PERTEMUAN 6

The Endocrine System

 Endocrine is NOT Exocrine
• Exocrine glands secrete their products into
ducts.
– Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
– Sebaceous (oil) glands
– Mucous glands
– Digestive glands

None of these are hormones!

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 What is the
endocrine
system?

The endocrine system is made up of glands and the

hormones they secrete. Although the endocrine
glands are the primary hormone producers, the
brain, heart, lungs, liver, skin, thymus,
gastrointestinal mucosa, and placenta also produce
and release hormones.
 What is the endocrine system?
The primary
endocrine glands are
the pituitary (the
master gland),
pineal, thyroid,
parathyroid, islets of
Langerhans,
adrenals, ovaries in
the female and testes
in the male.

The function of the endocrine system is the

production and regulation of chemical
substances called hormones.
 Endocrine Glands
• Endocrine glands secrete hormones.
– Do not have ducts
– Secrete their hormones directly into the
interstitial fluid that surrounds them.
– The hormones then diffuse into the blood stream
through capillaries and are carried to target cells
throughout the body.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Endocrine Glands/Organs

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Endocrine Glands & Organs
• Classic Glands • Organs w/ Endocrine
– Pituitary Functions
– Thyroid – Brain
– Parathyroid – Heart
– Islets of Langerhans – Liver
– Adrenal Glands – GI Tract
– Gonads – Kidneys
– Placenta – Adipose (fat)
 Secretions of the
thymus…
The thymus gland has
two lobes, and is part
of the lymphatic
system. It is a
ductless gland, and
secretes thymosin.
This is necessary for
the Thymus’ normal
production of T cells
for the immune
system.
Chemical Messenger Classifications
• Chemical messenger is any substance
produced by a cell that plays a physiological
role in the control of the activity of a another
cell.
• Hormon adalah setiap zat yang diuraikan oleh
satu sel untuk mengatur sel lain dan dapat
disampaikan dalam rute endokrin, parakrin,
autokrin atau femoral.
But what about all those neuro messengers?
 “Neuro Is As Neuro Does”
• Neurotransmitters are released
by neurons and travel only
across the synaptic
cleft/neuromuscular junction
• Neuromodulators are released
by neurons to affect other
neurons but are not
immediately taken up or
metabolized like NTs
• Neurohormones are hormones
produced by a nerve cell and
released into the blood to reach
their target cells
Control by the Nervous and Endocrine
Systems
• The nervous and endocrine systems act
together to coordinate all systems of the body.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Credit: Dr. Michael Ormsbee, Florida State University
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Hormone Delivery Review
• Endokrin di mana pembawa pesan dibawa
melalui darah.
• Neuroendokrin di mana hormon yang
dilepaskan oleh saraf dibawa oleh darah.
• Parakrin di mana hormon yang dilepaskan
berdifusi ke sel target yang berdekatan
melalui ruang ekstraseluler langsung.
• Autokrin di mana hormon dapat memberi
umpan balik ke sel asal untuk mengatur
pelepasannya sendiri.
 Continued
• Neuromodulator adalah hormon yang
memodulasi respons neuron terhadap
neurotransmitter atau hormon lainnya. (semua
bertindak sebagai loop umpan balik NM)
• Feromon adalah pembawa pesan kimia yang
dilepaskan ke bagian luar satu hewan untuk
merangsang respons pada anggota lain dari
spesies yang sama.
• Chalones (K-lone) adalah penghambat mitosis
seluler diduga
• Faktor pertumbuhan adalah peptida mitogenik
yang kemudian dikenal sebagai hormon.
 Hormone Activity
Hormones are either:
• Lipid-soluble
– Steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, nitric oxide (NO)

• Water-soluble
– Amine hormones, peptide and protein hormones,
eicosanoid hormones

• Water-soluble hormones circulate freely in the plasma;

Lipid-soluble hormones circulate bound to transport
proteins.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Credit: Dr. Michael Ormsbee, Florida State University
Where Do Hormones Come From?

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Where Do Hormones Come From?

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Physiological Role of Hormones
A.K.A. : What do hormones do?
1. Hormones affect cellular synthesis and
secretion of other hormones within other
endocrine glands and neurons.
2. Hormones affect anabolic and catabolic
processes.
3. Hormones affect contraction, relaxation, and
metabolism of muscle.
 Continued
4. Hormones control reproductive processes
such as gondal differentiation, maturation, and
gametogenesis.

