Here is a list of the parts of a sentence (and other relevant subjects):

 Subject
 Predicate
 Direct object
 Indirect object
 Object of the preposition
 Transitive verbs and intransitive verbs
 Linking verbs
 Complements
1. Subject
The subject is the person or thing about which something is being stated.

"Joe is a good boy."

Identify a subject:
Ask questions “Who” or “What”
1. Who finished his homework? Ronnie. 
Subject = Ronnie
2. Who was hit by a ball? She.
Subject = she
3. What is fun? Traveling.
Subject = traveling
4. What is a terrible thing? War.
Subject = war

Types of subject:
+ Simple subject:
The subject can be a single word: She is home.
Or, it can be a KEY word and some additional words around it:
 The nice old lady from across the street is home.
That KEY word is called a simple subject.
+ Compound subject
A compound subject is a subject that is made up of two or more simple subjects,
connected by conjunctions such as and, but, or.
 Bob and Daniel know what to do.
 The fat cat and the small dog are on the couch.
 A tall guy, a nice-looking girl and a black cat were sitting on the couch.
2. Predicate
The predicate is the part of a sentence that tells something about the subject.

The predicate always includes a verb.

("Predicate" is also a verb that means, "to state something.")

"Joe is a good boy."

Examples (the predicate is in bold):
1. Ronnie finished his homework.
2. She was hit by a ball.
3. Spain is in Europe.
4. Pigs and cows can't fly.
5. Traveling is fun.
Types of predicate
Simple predicate
The predicate can be a single word: 

 Jack left.
Or, it can be a KEY word and some additional words around it:

 Jack left the house.
That KEY word is called a simple predicate.

In the above example the predicate is built around the verb left. The other words
around it (the, house) simply describe the verb "left."

Compound predicate
A compound predicate is a predicate that is made up of two or more simple predicates,
connected by conjunctions such as and, but, or.

Note that the simple predicates can have additional words describing them.

The important thing is that when you find more than one simple predicate in the
predicate of a sentence – you have a compound predicate.
Example 1 (the predicates are in bold, the simple predicates are in bold and
underlined, and the compound predicate is in bold and purple):
 Sarah baked some cookies.
 Sarah made some coffee.

When we combine these two sentences we get:

 Sarah baked some cookies and made some coffee.
"Baked some cookies and made some coffee" is a compound predicate.

How do we know it's a compound predicate?

Well, it's because we have two simple predicates: baked, made.

Some more examples (the predicates are in bold, the simple predicates are in
bold and underlined, and the compound predicate is in bold and purple):
 Martin lives in Italy and works in a school.
 She knew the truth but refused to talk about it.
 They waited for a while and then returned home.
 We all watched, listened and asked questions.
Direct Object
A direct object is a person or thing that is affected by the action of the verb. You could
say that the direct object "receives the action of the verb."
"He broke the window."
"The ball hit her."
What did the ball hit? It hit her.

So "her" is the direct object.

Additional examples (the direct object is in bold):
 Tim fixed the computer yesterday.
 I hated that movie so much.
 We built a castle on the beach.
 You bought the same hat last week.
 Joan is doing her homework right now.
 I've made a promise.
 Indirect Object
An indirect object is a person or thing that the action is done to or for.

The indirect object usually comes just before the direct object.

You could also say that the indirect object is the receiver of the direct object.

"He gave his mother flowers."

To whom did he give the flowers? To his mother.

So "his mother" is the indirect object.

Additional examples (the indirect object is in bold):
 Tim made Joan a sandwich for lunch.
 I told you what to do.
 We built him a castle on the beach.
 You bought her the same hat last week.
 Joan is writing me a letter right now.
 I've made Shannon a promise.
Is it a direct object or an indirect object?
How can you tell a direct object from an indirect object?

Here are some tips to help you:

1) A direct object receives the action of the verb. In other words, it is directly affected by
it.

2) An indirect object is the receiver of the direct object, and it usually comes just before
it.
The Object of the Preposition
Click here if you want a review on what is a preposition.

The object of the preposition is a noun or a pronoun that completes its meaning.

"The cat is looking at the fish."

Example 1:
 She is thinking about.
This sentence is incomplete. We don't what she is thinking about.

Here is the complete version:

 She is thinking about your idea.
This sentence is complete. "Idea" is the object of the preposition "about."
Here is the complete version:
 Be careful with the hot water.
This sentence is complete. "Water" is the object of the preposition "with."
Do not confuse the indirect object with the object of the preposition!

Have a look at the following examples:

1. Emma gave Ronnie the book.

2. Emma gave the book to Ronnie.

In the first sentence Ronnie is the indirect object.

In the second sentence Ronnie is the object of the preposition.

And by the way, these two sentences basically have the same meaning.

How can you tell if a word is an indirect object or the object of the
preposition?
 If it comes just after a preposition – then it's the object of the preposition.
 If it does not come just after a preposition – then it's an indirect object. 
 Also, the indirect object is usually followed by the direct object. The object of the
preposition does not.
Transitive vs intransitive verbs
Linking Verbs
A linking verb is a verb that connects the subject with an adjective or a noun that
identifies or describes it.

"She seems very satisfied."
Examples of linking verbs:
 Be
 Become
 Turn
 Lisa seems more tired than usual. 
 You don't look so surprised.
 Dinner smells wonderful!
A complement is a word or a group of words (usually an adjective or a noun), that is
used after linking verbs (such as be and become). The complement identifies or
describes the subject of the verb.

"She seems very satisfied."

Examples (the complement is in bold):
 I am a singer.
 He is Jack.
 She became angry.
 Amy turned red.
 I am Beth.
 You are a teacher.
 He is a good cook.
 He became a successful businessman.
Ex. 1. Find parts of the sentences

1. Lisa found her hat. 6. They will be back soon.

2. My uncle James won the race. 7. He became very successful.

3. We never eat meat. 8. The cat jumped on the tree.

4. I wrote him a long letter. 9. You seem surprised.

5. Jane is cooking dinner. 10. Their teacher helps them all the time.