Position of any domestic hot water supply equipment, e.g. hot water storage cylinder, ifrequired.
j) Temperatures required to be maintained and the manner in which the dwelling and system are to be
used, bearing in mind ventilation and condensation.
k) Type and position ofheat emitters.
1) System control of heating and hot water including frost protection.
m) Route and method of installing pipework.
n) The need for compliance with relevant Building Regulations, Gas Safety (Installation and Use)
Regulations, Regulations for Electrical Installations, Water Bye-laws and BS Codes of Practice.
3.2 Contractual specification a n d presentation o f scheme
3.2.1 The designer shall obtain sufficient details of the structure of the premises and dimensions of the
rooms and spaces to be heated to enable heat losses to be calculated.
COMMENTARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON 3.2.1.
ïñe room temperatures and ventilation rates which are recommendedfor thepuvose ofheat lms
calculations are given in Table I .
3.2.2 The designer shall provide the customer and the installation contractor with a written specification
for the scheme stating type and output ofthe boiler and heat emitters and the room temperatures that will
be attained at stated design conditions. This shall also detail the controls and other ancillary equipment to
be fitted and the capacity of the domestic hot water storage vessel and associated water temperature
controls, if provided. The method of providing any required ventilation and combustion air shall be stated.
The designer SspeczJcationshould indicate the locatims ofthe boiler, heat emitters (includingdimensions),
aposedpipework,feed and expansion cistern or expansion vessel, the domestic hot water storage vessel fi7
provided) and where an open-jlued boiler is used, thejlue.
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BS 5449:1990
Section 2. Materials, appliances and components
4 General
Wherever possible, all materials, appliances and components to be used shall comply with the
requirements of applicable British Standards.
COMMENTARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON CLAUSE 4.
Where no British Standard exists, materials and equipment should be$t for theirpuvose and of suitable
quality and workmanship.
5 Boilers
5.1 G e n e r a l
Boilers fired by solid mineral fuel shall:
a) have a water temperature operated thermostat or,
b) in the case of open fires with back boilers and room heaters complying with BS 3378 without water
temperature actuated combustion controls, have a heating system design which ensures adequate heat
dissipation in compliance with 22.1.
NOTE 1 For reasons of safety and ease ofcontrol it is essential that solid fuel appliances not having water temperature actuated
combustion controls are installed and operated strictly in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
In all cases these boilers shall be selected from the list of"Approved domestic solid fuel appliances", or shall
have been approved since publication of the latest list.
NOTE 2 Selection from this list will ensure that the boiler conforms to BS 1252, BS 3378, BS 4433 or BS 4834 as appropriate and
is suitable for use in clean-air zones.
Boilers fired by gas shall be suitable for the gas with which they are to be supplied and shall be certified to
BS 5258-1 or BS 5258-8 or BS 5258-15, and BS 6332-1 or BS 6332-3.
Boilers fired by oil shall comply with the requirements of BS 4876 and be suitable for the oil with which
they are to be fired.
Electrical heating appliances shall be selected from the Supplementary List of Household Electrical
Appliances issued by the Electricity Council.
5.2 Sealed systems
Boilers for use with sealed systems require specific controls (see clause 7 and clause 16) and shall therefore
be selected only from those designed specifically for this purpose and shall be installed in accordance with
BS 7074-1.
The British Standards applicable to boilers are asfollows:
BS I252 BS 4876
BS I894 BS 5258-1, BS 5258-8 and BS 5258-15
BS 3378 BS 6332-I and BS 6332-3
BS 4433
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6 Pipes and pipe fittings

The feed and expansion pipe, open vent, circulation pipes and pipe fittings shall comply with the following
standards as appropriate: BS 21, BS 143 and BS 1256, BS 864-2, BS 1010, BS 1387, BS 1740, BS 2051-1
and BS 2051-2, BS 2767, BS 2871-1, BS 2879, BS 4127, BS 5154.
7 Safety valves
For sealed systems a safety valve shall be fitted having the following features.
a) It shall be non-adjustable, spring loaded, preset to lift at a gauge pressure not exceeding 3 bar11
b) It shall have a manual testing device.
c) It shall have a valve or seating face material which will prevent sticking in the closed position and will
give effective resealing.
d) It shall have provision for connecting a full bore discharge pipe.
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1) lbar=105N/m2=100kPa
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BS 5449:1990
Section 3 . Design considerations
8 General
8.1 A central heating system shall be designed on the basis of calculated heat losses and shall include
temperature and system operating controls (clause 22).
COMMENTARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON 8.1.
In order to reduce unnecessary heat losses and operating costs of the installation, consideration should be
given to thefollowing
a) Minimizing air l e a k through the structure, e.g. excessive air injiltration may be reduced by sealing
crack in boardedflows aver a ventilatedcavity,and by weather-stnpping badlyjitting external doors and
windows and by closing unused openjireplaces. Some care andjudgement should be exercised in carrying
out such measures.An air change rate of about m e room volumeper hour is necessaiy in occupied rooms
fwfresh air supply and odour removal; even more is needed in kitchensfor the removal of steam and
adours+om cooking and laundry (see Table I). Too severe a restriction ofthe ventilation of the dwelling
can augment the risk of condensation on cool surfaces. Although this standard requires theprovision of
an air inlet tosupply combustion airforgas, oil andsolidfuel boilers (other than room sealed appliances),
allowanceshould bemadefor the supply of combustim air necessaiyfor any other appliance (independent
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$re, cooker, water heater) in the room in which the boiler is situated.
b) Insulation of ceilings and roo$
c) Filling of cavity walls with insulating materials.
d) Internal insulating linings and external cladding.
e) Double glazing.
I)Rejlective or insulating surfaces behind radiators on external walls.
8.2 If an open fireplace is to be closed at the base ofthe chimney, a small opening shall be retained to avoid
dampness wit hin the flu e.
Steps should be taken at the chimney terminal toprevent rain ingress to a disusedjlue. Any openingf ì
ventilation should be at least 300 mm above thejireplace base.
9 Heating requirements
9.1 The calculated heat losses shall be based on an outside air temperature no higher than -1 "C.
Referenceshould be made to appendix A fw U-values o f thermal transmittance and to Table I fwroom

temperatures to be usedfor the calculation of structural heat losses andfor air change rates to calculate
ventilation heat losses. The calculated heat losses should normally be based on an outside air temperature
of -1 "C. In very cold locations the outside temperature used as a basisfor the calculations may be laver
than -1 "C.
Unless the system is to operate continuously, an addition to the calculated heat loss should be made and
applied to the room heat emitters. This addition should be at least 1 O YO.
A greaterpercentage addition is
recommendedfwwell-insulated dwellings because of their low design heat requirements, or where the
heating system is in operationfor short periods only.
In all types of dwelling there is a risk of condensation and consideration should be given to a minimum
set-back temperature control.
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Table 1 - Temperatures a n d ventilation rates

