PHYSICS (042)

Session (2021-22)

Submitted to: Submitted by:

MR, RAVI VERMA _________________
CLASS:_________
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Back Page
Exp-1 Circuit Diagram

Graph :– The graph between V (along X-axis) and (along Y-axis) is as shown.
It is a straight line passing through the origin.
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EXPERIMENT – 1
AIM :–To determine resistance per cm of a given wire by plotting a graph of po-
tential difference versus current.
APPARATUS :– Resistance wire, ammeter, voltmeter, key, battery, rheostat, connecting
wires
THEORY :– Ohm’s law states that if the temperature of a conductor is kept constant, the
current flowing through the conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference
across its ends. If I denotes the current flowing through a conductor and V denotes the
potential difference across its ends, then according to Ohm’s law,
V 

Or = a constant

This constant is known as the resistance of the conductor. Its S I unit is ohm (  ). A
graph plotted between V and will be a straight line.
Observation table :– For V and

S.No Ammeter Reading Voltmeter Reading V/ = R

1. 0.1 0.62 6.2
2. 0.2 1.26 6.3
3. 0.3 1.87 6.2
4. 0.4 2.50 6.3
5. 0.5 3.21 6.4

Result :– Length of wire = 15 cm.

1. Resistance of the wire is 6.3 
2. Resistance per cm of the wire is 0.42  cm–1 .
3. The graph between V and is a straight line.
PRECAUTIONS AND SOURCES OF ERRORS
1. Draw the circuit diagram before making the connections.
2. While making the connections, key should be open.
3. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand-paper before making the connec-
tions.
4. All the connections and the key should be tight.
5. Plug in the key only while recording the observations.
6. Zero error in ammeter and voltmeter should be carefully recorded.
7. The ammeter should always be connected in series in the circuit while the voltemeter
should be connected in parallel with the resistance wire.
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Back Page
Exp-2 Circuit Diagram
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EXPERIMENT – 2
AIM :–To determine the internal resistance of a given primary cell using a potenti-
ometer.
APPARATUS :– Potentiometer, Given primary cell, storage battery, galvanometer, amme-
ter, rheostat, resistance box, two one-way keys, jockey, connecting wires and sand paper.
THEORY :– In the circuit shown, E is a cell of internal resistance r and emf E. When the
key K is closed, E drives a current in circuit.
 E = (R + r) = R + r = V + r
Where V is the potential difference across external resistance R.

  E 
 r=   r   V  1 R
V/  

If l1 and l2 are balancing lengths of potentiometer wire for E and V respectively,,

l  l l 
then r   1  1 R  1 2R
l
 2   l2 
OBSERVATION TABLE :– For internal resistance

S.No Ammeter Position of null point Shunt Internal

Reading Without shunt With shunt Resistance Resistance
l1 cm l2 cm R l l 
 1 2R
 l2 
1. 0.1 327 21 1  14.57 
2. 0.1 306 38 2  14.10 
3. 0.1 292 50 3  14.52 

14.57  14.10  14.52

Mean Value of r =  14.39 
3

RESULT :– The internal resistance of the given cell 14.39 

PRECAUTIONS AND SOURCES OF ERROR :–
1. The ends of the connecting wires should be cleaned with a sand paper before
making connections;
2. The connections should be tight.
3. The emf of battery E1 should be greater than the emf E of the primary cell.
4. The current should be passed for minimum possible time.
5. The positive terminals of battery as well as the primary cell should be connected to
the same end. (zero cm) of the potentiometer wire.
6. The jockey should not be slided on the potentiometer wire as it would change the
cross-section of the wire. It should be pressed gently and momentarily on the wire
at different positions to find the balance points.
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Exp-3 Circuit Diagram Back Page
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EXPERIMENT – 3
AIM :–To compare the electromotive force of two given primary cells using a poten-
tiometer.
APPARATUS :– Potentiometer, galvanometer, rheostat, a one – way key, a two - way key,
jockey, connecting wires, sand paper, a Lechlanche cell, a Daniel cell, ammeter & a sec-
ondary cell.
THEORY :– Potentiometer works on the principle that for a conducting wire of uniform
cross section area carrying steady current, the potential difference across a given length
of the wire is directly proportional to the length.
If two cells of e.m.f.s E1 and E2 are balanced by lengths l1 and l2 respectively of potenti-
ometer wire then, we have
E1 l1

