HAWLER MEDICAL UNIVERSITY

NURSING DEPARTMENT

EPILEPSY

PREPRED BY STUDENT:
XABAT JABAR
SUPERVISED BY:
DR. ADNAN

2020-2021
 Contents
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 1
Cystoscopy ................................................................................................................................................... 1
Types of cystoscopy ..................................................................................................................................... 2
Complications of cystoscopy can include: ................................................................................................. 2
The nurse should note of the following nursing care after cystoscopy: ................................................. 3
Diagnostic Cystoscopy ................................................................................................................................ 3
After a rigid cystoscopy: ............................................................................................................................. 4
How long does it take to heal from cystoscopy? ....................................................................................... 4
How you prepare ......................................................................................................................................... 5
Anesthesia .................................................................................................................................................... 5
The cystoscopy procedure .......................................................................................................................... 6
References .................................................................................................................................................... 7
Introduction
A cystoscopy is a procedure to look inside the bladder using a thin camera called a cystoscope. A
cystoscope is inserted into the urethra (the tube that carries pee out of the body) and passed into
the bladder to allow a doctor or nurse to see inside.

Cystoscopy
During a cystoscopy, a urinary tract specialist (urologist) uses a scope to view the inside of the
bladder and urethra. Doctors use cystoscopy to diagnose and treat urinary tract problems. These
problems include bladder cancer, bladder control issues, enlarged prostates and urinary tract
infections.

1|Page
Types of cystoscopy

There are 2 types of cystoscopy:

Flexible cystoscopy – a thin (about the width of a pencil), bendy cystoscope is used, and
you stay awake while it’s carried out
Rigid cystoscopy – a slightly wider cystoscope that does not bend is used, and you’re
either put to sleep or the lower half of your body is numbed while it’s carried out

Complications of cystoscopy can include:

Infection. Rarely, cystoscopy can introduce germs into your urinary tract,
causing an infection. Fever, strange smelling urine, nausea, and lower back
pain are all symptoms of infection. You might need antibiotics.

Bleeding. Cystoscopy might cause some blood in your urine. ...

Pain. After the procedure, you might experience abdominal pain and a
burning sensation when you urinate.

2|Page
The nurse should note of the following nursing care after cystoscopy:

Monitor and record vital signs. …

Assess the patient’s ability to void at least 24 hours after the procedure. …
Observe the color of urine. …
Encourage increased fluid intake as indicated. …
Encourage deep breathing exercises.
An increase in pulse (tachycardia) and a decrease in blood pressure (hypotension) may
indicate a sign of hemorrhage.

Diagnostic Cystoscopy

Assess the function of the kidneys by taking a urine specimen through ureteral catheters.
Assess changes in urinary elimination patterns.
Differentiate between benign and malignant bladder lesions.
Identify the source of hematuria.
Investigate the cause of recurrent urinary tract infection

3|Page
After a rigid cystoscopy:

1. rest at home for a day or two – you may need to take a couple of days off work.

2. make sure someone stays with you for the first 24 hours.

3. do not drive or drink alcohol for at least 24 hours.

How long does it take to heal from cystoscopy?

These symptoms should get better in 1 or 2 days. You will probably be able to go back to work
or most of your usual activities in 1 or 2 days. This care sheet gives you a general idea about how
long it will take for you to recover. But each person recovers at a different pace.

4|Page
How you prepare
You might be asked to:

Take antibiotics. Your doctor might prescribe antibiotics to take before and after
cystoscopy, especially if you have trouble fighting off infections.
Wait to empty your bladder. Your doctor might order a urine test before your
cystoscopy. Wait to empty your bladder until you get to your appointment in case you
need to give a urine sample.

Anesthesia
is a way to control pain using anesthetic medicine. Anesthetics are used to numb a specific area
of the body (local and regional anesthesia) or to cause a person to be unconscious and not have
pain during a procedure such as surgery (general anesthesia).

Local anesthesia numbs just a small area of tissue where a minor procedure is to be
done.

Regional anesthesia numbs a larger (but still limited) part of the body and does not make
the person unconscious. Sometimes medicine is added to help the person relax or fall
asleep. Spinal and epidural anesthesia are examples of regional anesthesia.

General anesthesia affects the entire body and makes the person unconscious. The
unconscious person is completely unaware of what is going on and does not feel pain
from the surgery or procedure. General anesthesia medicines can be injected into a vein
or inhaled.

5|Page
The cystoscopy procedure

Just before the cystoscopy, you need go to the bathroom to empty your bladder.
Then, you change into a surgical gown and lie down on your back on a treatment table.
Your feet may be positioned in stirrups.
The nurse may provide you with antibiotics to help prevent a bladder infection.
At this point, you’ll be given anesthesia. If you get general anesthesia, this will be all that
you are conscious of until you wake up. If you get a local or regional anesthetic, you may
also be given a sedative to relax you. Your urethra will be numbed with an anesthetic
spray or gel. You’ll still feel some sensations, but the gel makes the procedure less
painful. The doctor will lubricate the scope with gel and carefully insert it into the
urethra. This may burn slightly, and it may feel like urinating.
If the procedure is investigatory, your doctor will use a flexible scope. Biopsies or other
surgical procedures require a slightly thicker, rigid scope. The bigger scope allows
surgical instruments to pass through it.
Your doctor looks through a lens as the scope enters your bladder. A sterile solution also
flows through to flood your bladder. This makes it easier for your doctor to see what’s
going on. The fluid might give you an uncomfortable feeling of needing to urinate.
With local anesthesia, your cystoscopy may take less than five minutes. If you’re sedated
or given general anesthesia, the entire procedure may take 15 to 30 minutes.

6|Page
References

Ramai D, Zakhia K, Etienne D, Reddy M. Philipp Bozzini (1773-1809): The earliest

description of endoscopy. J Med Biogr. 2018 May;26(2):137-141. [PubMed]

Quayle SS, Ames CD, Lieber D, Yan Y, Landman J. Comparison of optical resolution
with digital and standard fiberoptic cystoscopes in an in vitro model. Urology. 2005
Sep;66(3):489-93. [PubMed]

Okhunov Z, Hruby GW, Mirabile G, Marruffo F, Lehman DS, Benson MC, Gupta M,
Landman J. Prospective comparison of flexible fiberoptic and digital cystoscopes.
Urology. 2009 Aug;74(2):427-30. [PubMed]

Wolf JS, Bennett CJ, Dmochowski RR, Hollenbeck BK, Pearle MS, Schaeffer AJ.,
Urologic Surgery Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Best Practice Policy Panel. Best practice
policy statement on urologic surgery antimicrobial prophylaxis. J Urol. 2008
Apr;179(4):1379-90. [PubMed]

Aaronson DS, Walsh TJ, Smith JF, Davies BJ, Hsieh MH, Konety BR. Meta-analysis:
does lidocaine gel before flexible cystoscopy provide pain relief? BJU Int. 2009
Aug;104(4):506-9; discussion 509-10. [PubMed]

7|Page