Room Room temperaturea Ventilation rate (air changes per hour)
OC
Living room 21 1.5
Dining room 21 1.5
Bedsitting room 21 1.5
Bedroomb 18 1
Hall and landing 18 1.5
Kitchen 18 2
Bathroom 22 2
Toilet 18 2
Table 2 -Air change rates for rooms with open fires and flues u p to 40 O 0 0 mm2
(200 mm X 200 mm)
Approximate room size
I Throat restrictor Ventilation r a t e (air changes per hour)
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9.2 The design flow temperature shall not exceed 82 "C. The design return temperature shall be not less
than 66 "C unless the boiler is of special condensing design or of the electric storage type.
COMMENTARYAND RECOMMENDATIONS ON 9.2.
The system design temperature drop should be 1O "C unless the boiler is of special condensing design or of
the electric storage type. In the case of condensing boilers the operating eflciency is improved by the use of
lower return temperatures.
Electric water stwage boilers are not restricted to minimum return temperatures nor to a 1O "C temperature
drop across the heatingsystem. However, the temperature drop would not normally meed20 "C nor would
the return temperature be below 40 "C. These values relate to the system controllability and to the heat
emissionJiom the system.
A greater design temperature drop may be advantageous but will require the use of correspondingly larger
heat emittws. The boiler manufacturer's instructions should be consulted.
10 Domestic hot water requirements
The capability for providing hot water shall be related to the likely demand, as established in 3.lh).
COMMENTARYAND RECOMMENDATIONS ON CLAUSE 1 O.
ï ñ e capacity of the storage vessel should not be less than 114 L, but larger dwellings may require more.
ïñere are, however, circumstances, e.g. pumpedprimaries, as well as the use of specially designed
appliances with integral storage, which permit the use of smaller capacities (see BS 6700).
m e r e an electric immersion heater isprovided the length andposition of the element should be such as to
heat the bulk of the stored water.
In order to reduce both delay in arrival ofhot water at taps and thesubsequent energy wastagefrom residual
hot water in the drawofpipes the hot water stwage vessel should be sited as near aspracticable to the most
Jiequently used drawofpoint, usually the kitchen sink.
S m e central heating appliances incovorate meansfor the instantaneousproduction of hot water and fw
these no, storage vessel is required. The rate of delivery of hot waterfrom such appliances is normally less
than with a stwage system and manufacturers 'Publishedpe~o~anceJigures should be checked to ensure
that they satis& all requirementsfor both heating and hot watw.
8
11 Boilers
11.1 The boiler output rating shall be at least equal to the sum of the design heat requirement of the
dwelling and the non-useful emission from the system pipework.
In the case of a boiler of condensing design the output when operating in the non-condensing mode is the
output that shall be considered.
Electric off-peak storage boilers shall be sized on the 24-hour heat requirement of the dwelling taking due
regard of the available heat gains and of the direct acting heat available during the off-peak period.
m e r e a boiler supplies both heating and hot water service without priority controls, additional boilerpaver
of up to 2 kW may be required depending upon the likely consumption of hot water, secondary circulation
heat losses and the stwage capacity of the indirect cylinder.
11.2 The boiler shall be so located as to provide ready access for inspection, repair and maintenance.
Boilers of the open-flued type shall not be installed in bathrooms, shower rooms, bedrooms or garages.
The boiler should be locatedwhere its emitted heat may be useful to theoccupants. Locations internal within
the dwelling are prefewed.
m e r e boilers are located whereflammable liquids or materials may be stored, they should be ofthe
room-sealed type or enclosed in a?reproofstructure. See the manufacturers?instructions and local bye-laws.
m e n selecting the locationf i a boiler of condensing design, consideration should begiven to the need to
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dispose of the condensate (see clause 29).
11.3 For sealed systems a safety valve shall be fitted, either:
a) directly to the boiler, or
b) in the flow pipe, as near as practicable to the boiler, with no intervening value or restriction.
The safety valve should be?tted in accordance with the manufacturer S instructions and be accessiblefor
testing during the?llingprocedure (see 16.4). The method of?tting should ensure that discharge of water
w steam cannot create a hazard topersons in or about thepremises, w damage to electrical components or
wiring, and the point of discharge should be clearly visible.
11.4 Where two oil-fired boilers are used in the same dwelling, the burners shall be suitable for the same
grade ofoil (see BS 5410-1).
11.5 Systems using a solid fuel boiler shall be designed so as to ensure that all heat generated when the
boiler is slumbering is dissipated.
Dissipation of heat generated when the boiler is slumbering may be ensured by installing the necessary
heatingsu&?ace in a gravity circuit to cylinder and/or radiator($, or incorporated in a suitably designed
fully pumped system with special controls. Such a circuit should not beprovided with user-operated valves.
12 Chimney and flue
12.1 The boiler manufacturer?s installation instructions shall be followed for boilers which incorporate
special means of disposal of the products of combustion e.g. those with fan-assisted flues.
12.2 Appliances using dissimilar fuels shall not be connected to the same flue.
Chimneys andflue pipes should be constructed of materials appropriate to their location to avoid
overheating o f combustible structures and the efects o f condensation in theflue, and should be terminated
in afreely exposedposition to minimize the risk of downdraught or the creation of a nuisance.
Detailed recommendations are given in BS 6461-1 and BS 6461-2, BS 5440-1 and BS 5410-1.
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13 Velocity and pressure loss in circuits

13.1 To ensure quietness in operation the pipe circuits shall be designed such that the velocity ofwater does
not exceed 1.5 m/s.
13.2 The circulation pump shall be selected to circulate the designed flow ofwater through the pipes, heat
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emitters and boiler against the calculated pressure loss.
Valuesfor the determination ofpipepressure loss due to9iction are given in appendix B. When calculating
thepipework pressure loss, an extra one third should be allowedfor$ttings.
14 Feed and expansion cistern (open vented systems only)
14.1 Afeed and expansion cistern complyingwith BS 417 or BS 4213 shall be provided for supplying water
to the heating system and accommodating the expansion of the system water. It shall be used for no other
purpose.
ï ñ efeedand expansion cistern should be$tted at least 1 m above the highestpoint of thecirculation system,
or such lesser height as permitted in the boiler manufacturer S instructions. The cistern should befully
supported and in aposition topermit maintenance of any components and its base should beprotectedfrom
corrosion and abrasion. Where aplastics cistern is used it should beprovided with a solidplatform no
smaller than its base.
14.2 The cistern shall be fed by a mains or low pressure cold water supply via a float-operated valve
conforming to BS 1212-2 or BS 1212-3, or other equivalent device which shall discharge into the cistern
higher than the overflow warning pipe. An independent stop valve shall be fitted in this supply close to the
water level maintaining device. The capacity of the cistern shall be at least one twentieth of the total
system volume.
The cistern should have a cold water supply pipe not less than 13 mm internal diameter and should be
installed in accordance with Figure I .
It should be equipped with a removable moistureproof self-supporting coverpenetrated only by the turned
down end of the open ventpipe andso$tted that condensation on the underside ofthe cover will be retained
in the cistern.
14.3 The overflow warning pipe shall be a minimum of 20 mm internal diameter and shall be properly
supported throughout its full length. It shall have a continuous falling gradient from the cistern to a visible
external termination point. If the material of the pipe is not capable ofwithstanding a temperature of
100 "C it shall have continuous support to avoid sagging. It shall serve only one cistern and not have any
other connection to it.
NOTE The support required for the overflow warning pipe will be dependent on the length and material of the pipe.
14.4 Ail materials in normal contact with the water, and the cover, shall be capable of withstanding a
temperature of 100 "C without detrimental effect. When fitted in the roof space or in an exposed position
precautions against freezing shall be taken.
15 Feed and expansion pipe and open vent pipe for open systems
15.1 Afeed and expansion pipe ofminimum internal diameter 13 mm shall be taken from the feed and
expansion cistern to the system and shall not supply water for any other purpose.
No valve shall be fitted in the feed and expansion pipe.
Thefeed and expansionpipe and the open vent pipe should be separate. Where a boiler suitablefor sealed
systems is used a single pipe ofminimum i n t m a l diameter of 20 mm is acceptable (seeFigure 2(c)).
10
15.2 When specific requirements are given in the boiler manufacturer’s instructions relating to the feed
and expansion pipe and the open vent pipe then these shall be applied by the installer.
15.3 An open vent of minimum internal diameter 20 mm shall be taken from the primary circuit to
discharge at a level above the overflow of the feed and expansion cistern. Unless the boiler is suitable for
sealed systems, the open vent pipe shall rise continuously from the boiler to discharge over the cistern
through the cover. No valve shall be fitted in the open vent pipe.
The open ventpipe may be used aspart of the circulation system. A separate open ventpipefor the primary
circuit ofa single-feed indirect cylinder is not normally required.
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Due considerationshould be given to thepmition of the connections of thefeed and expansionpipe and the
T e n ventpipe to the circulationpipework of the system relative to theposition and head of the circulation
pump. Thepressure diferences between these two connectionsshould be kept toa minimum in order to avoid
excessive water movement in the open vent pipe and therefore they should normally be installed close
together. Incorrect selection of thepoint of connection may result in discharge of waterfrom the open vent
pipe and/or air entrainment into the system which can give rise to corrosion (see Figure 2).
O BSI 12-1998
11
8661-21 IS8 O 21
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I
(al Feed and open vent arrangementfor fully pumped systems. Recommended only for boilers with low
hydraulic resistance
u - -
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(b) Close coupled feed and open vent. Recommendedparticularly for boilerswith high hydraulic resistance
(c) Feed and expansion arrangement (d) Feed and expansion and open vent arrangement
suitable only for boilers designed for use where a gravity primary circuit is required
with sealed systems
\TOTE h is the maximum head developed by the pump.
Figure 2 -Diagrammatic arrangement for feed and expansion and open vent pipes
O BSI 12-1998
13
16 Sealed systems
16.1 A sealed system shall be provided with a diaphragm expansion vessel complying with BS 4814, a
safety valve, a pressure gauge and means for system filling, make-up and venting.
16.2 The diaphragm expansion vessel shall have an acceptance volume sufficient to accommodate the
volume change of system water when heated from 10 O C to 110 O C .
ïñepractical acceptance volume is that which the vessel will accept when the gaugepressure developed rises
to 0.35 bar (5 lb/in2) less than the safety valve setting. Guidance on vessel sizing is given in Table 3. Forfull
method of calculation reference should be made tosection one of BS 7074-I:I989.
Care should be taken in the installation of boilers that incovorate an expansion vessel to ensure that
adequate expansion capacity isprovided; an additional expansion vessel may be required.
ï ñ e vessel chargepressure should be not less than the static headpressure at the centre of the expansion
vessel.
It should beconnected withpipework in such a manner as to ensure that natural convection currents in the
pipework or vessel are retarded and the diaphragm within the vessel is maintained at the lowestpracticable
temperature. It may be supported remote&+om the systemprovided the connectingpipe has an internal
diameter of not less than 13 mm. Installation should be in accordance with the manufacturer S instructions.
ï ñ e vesselshould be connected to the system at apoint close to thepump inlet in order to maintainpositive
pressures throughout the system.
16.3 A pressure gauge with a fill pressure indicator shall be fitted permanently to a sealed system.
ïñepressure gauge should be easy to readfrom the$llingpoint and shouldpreferably be connected at the
samepoint as the expansion vessel. Wherethepressure gauge is combined within the temperature gauge the
combinedgauge should be$tted to the boiler or to the$owpipe: it should not be$tted to a non-circulation
pipe.
Table 3 - Capacities of expansion vessels
Safety valve setting bar bar bar
3.0 2.5 2.0
Vessel charge and bar bar bar bar bar bar bar bar
initial system 0.5 1.o 1.5 0.5 1.0 1.5 0.5 1.0
pressure
Total water content
of svstem
L L L L L L L L L
25 2.1 2.7 3.9 2.3 3.3 5.9 2.8 5.0
50 4.2 5.4 7.8 4.7 6.7 11.8 5.6 10.0
75 6.3 8.2 11.7 7.0 10.0 17.7 8.4 15.0
1O0 8.3 10.9 15.6 9.4 13.4 23.7 11.3 20.0
125 10.4 13.6 19.5 11.7 16.7 29.6 14.1 25.0
150 12.5 16.3 23.4 14.1 20.1 35.5 16.9 30.0
175 14.6 19.1 27.3 16.4 23.4 41.4 19.7 35.0
200 16.7 21.8 31.2 18.8 26.8 47.4 22.6 40.0
225 18.7 24.5 35.1 21.1 30.1 53.3 25.4 45.0
250 20.8 27.2 39.0 23.5 33.5 59.2 28.2 50.0
275 22.9 30.0 42.9 25.8 36.8 65.1 31.0 55.0
300 25.0 32.7 46.8 28.2 40.2 71.1 33.9 60.0
Multiplying factors 3.0833 3.109 3.156 0.094 O. 134 0.237 0.1 13 0.2
for other system
volumes
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14
16.4 The connections f a filling a sealed system shall include a stopvalve and double checkvalve assembly
to prevent system water fkom travelling back into the main supply (see Figure 3).
The method of’lling should be either by:

