Quarter 1 CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

LESSON 5 SAMPLE PARTS

In this module, you will see examples on the parts of chapter 1. You can use the examples as your basis and guide
in crafting the first chapter of your research paper.

To be guided and be reminded, these are the parts of chapter 1 both in Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Methods:

 Introduction
 Problem and It’s setting
 Hypothesis or Assumptions
 Scope and Delimitation
 Significance of the Study
 Definition of Terms

INTRODUCTION
The introduction is where we discuss the background of the study. Discussing the global, national, and local status of
the problem using valid literature from previous research and other relevant materials. There are options on how we
construct the introduction, we can use the inverted pyramid method you learned in the module or the method
prescribed in the book of Cristobal and Cristobal (2017).

Inverted Pyramid (Cristobal and Cristobal 2017)

Global Setting: discuss relevant literature
National Setting: state relevant literature and /or
research gap
Local Setting: Discuss the local relevant issue
Objective: Answer the question; What is your goal in
your research?
Purpose: Answer the question; How can the results
of the research be helpful?
answer the questions
What is the rationale of the problem? What is the
reason for conducting the study?
What is the setting of the problem? What is the
locale of the study?
What is the basic literature foundation of the study?
What is the general objective of the problem?
What is the overall purpose of the study?

SAMPLE 1: INVERTED PYRAMID STRUCTURE

Policies affecting the motivation of Junior High School teachers of Tupi National High School, Hatulan et
al. (2020)

Every educational institution has policies governing the practices of

the faculty staff, especially the performance of its educators. Schools have
The Global/general
laws for the faculty in terms of professional development; absences, discussion of the problem of
the study
tardiness and short-term or long-term leave; benefits; and recognition that
not only contribute to the betterment of their teaching capabilities, but also
with how they showcase their professionalism to the beneficiaries of their
field of expertise.

General discussion and

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 The designated policies for teachers impart a wide substance to presentation of relevant
the performance of instructing strategies of the educators. In relation to literature /literary foundation
this, it significantly influences the education of the learners. According to
Pearson Education (2018), expert instructors are more likely to diligently
undertake the improvement of the laws that strategize not only the
performance of teachers in classrooms, but also the handling of the faculty
staff in the campus.

In Tupi National High School, a school in the province of South

National / Locale discussion:
In this part, the writer
Cotabato and the municipality of Tupi, many teachers, particularly the narrowed the discussion to
educators from the department of Junior High School, are experiencing the its provincial setting without
discussing the national
effect of school policies not only during work hours, but also during non-
setting of the topic/problem.
working hours.

In the faculty of the Junior High School department of Tupi

National High School in Tupi, South Cotabato, the school teachers are
significantly influenced by the strictly implemented policies laid on them.
For the professional development of the teachers, They are exposed to
different fields such as coaching competitions, delegating conferences as
attendees or speakers of certain topics, organizing an event by hosting
Locale discussion of the
people from different local or national schools, and representing the school
setting: Here, the writer
for seminars. In relation to both professional development and promotion, narrowed the discussion
they are required to take up a master's or doctoral degree. For absences,
even more to the immediate
locale or the target locale of
tardiness, and misbehavior, the consideration of the school in terms of the research.
existing diseases or sickness, and the respect for personal issues or
problems are what being respected in their presence or absence during
their time of work. However, salary deduction is imposed in cases of
tardiness and in some cases of absences. For the benefits, the satisfaction
of teachers is being considered in order for them to acquire the reward from
their teaching. For the recognition, educators who have been exhibiting a
different level of excellence are given a remarkable acknowledgement.

The result of this study determined how the implemented policies

among the faculty members affect their job motivation to their work The Research objective and
performance. This study will show how the educators, particularly from the research purpose were
junior high school department, are being affected by the rules governing
presented and discussed.

their working fulfilment in their fields. This will also provide assistance and
guidance to different educational institutions, and the Department of

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Education (DepEd) as to giving consideration to the policies that they must
be upholding, and how their existing policies are affecting their faculty. This
will also benefit future researchers that will rely on this study, the school
that will be conducted by the study, the readers of this study, people who
need guidance involving this study, and of course the researchers who
conducted the study.