5. Hormones stimulate and inhibit cellular

proliferation, thus affecting growth. Hormones
regulate cell division and differentiation of the
fertilized egg.
 Continued Some More
6. Hormones regulate the excretion and
reabsorption of inorganic cations and ions.

7. Hormones have a permissive action on other

hormones

8. Hormones play an important part in animal

behavior.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SCV_m91m
N-Q
Bagaimana Hormon Mengerahkan Pengaruhnya??
Short answer: RECEPTORS

• Receptors (proteins or glycoproteins) provide

specificity for hormone-cell interaction.
• Reseptor dapat berupa komponen membran
sel atau reseptor sitosol atau nukleus.
(steroid/tiroid/vitamin d)
• Cells do not possess receptors for all
hormones but rather have a limited number
of receptor types.
 Hormone Activity
• Hormones traveling throughout the body will
only affect target cells that possess specific
protein receptors.
• Receptors are continually being synthesized
and broken down.
• Receptors may be down-regulated in the
presence of high concentrations of hormone.
• Receptors may be up-regulated in the
presence of low concentrations of hormone.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Mechanisms of Hormone Action
Lipid-soluble
hormones bind to
receptors within
target cells.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Mechanisms of Hormone Action
Water-soluble hormones
bind to receptors on the
exterior surface of the
target cell.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Mechanisms of Hormone Action
How a target cell responds to a hormone is
based on:
– The hormone’s concentration in the blood
– The number of hormone receptors on the target
cell
– Influences exerted by other hormones
– Some hormones work more effectively when a
second hormone is present to assist them
(synergistic effect).
– Some hormones oppose the action of others
(antagonistic effect).
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Control of Hormone Secretion
Hormones are secreted in short bursts when
needed.
Secretion is regulated by:
– Signals from the nervous system
– Chemical changes in the blood
– Other hormones

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Control of Hormone Secretion
Most hormone regulation
is achieved via negative
feedback.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Control of Hormone Secretion
A few hormones operate
via positive feedback.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Hormones…

The pituitary gland has 2

lobes…

The endocrine system and nervous system work together

to help maintain homeostasis… balance. The
hypothalamus is a collection of specialized cells located in
the brain, and is the primary link between the two
systems. It produces chemicals that either stimulate or
suppress hormone secretions of the pituitary gland.
Secretions from the anterior
pituitary gland…
Growth Hormone
(GH): essential for
the growth and
development of
bones, muscles, and
other organs. It also
enhances protein
synthesis,
decreases the use of
glucose, and
promotes fat
destruction.
Secretions from the anterior
pituitary gland…
Adrenocorticotropin
(TRŌ pun) (ACTH):
essential for the
growth of the
adrenal cortex.

Thyroid-Stimulating
Hormone (TSH):
essential for the growth
and development of the
thyroid gland.
 Secretions from the anterior
pituitary gland…
Follicle-Stimulating
Hormone (FSH): is a
gonadotropic hormone.

It stimulates the
growth ovarian
follicles in the female
and the production of
sperm in the male.
Secretions from the anterior
pituitary gland… Luteinizing
The yellow corpus luteum
remains after ovulation; it
produces estrogen and
progesterone.
Hormone (LH): is a
gonadotropic
hormone
stimulating the
development of
corpus luteum in
the female ovarian
follicles and the
production of
testosterone in the
male.
Secretions from the anterior
pituitary gland… Prolactin (PRL):
stimulates the
development and
growth of the
mammary glands
and milk production
during pregnancy.

The sucking motion of the

baby stimulates prolactin
secretion.
Secretions from the anterior
pituitary gland…
Melanocyte-stimulating
hormone (MSH): regulates skin
pigmentation and promotes
the deposit of melanine in the
skin after exposure to sunlight
Secretions from the posterior lobe of
the pituitary gland…
Antidiuretic
Hormone (ADH):
stimulates the
reabsorption of
water by the
renal tubules.
Hyposecretion
of this hormone
can result in
diabetes
insipidus.
Secretions from the posterior lobe of
the pituitary gland…
Oxytocin: stimulates
the uterus to contract
during labor, delivery,
and parturition. A
synthetic version of
this hormone, used
to induce labor, is
called Pitocin. It also
stimulates the
mammary glands to
release milk.
Secretions from the pineal gland…
The pineal gland is pine-cone-shaped
and only about 1 cm in diameter.
Melatonin: communicates
information about
environmental lighting
to various parts of the
body. Has some effect
on sleep/awake cycles
and other biological
events connected to
them, such as a lower
production of gastric
secretions at night.
Secretions from the pineal gland…
Serotonin: a
neurotransmitter that
regulates intestinal
movements and affects
appetite, mood, sleep, anger,
and metabolism.
 Secretions of the thyroid gland…
The thyroid gland plays a
vital role in metabolism
and regulates the body’s
metabolic processes.