a) a temporary hme connection to mains water. A stopvalve should bejìtted to the service main outlet and
a double check valve assembly and stopvalve should be9tted to the system side of the temporary hose; or
b) a cistern usedfor no otherpuvose connected to mains water. The static headprovided by the cistern
should be a minimum of 300 mm measured to the highestpoint ofthe heating system. The supplypipe
+om the cistern should include the double check valve assembly and stop valve.
Thejìlling connections to the system should be cm the return side of all heat emitters and/or hot water
storage vessel. The temporary hose should be removed a@eruse.
16.5 Provision shall be made for replacing water lost from the system.
Replacement water should beprovided either:

a) automatically, by one of thefollowing methods:
1)from an independent c i s t m usedfor no otherpurpose as in 16.4b) above, or
2)from a manually-jìlled make-up vessel mounted in aposition higher than the toppoint of thesystem
and connected through a double check valve assembly. This shouldbe connected either to the return side
of all heat emitters or to the return side of the hot water storage vessel; or
b) manually, by a temporaiy hose connection as in 16.4a).
17 Venting
Provision shall be made to enable the system to be vented.
Air may be ventedfrom highpoints either by automatic or manual air vents. Hygroscopic types of automatic
air vent should not be used as these allow continuous evaporation of small quantities of water. To assist in
venting, an airseparating device (with autmatic air vent in the case ofsealedsystem) is recommended and
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should bejìtted in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

18 Heat emitters
Radiators and convectors shall comply with BS 3528 and shall be capable ofmeeting the design heat
requirement of the room in which they are fitted making due allowance for the heat emission from the
exposed pipes in the room. Each heat emitter shall be provided with supports and means of venting air.
Wñereverpracticableindividual heat emitters (other thanfan convectors)should be located cm outside walls

preferably beneath windows to ofset the cooling efect: it is an advantage to choose an emitter of such a
length that it occupies thefill width of the window.
ï ñ e enclosure of heat emitters will reduce the emission depending upon the &ve of enclosure.
Radiator outputs should be checked against any variation in catalogue data with the mean water
temperature and room temperature which applies.
O BSI 12-1998
15
19 Valves
19.1 Where the boiler system requires it, and the manufacturer’s instructions so specie, a key-operated or
automatic system by-pass valve shall be fitted.
19.2 AíÙll-way key-operatedvalve shall be fitted to both sides ofa circulation pump so that the pump can
readily be replaced without emptying the system.
Valvesshould normally be$tted to all heat emitters, toprovide control, balancing and replacement of the
emitter without emptying the system.
All sub-circuits in one-pipe systems should be provided with a valve to regulate theflow through these
circuits.
A balancing valve should not normally be included in theprimary circuit of the domestic hot water storage
cylinder. Such a valve willprolong the recovery time of the cylinder impairing system eflciency.
20 Thermal insulation
20.1 Dead legs, feed and expansion pipes, cold water supply pipes, open vent pipes and any circulation
pipes fitted in positions likely to be subjected to frost shall be insulated.
20.2 Hot water storage cylinders shall be insulated either at manufacture to BS 1566 or BS 3 198 or by the
application ofan insulatingjacket to BS 5615.
Insulation of cold waterpipes should also be carried out where condensation due to warmth and humidity
of the atmosphere is objectionable. The insulation should incovorate a vapour seal.
m e r e the expansion cistern is likely to besubjected tofrost it should be insulated with not less
than 25 mm thickness of insulating material m e r e the cistern ispmitioned onjoists in a roof space,
insulation should not be$tted under the cistern; any insulation should be removed.
Insulation should be securely applied to any circulationpipework not f ì i n g p a r t of the useful heating
surface. Insulating material should be mineral$bre (K=0.04 W/(m.K)) to a minimum 18 mm thick, or its
thermal equivalent, and where exposed to the weather should be rendered watevrooJ The insulation should
be continuous overpipes, valves andjittings.
16
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OBSI 12-1998
8661-21 IS8 O
LI
3,
F
c
U
4'
$8
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21 Domestic hot water storage

21.1 In a combined system an indirect cylinder shall be used as the hot water storage vessel.
COMMENTARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON 2 1.1.
ï ñ e storage cylinder should conform to BS 1566 or BS 3198 but it should be noted that cylinders are
available with a heat exchangersu$ace area greater than that required by these standards and which have
improvedpe~ormance and are capable ofproviding improved water heating eflciency, especially during the
summer.
An immersionprimary heater may be used to convert a direct hot water cylinderfor indirect use. Such
heaters should have a heat transfer rate of at least equal to that of BS 1566 cylinders of the same capacity
and should only be$tted where theprimary circulation is pumped. Theprobable lqe of any existing direct
cylinder should be considered.
Pravision of an electric immersion heater to BS 3456-2.21, as an alternativefmof water heating, may be
considered, e.g.for use during thesummer.
It is recommended thatprimary circulation to the cylinder should be pumpedfrom the boiler. However,
whereprimary circulation is by gravity the cylinder should be$tted at a suf$cient height above the boiler to
ensure good circulation and the pipes should be connected to the boiler in accordance with the
manufacturer ’s instructions. Where no such guidance isprovided, theflow and return pipes should be at
least 25 mm internal diameter. To ensure correct circulation in the hot water circuit, the return boilerpipe
should be connected to a separate return tapping on the boiler or into an injector type$tting in the return
pipe of the heating circuit. Prpework should be so designed that heat lossfrom stored water does not occur
by gravity circulation.
NOTE In considering domestic hot water supply by solid fuel boilers particular attention should be given to manufacturer’s
instructions.
21.2 Indirect cylinders fitted in sealed heating systems shall be of the coil type, to BS 1566-1 or BS 3198.
Single feed cylinders shall not be used for sealed systems.
Where the domestic hot water storage is of the unvented type the installation shall conform to the
requirements of Part G schedule 1 of the Building Regulations (England and Wales) 1985.
COMMENTARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON 2 1.2.
Singlefeed cylinders to BS 1566-2 may be usedfor open vented systemsprovided that:

a) theprinciple is acceptable to the local water supply undertaking, and to the radiator and boiler
manufacturem;
b) the cylinder is installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions;
c) the inner heater has sutcient capacity to cmtain the expansion of theprimary water, including that
contained within the whole of the heating circuit at maximum design conditions, without ove$ow taking
place into the secondary section of the cylinder;
d) where theprimaries are pumped the static head ofthe system is in excess of the maximum pump head;
e) no corrosion inhibitw w additive be introduced into the system.
21.3 Connections to the storage cylinder shall be of non-ferrous materials not subject to de-zincification.
22 System control
22.1 G e n e r a l considerations
Consideration shall be given to the system ofcontrol to be used for both heating and domestic hot water
circuits.
Control systems which prevent water circulation through the boiler shall only be used when this complies
with the boiler installation instructions.
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In the interests ofíùel economyand toprevent wasteful boiler cycling the system controls shall shut offthe
boiler when heat is no longer required, or in the case of a solid fuel boiler, shall reduce it to the minimum
burning rate.
18
In the case of a boiler fired by solid fuel and not fitted with a water temperature actuated combustion
control, adequate heat dissipation shall be made available in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendations.
Variousf o m of system control are available and a selection should take account of thefuel orpaver to be
used. Thepuvose of the controls is toprovide the user with means to adjust the cperation ofthe system to
meet requirements and to achievefuel economy.
Careshould be exercised when selecting the various system controlsfor the heating and hot water circuits so
as to ensure that they are compatible with each other and with the boiler controls.
rf; a@erthe control system has been selected, unwanted gravity circulation can occur, a means ofpreventing
this circulation should be included.
22.2 Timing controls
Where intermittent operation of the heating system is required, consideration shall be given to the
provision of a time-switch.
A time switch can be used to switch on and ofautomatically as required. Where the system consists of both
heating and hot water circuits a combined time switch andprogrammer can be used to control both circuits
independently.
A time switch should not be used to switch o f a mechanicalfuelfeed and/orafan$tted to a solidfuel boiler.
22.3 T e m p e r a t u r e control of heating system
The heating system shall be provided with means to limit the temperature of the spaces it is heating.
Where the system consists oftwo or more circuits each controlled by a separate circulation pump, zone
valves shall be used in each circuit to ensure that when only one pump is operating, flow cannot take place
in the other circuits.
Where individual thermostatic radiator valves (TRVs) are used they shall not be the sole means ofcontrol
for the heating circuit but shall be used in conjunction with other controls which ensure that the boiler is
shut off, or reduced to minimum burning rate for solid fuel, when not required.
Where the circulation pump is not shut offwith the boiler because of a pump overrun device a bypass circuit
shall be provided. Where thermostatic radiator valves are used they shall not be fitted in the same room or
area in which the air temperature sensor (room thermostat) is situated.
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In the case of a single heating circuit the air temperature sensor (room thermostat) should control both the
circulationpump and, except in the case of a solid fuel boiler, the boiler.
Care should be taken when siting an air temperature sensor to ensure that the position chosen is
representative of that part of the system which it controls. It should be sited so as not to be exposed to
draughts or cooling efects and awayfrom any heat sources, e.g. radiators and direct sunlight. The sensor
should be$tted 1.5 m fromfloor level and in aposition readily accessible to the user.
The air temperature of any area w zone in a dwelling, e.g. upstairs or downstairs, may be controlled by
installinga valve (zonevalve) into the heatingcircuit whichprovides watercirculation to that zone. Thezme
valve may be activated by an air temperature sensorpositioned remotely+om, or in direct contact with, the
valve body.
A twpport zone valve may be used to open or close a single circuit supplying one zone. A three-port valve may
be used to control watw circulation to two zones only, e.g. heating and hot water.
Motorized valves which include switch contacts capable of controlling thepump and, except in the case of a
solid fuel boiler, the boiler are recommended.
A mixing valve may be used to control the circuit waterflow temperatureby blending return water and boiler
flow water in response to heating demand and is normally controlled by an integral and/ or external
temperature sensor.
Wherea circuit is so designed that circulation can takeplaceonly when the circulationpump is in operation,
then some measure of control can be obtained by operating thepump directlyfrom an air temperaturesensor.
O BSI 12-1998
19
A thermostatic radiator valve consists of an air temperature sensor connected to a valve. The valve may be
fitted to any individual heat emitter to control directly the water circulation through it. The valve is
normally$tted to the inlet of the heat emitter although others are availablefor outlet use also. The sensor
may be$tted directly to the valve but valves are available with remote sensors and these should be used to
provide improvedcontrol in cases where the use of a directly$tted sensor would be inefective or impractical.
22.4 T e m p e r a t u r e control of stored domestic hot w a t e r
22.4.1 Where the cylinder is served by a gas- or oil-fired boiler an adjustable thermostat shall be fitted to
control the temperature of the stored water. This thermostat shall be capable, either directly or in
conjunction with other devices, of shutting off the primary water circulation.
Any electrical immersion heater fitted into the cylinder shall incorporate a thermostat.
For solid fuel fired systems, a means of heat dissipation shall also be provided (see 11.5), and in the event
of electrical failure with a fully pumped system, the primary flow and return pipes to the cylinder shall
revert to gravity circulation.
The thermostat sensor should be$tted at a height of onequarter to one-third of the way up the cylinder and
normally be adjusted to give a water temperature of 60 “C. In hard water areas it may be advantageous to
adjust to a lower setting to minimizescaleformation in the cylinder.
22.4.2 Any valve fitted in the primary flow or return pipe ofthe cylinder for actuation by the cylinder
thermostat shall be capable of switching to control the boiler (except for solid fuel) and pump (where the
system is fully pumped).
ï ñ e valve may be a two-port valvefor independent control of the cylinder circuit or a three-port valve$tted
in the commonflow. In the latter case it is recommended that a mid-positim valve be used which can allow
sharedflow distribution to the cylinder and heat emitter circuits. A “dive&w”type of three-port valve which
allows circulation to either the cylinder circuit or the heat emitter circuit may be used ij’the system design
is intendedfor aprioriwflow arrangement.
22.4.3 Where a cylinder circuit is supplied by an independent pump controlled by the cylinder thermostat,
it shall be wired to be capable of switching to control the pump and, except in the case of a solid fuel boiler,
the boiler. With such a multiple pump system, non-return valves shall be used to prevent the pump on one
circuit affecting the flow in the others.
23 Draining
Fittings shall be provided to enable the system to be drained.
Key-opwated drain taps toBS 2879should beprovided in accessiblepositions in all lowparts of thesystem.
However, it should be noted that there may beshort sections ofpipework, e.g. when passing under doorways,
that it may not bepmsible to drain.
24 Delivery, storage and metering of fuel
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24.1 Solid f i e l
A weatherproof, robustly constructed fuel store shall be available with easy access for delivery and removal
of fuel.
Thefuel storeprovidedshould becapable of containing at least six weeh’supply offuel, but in any case not
less than 1 t. ï ñ e opening through which thefuel is tippedshould be not less than O .6 m square and not more
than 1.4 m high.
The minimum capacity offuel storage should be based upon boiler output rating and type offuel as given
in Table4.
20
Table 4 -Solid f i e l storage capacities

Boiler output rating I Types of fuel
I Dense I Coke
Capacity Floor area Capacity Floor area
kW t m2 t m2
I15 1 1 1 1.5
> 15 I 2 5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.25
>25 I 3 5 2 2 2 3
>34 I 45 3 3 3 4.5
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Rating of boiler Sizea Practical capacity