E2 l2

OBSERVATION TABLE :– For balancing length

S.No Ammeter l1 l2 E1 l1

reading (For Lechlanche cell) (For Daniel cell) E2 l 2
1. 5A 453.5 cm 270 cm 453
 1.67
270
2. 5A 454.4 cm 272 cm 454.4
 1.67
272
3. 5A 457.0 cm 279.0 cm 457
 1.63
279

1.67  1.67  1.63

Mean =  1.65
3

E1
RESULT :– The ratio of EMF’s,  1.65
E2
PRECAUTIONS AND SOURCES OF ERROR :
1. The ends of the connecting wires should be cleaned with a sand - paper.
2. All the connections should be tight.
3. The emf of the battery E should be greater than the emf of the cells E 1 and E2.
4. While recording one complete set of observations, the current should remain con-
stant.
5. The current should be passed for minimum possible time.
6. The positive terminals of all the three cells should be connected to the zero cm end
of the potentiometer wire.
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Back Page
Exp-4 Circuit Diagram
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EXPERIMENT – 4
AIM :–To determine resistance of a given wire using metre bridge and hence deter-
mine the specific resistance of its material.
APPARATUS :– Metre bridge, the given wire, connecting wires, sand-paper, key, cell,
resistance box, galvanometer, jockey, metre scale, screw gauge, wire cutter.
THEORY :– The metre bridge works on the principle of Wheatstone bridge. It consists of
four resistances P, Q, R and S connected in the circuit as shown in Fig. It can be used to
determine any one of the four resistances in terms of the remaining three.

For a balanced bridge with the keys K and K1 closed, no current flows through the galva-
P R
nometer and in this condition, we have 
Q S
Metre bridge, also called slide wire bridge, is a practical form of Wheatstone bridge.
If R and S are the resistances in the gaps ab and cd of the bridge and B is the balanced
R resistance of wire AB
point on a wire of uniform diameter, we have 
S resistance of wire BC
where AC = 100 cm is a constant or manganing wire of uniform area of cross section and
resistances of AB and BC are proportional to their lengths

l  100  l 
    
100  l  l 
If ‘L’ is the length and r the radius of the resistance wire S, then

L S. r2 S  D2
S   
r2 L 4L
where  is specific resistance of the material of the wire.
OBSERVATIONS :– Table for unknown resistance

S.No Resistance from Length Length Unknown

the resistance box AB = l cm BC = (100 – l ) cm Resistance
R (ohm)  100  l 
S  R 
 l 
1 1 14 86 6.14
2 2 25 75 6.00
3 3 33 67 6.09
4 4 39 61 6.25
5 5 45 55 6.11
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Table for diameter of wire D :–

S.No Linear Circular Scale Reading Observed diameter

Scale No. of circular Value b = n × L.C D=a+b
Reading scale division (mm)
a (mm) coinciding of ref.
Line (n)
1 0 12 12 × 0.01 = 0.12 0 + 0.12 = 0.12
2. 0 14 14 × 0.01 = 0.14 0 + 0.14 = 0.14
3. 0 16 16 × 0.01 = 0.16 0 + 0.16 = 0.16

CALCULATION :– 1. Length of Wire = 15 cm

2. Mean value of unknown resistance
6.14  6.00  6.09  6.25  6.11
  6.11 
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0.12  0.14  0.16
3. Mean value of diameter   0.14 mm  0.14  10 –3 m
3

S  r 2 S  D2
4. For specific Resistance :–   
L 4L

6.11 3.14  (0.14  10 –3 )2

  0.0063  10 –4  m  6.3  10 –7  m
4  15  10 –2

RESULT : 1. The value of unknown resistance = 6.11 

2. Specific resistance (Resistivity) of material of the given wire  6.3  10 –7 m
PRECAUTIONS & SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Draw the circuit diagram before making connections.
2. The connections should be neat and clean.
3. The plugs of the resistance box should be tight
4. The balance point should lie between 40 cm and 60 cm
5. The resistance wire should not be allowed to form a loop.
6. The current should be passed for minimum possible time.