Calcitonin: influences
bone and calcium
metabolism;
maintains a
homeostasis of
calcium in the blood
plasma
 Secretions of the thyroid gland…
Thyroxine (T4) and
triodothyronine (T3):
essential to BMR – basal
metabolic rate (the rate at
which a person’s body
burns calories while at rest);
influences physical/mental
development and growth
Hyposecretion of T3 and T4 = cretinism,
myxedema, Hashimoto’s disease

Hypersecretion of T3 and T4 = Grave’s disease,

goiter, Basedow’s disease
Secretions of the parathyroid gland…

The two pairs of

parathyroid glands are
located on the dorsal or
back side of the thyroid
gland. They secrete
parathyroid (PTH) which
plays a role in the
metabolism of phosphorus.
Too little results in
cramping; too much
results in osteoporosis or
kidney stones.
The islets of Langerhans…

The islets of Langerhans are small clusters of

cells located in the pancreas.
Secretions from the islets of
Langerhans… Beta cells secrete the
hormone insulin, which is
Alpha cells essential for the maintenance
facilitate the of normal blood sugar levels.
breakdown of Inadequate levels result in
glycogen to diabetes mellitus.
glucose. This
elevates the blood
sugar.

Delta cells suppress

the release of
glucagon and
insulin.
The adrenal glands…
The triangular-
shaped adrenal
glands are
located on the
top of each
kidney. The
inside is called
the medulla and
the outside layer
is called the
cortex.
Secretions from the
adrenal cortex…
Cortisol: regulates
carbohydrate, protein, and fat
metabolism; has an anti-
inflammatory effect; helps
the body cope during times of
stress
Hyposecretion results Corticosterone: like
in Addison’s disease; cortisol, it is a
hypersecretion steroid; influences
results in Cushing’s potassium and
disease sodium metabolism
Secretions from the adrenal cortex…
Aldosterone: essential in regulating
electrolyte and water balance by
promoting sodium and chloride
retention and potassium excretion.

Androgens: several
hormones including
testosterone; they
promote the
development of
secondary sex
characteristics in
the male.
Secretions from the adrenal
medulla…

Dopamine is used
to treat shock. It
dilates the
arteries, elevates
systolic blood
pressure,
increases cardiac
output, and
increases urinary
output.
 Secretions
from the
adrenal
medulla…

Epinephrine is also called adrenalin. It elevates

systolic blood pressure, increases heart rate and
cardiac output, speeds up the release of glucose
from the liver… giving a spurt of energy, dilates
the bronchial tubes and relaxes airways, and
dilates the pupils to see more clearly. It is often
used to counteract an allergic reaction.
 Secretions from the
adrenal medulla…

Norepinefrin, seperti epinefrin, dilepaskan ketika tubuh

sedang stres. Ini menciptakan pengaruh yang mendasari
dalam respon melawan atau lari. Sebagai obat, dapat
memicu penurunan detak jantung.
 Secretions of the ovaries…
The ovaries produce
several estrogen hormones
and progesterone. These
hormones prepare the
uterus for pregnancy,
promote the development
of mammary glands, play a
role in sex drive, and
develop secondary sex
characteristics in the
female.
Estrogen is essential for the growth, development,
and maintenance of female sex organs.
 Secretions of the testes…
The testes produce
the male sex
hormone called
testosterone. It is
essential for normal
growth and
development of the
male sex organs.
Testosterone is
responsible for the
erection of the
penis.
 Secretions of the placenta…
During pregnancy, the
placenta serves as an
endocrine gland.

It produces
chorionic
gonadotropin
hormone,
estrogen, and
progesterone.
 Secretions of the gastrointestinal
mucosa…
The mucosa
of the pyloric
area of the
stomach
secretes the
hormone
gastrin, which
stimulates the
production of
gastric acid
for digestion.
 Secretions of the gastrointestinal
mucosa…
Mukosa
duodenum dan
jejunum
mengeluarkan
hormon
sekretin, yang
merangsang
getah pankreas,
empedu, dan
sekresi usus.
TERIMAKASIH