kW feet (gallons) L (gallons)
O to 15 6 x 4 ~ 2 (300) 1100 (25 0 )
15 to 30 6 x 4 ~ 4 (600) 2 200 (500)
30 to 45 6 x 4 ~ 6 (900) 3 400 (750)
24.5 Electricity
The requirements of the local Electricity Board shall be complied with.
25 Air supply
25.1 Except in the case of electric or room-sealed boilers, a permanent opening shall be provided for air
supply into the room where the boiler is situated. The opening shall be direct to outside air or to an adjacent
room or internal space (other than a bedroom or a room or internal space containing a bath, shower or WC)
which itself has a permanent opening to outside air.
25.2 For solid fuel or oil-fired boilers the air opening provided shall have a free area of at least 550 mm2
per kilowatt of rated output over 5 kW.
25.3 For gas-fired boilers the air opening provided shall have a free area of at least 450 mm2 per kilowatt
of rated input over 7 kW.
25.4 If a solid fuel or oil-fired boiler is fitted with a draught break or stabilizer in the same room, an
additional free area of 300 mm2 per kilowatt rated output shall be provided.
COMMENTARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON 25.1, 25.2,25.3 AND 25.4.
If the room or internal spacefrom which the air is drawn has an extractfan$tted then thepemanent air
cpenings should be designed so that the operation of the boilerflue is not afected when all doors and
windows are closed and the extract fan is running.
O BSI 12-1998
21
rfthe air entry communicates with anotherpart of the building rather than with outside air, then thatpart
should be provided with the same area of opening9om the outside air.
All air entry arrangements should be made so as to cause as little discomfort aspossible to the occupants of
the room and thus ofer the least temptation to obstruct the openings.
25.5 Where any boiler is installed in a compartment or confined space, in addition to air for combustion,
provision shall be made for ventilation in order to prevent overheating.
Permanent openings shall be provided, one at high level and one at low level, both communicating with the
same room or space or both on the same outside wall.
The minimum free areas of the openings for both ventilation and combustion air shall be in accordance
with Table 6.
Table 6 -Air openings sizes in mm2 per kW output
Type of boiler Position of opening Opening to room Opening to outside
mm2kW mm2kW
Open-flued High level 1100 550
Low level 1650 1100
Room-sealed High level 1100 550
Low level 1100 550
26 Corrosion inhibitor
Where it is known that the water supply in the area can give rise to corrosion, consideration shall be given
to the addition ofan inhibitor t o the heating system taking into account the factors in the commentary and
recommendations in this clause. Where an indirect cylinder is used it shall be of the type having a
sacrificial anode.
Experience hasshown that corrosion within a well-designed and installedsystem is extremely low and
inhibitors are not normally requiredfor wet central heatingsystems. The use of an unsuitable inhibitor can
even have detrimental efects. It should be noted that many mes ofinhibitor can be used only with certain
materials and the manufacturer S literature should be consulted concerning compatibility with all the
materials in the system.
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22
BS 5449:1990
Section 4. Installation work on site
27 Boiler
The boiler shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
The structure upon which a boiler is supported, and its immediatesurroundings,should be adequatefor the
weight impmed and where necessary besuitablyprotectedagainst the risk ofJ;reor damage by heat. Special
considerations may apply in the case of installations in timberframed buildings. Generalprinciplesfor the
installation of appliances and services in timberframed dwellings may befound in British Gas Publication
DM2.
28 Flueing and air supply
Flues and air supply shall comply with BS 6461 for solid fuel, BS 5440-1 and BS 5440-2 for gas
or BS 5410-1 for fuel oil.
Where a decorative fuel effect appliance is to be flued into an existing chimney, any damper or restrictor
plate shall be removed.
An existing chimney should be checkedfor suitability, soundness, continuity andfreedomfrom obstructions

and, where necesaiy, swept clean before connecting a boiler to it.
m e r e a decorativefiel efect appliance is to bejlued into an existing chimney, and where it is not reasonably
practicable to remove a sliding damper, it will need to bef n e d in thefilly cpenposition.
29 Condensate disposal
Boilers designed to be used in the condensing mode shall be installed in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions which will describe any particular additional requirements for the disposal of
condensat e.
For boilers of the condensing type the boiler should beJ;tted with a condensate drain pipe which may run
into an internal soil stack or wastepipe e.g from a dishwasher or a washing machine, an external gulley,
hopper or soakaway, and may require the use of a trap or break. Any pipework should be of a diameter
described in the boiler manufacturer’s instructions. Any externalpipework should be kept to a minimum
length to minimize the risk of’eezing. ïñe condensate pipe should have afall of at least I :20 and be run in
a standard drain pipe material i.e. PVC, W V C ,ABS or PP. It should be noted that the connection of the
condensatepipe to the drain may be subject to local building control requirements.
30 Circulation pipework
30.1 The positioning and supporting ofpipes shall allow for free movement for expansion and contraction
and shall be designed to prevent sagging and the formation oflocal high points in which air could
accumulate.
NOTE Particular attention will need to be paid to this where the circulation is by gravity.
Structural timber joists up to 250 mm depth and studs shall only be notched or drilled within the limits
given in Figure 4.
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O BSI 12-1998
23
NOTE.
X is the allowable limits of location for cut notches,
to be in either the top or bottom surface, not both.
Y is the allowable limits of location for drilled holes.
The diameters ( d ) are not to exceed -D4'
Figure 4-Limitations o n notching and drilling in s t r u c t u r a l joists
Notches in structural joists shall be cut in either the top or the bottom surface, but not in both.
The diameter of the holes drilled in structural joists shall be not greater than ?4the depth ofthe joist
(see Figure 4).
Pipes passing through brickwork and masonry shall be sleeved to prevent corrosion and to allow
movement.
Circulation pipework shall be routed and secured in a manner which will prevent contact with all electric
cables.
Circulation pipework shall not be buried in concrete.
Wherepracticable,pipesshould be$ttedclear of t i m b e r j o i s t s , f l ~ r b r d sotherpipes

, etc. Where this is not
possible suitablepads of material resistant to damage by insects and vermin should be$tted between the
pipe and structure to minimize noise.
Notches should be lined withfelt or similar material
Considerationshould be given to the inclusion ofprotective saddles toprevent damage by nails when laying
floor boar& and cavets. It is recommended thatfloor suisaces are marked to show thepipe runs.
Where it is necessary to run short lengths of circulation pipework in concreteflows or in walls they should:
a) be in puvose made ducts or chases with removable covers;
b) be adequatelyprotectedfrom damage and corrosion; and
c) be at least 25 m + o m the3nished surface.
30.2 Where pipework manufacturered to Table 2 ofBS 2871-1:1971 is used, the pipe shall not be bent.
30.3 In order to minimize the risk ofcorrosion care shall be taken to prevent contamination of the system
by entry of sawings, swarf, wire wool or excess flux into pipework during assembly.
Toprevent the ingress of debris into the system via openpipe ends, temporaryplugs or caps should be used
during the course of installation.
Wheresolderedjoints are used it is recommended that a residorganic basedflux is used, applied only to
the outside of thepipe and never to the inside of the pipe or$tting. It is important that only the minimum
amount necessary to ensure a goodjoint is used.
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24
Somejluxes are more aggressive than others but alljluxesshould beconsidered to be corrosive to some extent.
Any excessjlux should be wiped o f t h e assembly b&re applying heat to melt the solder and any residue
removed immediately thejoint has cooled. The system should be cleared of any internal residues
(see clause 3 8).
31 Pipe fixings and supports

31.1 Pipe fixing and supports shall be fitted at intervals no greater than those given in Table 7.
3 1.2 The positioning and supporting ofpipes shall allow for free movement for expansion and contraction.
31.3 The support brackets shall be purpose designed and provide a permanent fixing.
COMMENTARYAND RECOMMENDATIONS ON 3 1.3.
Clips thatfully encompass thepipe are prefewed.

Table 7 -Piping support intervals
Nominal size of pipe (outside diameter) Interval for vertical runs Interval for horizontal runs
mm m m
8 0.5 0.5
10 0.8 0.8
12 1.0 1.o
15 2.0 1.2
22 2.5 1.8
28 2.5 1.8
35 3.0 2.5
32 Heat emitters
Heat emitters shall be fitted in accordance with manufacturers’ instructions taking into account minimum
clearances above, behind and below for free circulation of air and for access for cleaning.
COMMENTARYAND RECOMMENDATIONS ON CLAUSE 32. m e r e wall coverings areJitted behind radiators care
should be taken to ensure that the9ee circulation of air is maintained.
m e r e heat emitters areJitted in positions where entrained dust in the convection currents is likely to
discolour decorations, the customer should be advised on thefixing and sealing o f appropriate dejlecting
shelves.
WñereJitted,shelves shouldpennit access to valves and the air release cock. They shouldpreferably be
positioned between 75 mm to 150 mm (3 in to 6 in) above the emitter, and extend 75 mm to 100 mm (3 in
--``,,,```,,`,``,``,`,`,,`,``,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
to 4 in) at each endand 25 mm to 50 mm (1 in to 2 in) beyond thefront andshouldprovide a closeJit against