SAMPLE 2 : THE STRUCTURE OF THE INTRODUCTION BASED ON THE BOOK OF CRISTOBAL AND
CRISTOBAL (2017)

The rationale could be a narration

As a grade 12 student, Arjun David, experienced some difficulties in of personal experience, description
performing well because of various factors such as the attitude of his teachers as of a news article, or a statistical
well as their teaching methods, the absence of laboratory facilities, and inadequacy data.
of books in the library. He is having difficulties in his quizzes and class performance.

Puting Capunitan elementary school is one of the barrio schools in Orion The discussion of the setting is
simply giving a short but relevant
Bataan where most enrollees are from disadvantaged families whose immediate
description of where you will
ancestors are either labor or fisher folks. This school is one of the schools with conduct study.
poorly performing students in their division according to the department of
education.

As a teaching is considered to be a complex activity (Medley, as cited in Identify the most relevant literature
Iqbal,1996), the scholars and researchers in the field of education have since long and discuss it in this part, clarifying
and elaborating the topic
been exploring into and analyzing in the teaching phenomenon. Teaching is an
arrangement and manipulation of a situation in which a learner tries to overcome the
learning problems. Teaching is also a multidimensional set of activities intended to
facilitate learning (Torrington et al., 2003). However , it is universally recognized that
teacher’s instructional performance plays a key role in students learning and
academic achievement (Panda and Mohanty, 2003).

Based on the DepEd division memo series 2012 , among the 12 schools Narrate the problem faced by
are the most poorly performing students, Puting Capunitan elementary schools the locale or the participants in
ranked 12th . the locale.

With the above-mentioned scenario and situations, it is the main objective This is basically your purpose
of the researcher to determine the common reasons of the poor performance of the statement
students. Therefore , the research findings on that objective become the basis of an
intervention program for school effectiveness .

This is mainly for the purpose of letting the students acquire the needed Here, you just need to
competencies before graduation and enabling the school to perform better in the comprehensively state how the
regional achievement examinations . study will be useful.

NOTE: The examples here are simply excerpts of each part of the introduction. Basically, the introduction must
consist of at least 2-and-a-half-page discussion.

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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The statement of a problem is a part of the research paper where we write our purpose statement (the general goal
on the study) and the research questions. The purpose statement must contain the following elements:

 Opening statement (the purpose of this study, the objective of this study, the goal of this study…)
 Measurable verb (compare, identify, determine, compare, relate, etc.)
 Variables or the central phenomenon
 Participants
 Locale
 Duration

HYPOTHESIS AND ASSUMPTIONS

Hypothesis and Assumptions in general are the same; both of them are used to answer the questions stated in the
statement of the problem.

Hypothesis Assumptions
Quantitative Quantitative
Hypothesis is a prediction Assumptions are basically beliefs and ideas that we hold
true
Can be statistically tested and may be accepted or Often with little or no evidence and are not statistically
rejected tested in research
Predictions about the relationship of two or more Beliefs about the phenomenon
variables
Predict a relationship between variables and statistically Based on the beliefs, the researchers attempt to
tested to conclude the study discover and understand the phenomenon

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

The scope and delimitation taken together is the limits established by the researcher for the study. For the research
to be objective, the researcher must identify the focus of the study and disregard the other aspects that is not
particularly important. The Scope of the study is determined by the selection of variables that the research study will
focus on. In writing the scope of the study, one must just state and define the variables used in the study. The
delimitation of the study, taken separately, describes the various limitations that arose during the design and conduct
of the research. In writing this section, here are the limitations that needs to be considered;