the surface ofthe wall. The shelves should also have side valances.
33 Circulation pump
The pump shall comply with BS 1394 and be fitted in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, in
a position that provides easy access for adjustment, maintenance and replacement. Isolating valves shall
be fitted at both inlet and outlet connections.
COMMENTARYAND RECOMMENDATIONS ON CLAUSE 3 3 .
Thepmition of thepump should take intoaccount the recommendations in 15.3. A rigid supporting bracket
should beJitted to thepipework adjacent to each side of thepump. Each bracket should fully encompass the
pipe and be lined with a resilient material to reduce noise transmission.
34 Indirect cylinder
A draining tap shall be fitted to permit removal ofthe stored water from the cylinder.
COMMENTARYAND RECOMMENDATIONS ON CLAUSE 34.
Suitable connections should be made tofacilitate easy removal of the cylinder. An accessible key-operated
draining tap with hme connection should beJitted at the lavestpoint of the adjacent cold waterfeedpipe,
w,ij’provided, to a draining boss on the cylinder.
O BSI 12-1998
25
35 Electrical work
Ail electrical work connected with the system shall comply with the Regulations for Electrical Installations
published by the Institution of Electrical Engineers. Particular care shall be taken with any electrical
equipment in bathrooms to ensure that it cannot be touched by a person using the bath or shower.
The central heating system installed in accordance with this standard will be electrically continuous,
therefore thelEE Regulations on supplementary earth bonding will be met by ensuring that the boiler earth
comection isproperly made.
36 Gas pipework
The gas supply shall be installed and tested in accordance with BS 6891.
37 Oil pipework
The oil supply shall be installed and tested in accordance with BS 5410-1.
--``,,,```,,`,``,``,`,`,,`,``,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
26
BS 5449:1990
Section 5. Commissioning
--``,,,```,,`,``,``,`,`,,`,``,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
38 Filling
The completed installation shall be filled, checked for leaks, and rinsed to minimize the presence of solid
particles and chemical residues which may cause corrosion and damage within the system.
Thefollowingprocedure is recommendedfor$lling.
a) Fill system and vent all high points, pump(s) and radiators.
b) Examine systemfor leak.
c) Put boiler andpump(s) into operation and allow allparts of the system to heat up to normal operating
temperature makingfirther checkfor leak.
d) Extinguish boiler, switch ofpump(s) and drain systemfrom all points while still hot.
e) ReJill and vent as in a). r a n inhibitor is to be used, this should be added in accordance with the
manfacturer S instructions (see clause 26). The manufacturer S label stating type and date of application
should be tied to the main draining tap.
I)Re-check systemfor leak.
Systems which have been installed and commissioned in unoccupiedpropertiesshould, at the time $year
when9eezing conditions can be expected, be either under the control of afrost thermostat or le@with the
system operating continuously with the room thermostat set at 6 "C. Draining down the system is not
recommended as this can accelerate radiator corrosion.
39 Boiler
The boiler shall be commissioned in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
NOTE It is essential that satisfactory evacuation of any products of combustion is confirmed.
Commissioning of boilers should comply with the relevant standards BS 4876, BS 6798 and BS 8303.
40 Balancing
Balancing of the heating circuits andor radiators shall be carried out.
The system should be balanced by regulating theflow rate of thepump to ensure the design temperature
difference across the boiler (see 9.2). The waterflow rate through individual heat emittws should then be
adjusted to ensure a mean water temperature at each heat emitter according to design.
41 Handing over
Upon completion of the commissioning procedures, the method of economic and efficient operation of the
system shall be demonstrated to the user by the installer.
The user shall be advised on the method ofsummer andwinter operation ofthe system (see commentary on
clause 38).
The user shall be supplied with manufacturers' instructions relating to all the components of the system,
together with an air vent key and any special lockshield valve keys etc., required for the installation.
The installer should also leave attached to the boiler, on apermanent card or cards:
a) the date of installation;
b) the name and address of the installer.
The user should be ofered, or made aware oJ a regular service contract to Ensure that the equipment is
maintained in an eficient and safe operating condition.
O BSI 12-1998
27
BS 5449:1990
Appendix A
Heat loss coefficients ( U - v a l u e s )
A.l General
The following tables give heat loss coefficients (known as U-values, in W/m2."C) for typical elements of
building constructions.
A.2 Solid walls
Brickwork and plaster and concrete block wall constructions and their U-values are given in Table 8.
Construction details are given outside to inside.
Table 8 - U-values for solid walls
Brickwork Plast er U-value
mm mm
220 13 2.0
335 13 1.6
Concrete block Air gap I Expanded Plaster board
Heavy Light polystyrene
mm mm
200 10 1.8
--``,,,```,,`,``,``,`,`,,`,``,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
200 10 0.79
200 10 0.46
A.3 Timber framed walls
Walls constructed oftimber studwork with bracing plywood incorporating 100 mm minimum gap (or wider,
according to the thickness ofmineral fibre insulation mat) are covered in Table 9. The figures given assume
that there is a vapour check and 12.7 mm ofplaster internally.
Table 9 - U-values for timber framed walls
Outer cladding Thickness of mat U-value
mm
Concrete tiles hung externally 60 0.47
80 0.38
1O0 0.34
120 0.29
140 0.25
Shiplap boarding fixed externally 60 0.44
80 0.36
1O0 0.32
120 0.28
140 0.24
Brick outer cladding 60 0.43
80 0.36
1O0 0.32
120 0.28
140 0.24
28
BS 5449:1990
A.4 Cavity walls

Walls ofbrick, brick and block, and block and block cavity construction are covered in Table 10.
Table 10 -U-values for cavity walls
(a) Brick: Cavity: Brick (t 13 mm plaster)
Brick Air gap UF foam Brick U-value
mm mm mm mm
105 25 - 105 1.5
l20 25 - 220 1.o
105 - 50 105 0.55
Brick Air gap Mïneral fibre UF foam Concrete block I U-value

Heavy Light
mm mm mm mm mm mm
105 25 1O0 - 1.6
105 - 1O0 - 0.49
105 25 1O0 0.92
105 - 1O0 0.43
105 - 1O0 0.46
Concrete block Air gap Air gap plus UF foam Concrete block U-value
Heavy Light Heavy Light
mm mm mm mm mm mm
1O0 - 25 - 1O0 - 1.8
1O0 - - 50 1O0 - 0.61
- 1O0 25 - - 1O0 0.67
- 1O0 - 50 - 1O0 0.39
A.5 Pitched roofs
The U-values given in Table 11 are for pitched roofs of timber trussed rafters, covered with slates or
concrete tiles on wood battens. The joists are finished with 9.5 mm plasterboard, and mineral fibre mat is
laid between ceiling joists.
--``,,,```,,`,``,``,`,`,,`,``,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Table 11- U-values for pitched roofs

Thickness of mat U-value
mm
60 0.55
80 0.43
1O0 0.36
With sarking felt underlay 60 0.5 1
80 0.40
1O0 0.34
With felt laid on sarking board 60 0.48
80 0.39
1O0 0.32
O BSI 12-1998
29
BS 5449:1990
A.6 Windows
The U-values given in Table 12 are for windows in which the frame occupies 20 YOofthe area.
Table 12 -U-values for windows
Frame I Thermal break I Glazing U-value
Aluminium
5.0
2.9
6.4
4.3
5.8
3.7
A.7 Ground floors
The U-values given in Table 13 are for a medium 15 m X 7.5 m plan detached house. Figures should be
decreased by 50 YOfor a terraced house. Increase figures by up to 25 Yofa a small house Of 5 m X 10 m plan.
--``,,,```,,`,``,``,`,`,,`,``,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Table 13 -U-values for ground floors

I Floor Under floor Above floor U-value
F
Solid on earth Ventilated on Air brick on one Air brick on Bare boards Parquet, lino,
joints side more than one rubber
side
0.61
3.59
0.82
0.68
0.36
A.8 Party and partition walls
Table 14 gives U-values for various constructions of party and partition walls.
30
BS 5449:1990
--``,,,```,,`,``,``,`,`,,`,``,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
A9 Intermediate floors
Table 15 gives U-values for various constructions of intermediate floors.
Table 14- U-values for p a r t y a n d partition walls
Brick Air gap Air gap plus Breeze block Wooden slats Plastered both Plasterboard U-value
fibre glass on timber sides both sides
frame
mm mm mm mm
105 1.9
220 1.5
50 2.3
75 2.0
12.7 1.7
1O0 12.7 0.34
(on slats) 1.9
Table 15 - U-values for intermediate floors
Flooring I Underside finish Heat flow U-value
Upward Downward
ïimber joists finished with 19 mm timber 1.62

boarding 1.36
150 mm dense concrete slab finished 1.49
with 19 mm timber boarding on battens 1.26
150 mm dense concrete slab and 50 mm 2.62
screed 2.13
O BSI 12-1998
31
BS 5449:1990
Appendix B
Resistance to hot water flow
Pressure losses per metre run in the flow of hot water through the circulation pipework where copper
tubing in accordance with Table XofBS 2871-1:1971 is used and a limitingvelocity of 1.5 m/s (see 13.1) is
given in Table 16.
Manufacturers’ tables should be consulted for microbore tubing in accordance with Table W of
BS 2871-111971.
Table 16-Pressure loss p e r m e t r e r u n d u e t o flow of hot water through copper t u b e s
Tube size 6 mm 8 mm 10 mm 12 lnln 15 mm 22 mm 28 mm 35 lnln
Flow
kg/s N/m2 N/m2 N/m2 N/m2 N/m2 N/m2 N/m2 N/m2
0.00 175 59.0
0.00 180 62.0
0.00 185 65.0
--``,,,```,,`,``,``,`,`,,`,``,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
0.00 190 68.0

0.00 195 71.0
0.0020 74.0
0.0021 80.5
0.0022 87.0
0.0023 94.0
0.0024 101
0.0025 108
0.0026 116
0.0027 124
0.0028 132
0.0029 140
0.0030 148
0.003 1 156
0.0032 165
0.0033 174
0.0034 183
0.0035 192 17.8
0.0036 lo 1 19.6
0.0037 l11 11.6
0.0038 l2 1 13.5
0.0039 l3 1 15.5
0.0040 l4 1 17.5
0.0042 162 51.5
0.0044 183 55.8
0.0046 305 50.2
0.0048 328 54.8
0.0050 352 59.5
0.0052 3 76 14.2
0.0054 100 79.0
0.0056 126 $4.5
0.0058 152 $7.5
0.0060 178 )5.0 !8.0
0.0062 505 100 !9.6
0.0064 535 106 ì 1.3
0.0066 565 112 ì2.9
0.0068 595 117 ì4.6
0.0070 525 123 ì6.5
0.0072 555 129 ì8.3
0.0074 585 136 10.2
32
BS 5449:1990
Table 16 - Pressure loss per m e t r e run d u e to flow of hot water through

copper tubes (continued)
8 mm 10 lnln 12 lnln 15 mm 22 lnln 28 mm 35 lnln
N/m2 N/m2 N/m2 N/m2 N/m2 N/m2 N/m2

142 42.0
0.0078 745 148 44.0
0.0080 780 155 46.0
0.0084 850 169 50.0
0.0088 920 183 54.0 20.3
0.0092 990 197 58.5 21.9
0.0096 1 070 212 63.0 23.6
0.0 100 1150 228 67.3 25.3
0.0 105 1250 247 73.5 27.6
0.0110 1360 268 80.0 30.0
0.0115 1 460 290 86.0 32.4
--``,,,```,,`,``,``,`,`,,`,``,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
0.0 120 1580 311 92.5 34.8
0.0 125 1 700 333 99.0 37.4
0.0130 1820 356 I06 40.0
0.0135 1 940 381 I13 42.7
0.0 140 2 060 405 I20 45.5 15.3
0.0 145 2 190 43 O I28 48.3 16.2
0.0 150 2 330 455 I36 51.0 17.2
0.0 155 2 460 482 I44 54.1 18.2
0.0160 2 600 510 I53 57.2 19.2
0.0165 2 740 537 I61 60.4 20.3
0.0170 2 880 565 I70 63.5 21.4
0.0175 3 030 595 I78 67.0 22.5
0.0 180 3 180 625 I87 70.5 23.6
0.0 185 3 340 654 I96 74.0 24.7
0.0 190 3 500 684 !O5 77.5 25.8
0.0 195 3 600 714 !15 81.0 27.0
0.020 3 810 746 !24 84.5 28.3
0.021 4 150 810 !44 92.0 30.8
0.022 4 500 880 !64 1O0 33.4
0.023 4 860 950 !86 108 36.1
0.024 5 230 1030 107 117 38.8
0.025 5 600 1100 130 125 41.6
0.026 6 O00 1180 153 134 44.6
0.027 1260 1 76 143 47.6
0.028 1 340 IO0 152 50.7
0.029 1420 I25 162 54.0
0.030 1500 I52 171 57.0
0.03 1 1590 I78 182 60.5 9.1
0.032 1 680 $05 192 64.0 9.6
0.033 1 770 $32 lo2 67.5 LO. 1
0.034 1870 $60 113 71.0 10.6
0.035 1 960 $87 124 74.5 11.2
0.036 2 050 i15 134 78.5 11.8
0.037 2 160 i45 146 82.0 12.4
0.038 2 260 i75 157 86.0 13.0
0.039 2 370 705 169 90.0 13.6
0.040 2 480 740 l81 94.0 14.2
0.042 2 690 I05 306 .03 15.5
0.044 2 920 I70 332 -12 16.8
O BSI 12-1998
33
BS 5449:1990
i aDie I O - rressure loss per m e t r e run a u e t o now or not water tnrougn

copper tubes (continued)
Tube size 6 mm 8 mm 10 lnln 12 lnln 15 mm 35 lnln
Flow
0.046
0.048
0.050
0.052
0.054
0.056
kgls NIm2
J 150
J 380
J 620
J 870
1120
NIm2 NIm2
940
1 O10
1080
1160
1 240
1320
NIm2
358
3 85
413
442
472
503
120
129
138
148
158
168
NIm2
I19.5
21.0
22.5
24.0
25.6
6.48
6.9
7.35
nim2
0.058 1400 535 180 27.2 7.85

0.060 1480 568 191 28.8 8.3
0.062 1570 600 202 30.5 8.8
0.064 1 660 634 213 32.3 9.3
0.066 1750 668 224 34.1 9.8
0.068 1 840 702 236 35.8 10.3
0.070 1 940 73 6 248 37.8 10.8
0.072 ? 030 772 26 1 39.8 11.4
0.074 ? 130 680 273 41.7 12.0
0.076 ? 230 848 286 43.7 12.6
0.078 ? 330 890 298 45.6 13.2
0.080 ? 430 930 3 12 47.7 13.8 4.85
0.084 ? 640 I O10 34 1 52.0 15.0 5.3
0.088 ? 850 Il00 368 56.3 16.3 5.75
--``,,,```,,`,``,``,`,`,,`,``,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
0.092 I180 397 60.8 17.6 6.23

0.096 I270 43 O 65.5 19.0 6.70
0.100 I370 462 70.5 20.4 7.20
0.105 I490 502 77.0 22.3 7.55
0.110 I 620 545 83.5 24.2 8.55
0.115 I 740 588 90.5 26.1 9.25
o. 120 I880 63 3 97.0 28.2 9.95
O. 125 ! 020 680 .O4 30.2 10.7
0.130 ! 160 728 -13 32.4 11.5
0.135 ! 310 775 -21 34.6 12.3
O. 140 828 -28 36.8 13.1
O. 145 880 -36 39.3 13.9
0.150 930 -44 41.7 14.7
0.155 980 -53 44.2 15.5
0.160 040 -62 46.6 16.4
0.165 090 -71 49.3 17.4
0.170 150 -80 52.0 18.3
0.175 210 -89 54.8 19.3
0.180 270 -99 57.5 20.3
0.185 340 !O9 60.3 21.3
0.190 400 !18 63.0 22.3
0.195 460 !29 66.0 23.4
0.20 530 !40 69.0 24.4
0.2 1 670 !6 1 75.5 26.5
0.22 810 !83 82.0 28.8
0.23 i05 88.5 31.2
0.24 i30 95.5 33.7
34
BS 5449:1990
Table 16 - Pressure loss per m e t r e run d u e to flow of hot water through