 Sample size: The number of participants needed in a study

 Lack of prior studies: State the research gap (what is not studied before regarding the topic)
 Chosen data collection method: e.g. interview, survey, observation, experiment
 Nature of the information collected: primary data and/or secondary data

SAMPLE 1

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 This study focused on three major variables: conduct of clinical supervision; common State the goal and
responses to the classroom observation, and the level of performance. the gist of the
study

The conduct of clinical supervision concentrated in the areas of diversity of learners;

content and pedagogy; and planning, assessing and reporting learner’s outcomes. The content State the scope by
and pedagogy as a sub-variable was sub-divided into teacher behavior in actual teaching and specifying and
describing the
learner’s behavior in the classroom. The common responses of the elementary teachers with variables in your
respect to the classroom observation was assessed before, during, and after the conduct of the study
said activity. Lastly, the level of performance was determined through the result of the
competency-based performance appraisal system for teachers.

The fourteen elementary schools in the District of Limay were the schools where the Delimit the locale
study was conducted. These elementary schools were the alangan ES, Arsenal ES, Bacong ES, and the
Bliss ES, Carbon ES, Duale ES, Gabaldon ES, Kinaragan ES, Kitang ES, Lamao ES, Bo. Lus ES, participants
Peas ES and St. Francis ES. The principals and Grade-IV teachers of the abovementioned
schools served as the respondents of the study.

This study utilized important documents and the competency-based performance Delimit method of
appraisal System. data collection

SAMPLE 2 (David, 2014)

State the goal and
This study focused mainly on the financial literacy, profile, and work performance of public the gist of the study
elementary school teachers in the first congressional district of Bataan, school year 2013 -2014.

Financial literacy level of teachers was limited only to financial knowledge, attitudes, and State the scope by
behaviors. Teacher's profile was delimited to gender, age, educational attainment, civil status, and specifying and
income. The work performance of teachers was analyzed and included in this study through the describing the
variables in your
Competency-Based Performance Appraisal System (CB-PAST). instructional competence; school, study and the
home, community linkages; personal; and social growth; professional characteristics were the methods of data
components and performance standards of the CB-PAST that were included in the study. gathering.

The study was delimited to seven (7) districts in the province of Bataan namely, Abucay, Delimit the locale and
Dinalupihan East, Dinalupihan West, Hermosa, Morong, Orani, and Samal. there was an exclusion the participants
of non-complete elementary due to problems such as accessibility of transportation. teachers
teaching in the pre-elementary schools under the Provincial School Board and Local School Board
and those who were teaching as substitutes and did not have permanent items we're not included.
Teachers teaching in private institutions we're not included in the study most of these schools them
did not have the CB-PAST to rate the performance of their teachers.

SAMPLE 3
The Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Competencies of School Managers: Basis for the Foundation of the Human Relation
Intervention (Cristobal, 2003)

The study assessed the intrapersonal and interpersonal competencies of the school State the goal and
the gist of the study
managers in the division of Bataan, school year 2001 to 2002. The school managers that were

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 included in the study were the secondary school principals and head teachers of big national and delimit the
high schools in the division. moreover, teacher respondents included only the teachers who are locale and the
participants
teaching Teknolohiya, Edukasyong Pangkabuhayan, at Pantahanan subject.

Robbins (1996) enumerated the intrapersonal competency was measured by the

variables as enumerated. According to him, the most powerful predictors of behavior in an
organization are the following specific personality traits: locus of control; Machiavellianism; self- State the scope by
esteem; self-monitoring; risk taking; and personality. specifying and
describing the
Appodaca (1997) discuss the five aspects of the supervisor's role in order to maintain variables in your
good relationship with others. these aspects are management, learning and training aspect, study
motivation, developing positive employee attitudes, and problem solving techniques.