copper tubes (concluded)
Tube size 6mm 8 mm 10 lnln 12 lnln 15 mm 22 lnln 28 m m 35 lnln
Flow
kg/s N/m2 N/m2 N/m2 N/m2 N/m2 N/m2 N/m2 N/m2
0.25 355 03 36.2
0.26 3 80 10 38.7
--``,,,```,,`,``,``,`,`,,`,``,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
0.27 405 18 41.3
0.28 432 26 44.1
0.29 457 34 47.0
0.30 485 42 49.7
0.3 1 513 50 52.8
0.32 543 59 55.8
0.33 574 68 59.0
0.34 606 77 62.0
0.35 63 7 86 65.0
0.36 668 95 68.5
0.37 700 !O5 72.0
0.38 73 5 !15 75.5
0.39 770 !25 79.0
0.40 805 !35 82.5
0.42 875 !56 90
0.44 950 !78 97
0.46 1030 ;o0 05
0.48 ì 24 14
0.50 ì48 23
0.52 ì 72 32
0.54 ì98 40
0.56 I25 49
0.58 I53 58
0.60 I80 68
0.62 i07 78
0.64 i33 89
0.66 i62 99
0.68 i95 !ll
0.70 )28 !22
0.72 )60 !33
0.74 )90 !45
0.76 '2 5 !56
0.78 '5 5 !68
0.80 !80
0.84 ì 04
0.88 ì3 1
0.92 ì58
0.96 i 85
1.00 115
1.05 153
1.10 190
1.15 130
1.20 i70
1.25
1.30
O BSI 12-1998
35
BS 5449:1990
Publications referred to
BS 2 1, SpeciJicationforpipe threadsfor tubes andJittings where pressure-tight joints are made on the
threads (metric dimensions).
B S 143 & BS 1256, Specfieationfor malleable cast iron and cast copper alloy threadedpipeJittings.
B S 4 17, SpeciJicationfor galvanized low carbon steel cisterns, cistern lids, tanks and cylinders.
B S 864,Capillary and compression tubejittings of copper and copper alloy.
B S 864-2, SpeciJicationfor capillary and compressionJittingsfor copper tubm.
B S 10 10, SpeciJicationfor draw-of taps and stopvalvesfor water services (screwdownpattern).
B S 1212, SpeciJicationforfloat operated valves (excludingfloats).
B S 1212-2, Diaphragm type (brass baly).
B S 1212-3, Diaphragm type @lasticsbaly) for cold water services.
B S 1252, SpeciJicationfor domestic solid-fuelJi-ee-standingcookers with integral boilers.
B S 1387, SpeciJicationfor screwed and socketed steel tubes and tubulars and for plain end steel tubes
suitablefor welding orfor screwing to BS 21 pipe threads.
B S 1394, Stationary circulationpumps for heating and hot water service systems.
B S 1566, Copper indirect cylindersfor domesticpuvoses.
B S 1566-1, Specgcation for doublefeed indirect cylinders.
B S 1740, SpeciJicationfor wrought steelpipeJittings (screwedBS 21 R-series thread).
B S 1894, SpeciJicationfor electrale boilers of riveted, seamless, welded and cast iron constructionfor water
heating and steam generating.
B S 205 1, Tube andpipeJittingsfor engineeringpuvoses.
B S 205 1-1, Copper and q p e r alloys capillary and compression tubeJittingsfor engineeringpuvoses.
--``,,,```,,`,``,``,`,`,,`,``,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
B S 205 1-2, SpeciJicationfor olive type copper alloy compression tubeJittings.

B S 2767, SpeciJicationfor valves and unionsfor hot water radiators.
B S 2 87 1, SpeciJicationfor copper and copper alloys. Tubes.
B S 2871-1, Copper tubesfor water, gas andsanitation.
B S 2 879, SpeciJicationfor draining taps (screw-down pattern).
B S 3 198, SpeciJicationfor copper hot water stwage combination unitsfor domestic puvoses.
B S 3378, SpeciJicationfor roomheaters burning solid mineralfuels.
B S 3456, SpeciJicationfor safety of household and similar electrical appliances.
B S 3456-2.21, Electric immersion heaters.
B S 3528, SpeciJicationfor convection tme space heaters operating with steam or hot water.
B S 4127, Specgcation for light gauge stainless steel tubes.
B S 42 13, SpeciJicationforcold waterstorage andfeed and expansion cisterns bolyoleJin or oleJincopolymer)
and cistern lids.
B S 4433, SpeciJicationfor solidsmokelessfuel boilers with rated outputs up to 45 kW.
B S 48 14, SpeciJicationfor expansion vessels using an internal diaphragm,for sealed hot water heating
systems.
B S 4834, Specgcation for inset openJires without convection.
B S 4876, SpeciJicationforpeiSownance requirementsfor domesticflued oil burning appliances (including
testprocedures).
B S 5 154, SpeciJicationfor copper alloy globe, globe stop-,and check, check and gate valves.
B S 5258, Safety of domestic gas appliances.
B S 5258-1, SpeciJicationfor central heating boilers and circulators.
B S 5258-8, Combined appliances: gasJire/back boiler.
36
OBSI 12-1998
BS 5449:1990
BS 5258- 15, Specijicationfor combination boilers.

B S 54 1O, code ofpracticefor oil$ring.
B S 54 1O- 1, Installations up to 44 kW output capacityfor space heating and hot water supplypuvoses.
B S 5440, code ofpracticeforflues and air supplyfor gas appliances of rated input not
exceeding 60 kW (Ist and 2nd family gases).
BS 5440-1, Fhm.
BS 5440-2, Air supply.
BS 5482, code ofpracticefor domestic butane- andpropane-gas-burning installation.
B S 56 15, SpeciJicationfor insulatingjackets for domestic hot water storage cylinders.
B S 6282, Devices with movingparts for thepreventim of contamination of water by backjlow.
B S 6332, Thermalpe~onnanceof domesticgas appliances.
B S 6332- 1, SpeciJicationfor thermalpe~onnanceof central heating boilers and circulators.
BS 6332-3, SpeciJicationfor thermalpe~ormanceof combined appliances:gas$re/back boiler.
B S 6400, SpeciJicationfor installation of domestic gas meters (2ndfamily gases).
B S 646 1,Installation of chimneys andfluesfor domestic appliances burningsolidfuels (ïncluding woodand
peat).
B S 646 1- 1, code ofpracticefor masonry chimneys andflue pipes.
B S 6461-2, code ofpracticefor factory-made insulated chimneysfor internal applications.
--``,,,```,,`,``,``,`,`,,`,``,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
B S 6700, SpeciJicationfor design, installation, testing and maintenance of services supplying waterfor
domestic use within buildings and their curtilages.
B S 6798, SpeciJicationfor installation ofgas-$red hot water boilers of rated input not exceeding 60 kW.
B S 689 1, SpeciJicationfor installation of lowpressure gaspipework of up to 28 mm &I) in domestic
premises (2ndfamily gas).
B S 7074, Application, selection and installation of expansion vessels and ancillary equipmentfor sealed
water systems.
B S 7074- 1, code ofpracticefor domestic heating and hot water supply.
B S 8303, Code ofpracticefor installation of domestic heating and d i n g appliances burningsolid mineral
fuels.
PD 650 1, ïñepreparation of British Standardsfor building and civil engineering2).
PD 6501-1, Guide to the types ofBritish Standard, their aims, relationship, content and application.
IEE Regulations for Electrical Installations (the Wiring regulation^)^).
Approved domestic solid fuel appliances4).
2) Referred to in the foreword only.

3) Obtainable from IEE Publications Sales Department, Station House, Nightingale Road, Hitchin, Hertfordshire SG5 1RJ.
4) Obtainable from DSFAAS Ltd., P.O. Box 37, Gloucester GL 52 4TB.
O BSI 12-1998
37
BS 5449:1990
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BS 5449 Installation and Commissioning of Water Based Heating Systems

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BS 5449:1990

Forced circulation hot

Committees responsible for this

The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Refrigeration,

This British Standard, having

August 1990 Amd. No. Date ofissue Comments

The following BSI references

ISBN O 580 17293 7

Copyright British Standards Institution

Table 7 -Piping support intervals 25

Section 2. Materials, appliances and components

The British Standards applicable to boilers are asfollows:

6 Pipes and pipe fittings

Section 3 . Design considerations

Referenceshould be made to appendix A fw U-values o f thermal transmittance and to Table I fwroom

Table 1 - Temperatures a n d ventilation rates

13 Velocity and pressure loss in circuits

Copyright British Standards Institution

The method of’lling should be either by:

Replacement water should beprovided either:

should bejìtted in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

Wñereverpracticableindividual heat emitters (other thanfan convectors)should be located cm outside walls

Copyright British Standards Institution

21 Domestic hot water storage

Singlefeed cylinders to BS 1566-2 may be usedfor open vented systemsprovided that:

Table 4 -Solid f i e l storage capacities

Rating of boiler Sizea Practical capacity

Section 4. Installation work on site

An existing chimney should be checkedfor suitability, soundness, continuity andfreedomfrom obstructions

Wherepracticable,pipesshould be$ttedclear of t i m b e r j o i s t s , f l ~ r b r d sotherpipes

31 Pipe fixings and supports

Clips thatfully encompass thepipe are prefewed.

to 4 in) at each endand 25 mm to 50 mm (1 in to 2 in) beyond thefront andshouldprovide a closeJit against

A.4 Cavity walls

Brick Air gap Mïneral fibre UF foam Concrete block I U-value

Table 11- U-values for pitched roofs

Table 13 -U-values for ground floors

ïimber joists finished with 19 mm timber 1.62

0.00 190 68.0

Table 16 - Pressure loss per m e t r e run d u e to flow of hot water through

N/m2 N/m2 N/m2 N/m2 N/m2 N/m2 N/m2

i aDie I O - rressure loss per m e t r e run a u e t o now or not water tnrougn

0.058 1400 535 180 27.2 7.85

0.092 I180 397 60.8 17.6 6.23

Table 16 - Pressure loss per m e t r e run d u e to flow of hot water through

B S 205 1-2, SpeciJicationfor olive type copper alloy compression tubeJittings.

BS 5258- 15, Specijicationfor combination boilers.

2) Referred to in the foreword only.

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