Finally, the school effectiveness variable was measured by the school manager's
profile, teacher’s performance, and school performance. some indicators of school performance
like the dropout, completion, survival, and achievement rates were based from the average
State the data to be
rating of 3 consecutive school years, SY 1999-2000 to SY 2001-2001. collected and the
method of data
A validated questionnaire checklist served as the main instrument of the study, a follow- collection
up interview was also used to clarify vague answers and documentary analysis was also
employed to answer the specific questions raised in the proposal.

SAMPLE 4
Problems of Middle Level Managers in State Universities and Colleges: Basis for the Development of a Management
Intervention Program (Muello, 2002)

This study was concerned with the development and evaluation of a management
intervention program after a thorough identification and analysis of conflicts/problems as State the focus and
experienced by middle — managers in Region IV state universities and colleges. Middle level the gist of the study
managers, such as deans, directors, chairmen and department heads, and principals, with at and delimit the
least two years of continuous service in the same institution, were the respondents of the study. locale and the
Personnel outside the main campus were not included since the problems they met were participants
perceived to resemble that of the mother units. Transportation constraints in the island provinces
turned out to be another problem, thus, other personnel in the other campuses were not
included.

This study produced an intervention program composed of a training package on leadership

and motivation. The said program is deemed important in developing the managerial skills of middle-level State the goal of the
managers in terms of their management functions such as planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. study and the
research process
It is assumed that their competencies will eventually be enhanced after developing the five-day seminar
workshops.

Prior to the conceptualization of the management intervention program, the data gathering Delimit the duration
procedure was conducted from January 1999 to June 1999. Open-ended questionnaires, interviews, and of the research
process, the
observations were used as data gathering instruments. research
instruments and the
data collection
method.

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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The Significance of the study is the part of the chapter 1 where you state what significant contributions the research
can make to the community or the academic field or discipline where the researcher is affiliated with. The
beneficiaries of the research must be stated one by one and the benefits they will got me be stipulated specifically.

SAMPLE 1
The Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Competencies of School Managers: Basis for the Formulation of the Human
Relation Intervention Program (Cristobal, 2003)

Studies on how to improve management competencies are numerous. However, the researcher focused on
the development of a human intervention program, which was evaluated by management experts. The human
relation intervention program considered the enhancement of the intrapersonal and interpersonal competencies of
school managers in the division of Bataan. Questionnaires were fielded first and interviews were done before the
intervention program was conceived.
The information generated from this research can provide the respondents, the school managers in the Division of
Bataan, with insights on how to enhance their human relation skills. The researcher can provide a database of information for
future reference. Likewise, the findings can showcase ideas and suggestions for the improvement of their management
competency, specifically in dealing with their subordinates and establishing good rapport and stable relationships. This can also
serve as a tool for school managers for self-analysis on how good they are as managers. Moreover, the assessment that was
conducted can serve as a guide for managers and teachers for a more effective discharge of their duties. It can also help
identify and clarify the problems and issues related to human relation, and can encourage the educational community to extend
more cooperation and support for school effectiveness.

Future administrators can gain insights in the development of their intrapersonal and interpersonal competencies.
Organizations and school officials can be provided with information in the necessity of upgrading the different competencies
through seminars, workshops, and in-service training and the like. Researchers can be motivated to make similar studies that
treat other variables not mentioned in the study. They can also profit from the result of this study since the paper presents a
framework that can be utilized in other institutions and localities.

SAMPLE 2
The Effects of Computer-assisted Instruction in the Performance of Students in Asian History and Civilization (Cuenca, 2008)

The findings of the study may provide deeper insights on how teaching can be made easier and more meaningful by
the use of computer-aided instruction. The study determined the significant effects of slide presentation in instruction, a form of
computer instruction on the performance of the students in the subjects Asian History and Civilization.

To the students, the results may serve as an inspiration for them to continuously improve their skills in using
computers because they will realize the comfort that computer skills offer in complying with the requirements of major subjects
in the coming years.

To the administrators, the results may serve as a guide in the program-planning and implementation of the IT
department so that they can be of great help to the teachers of the university.

To the teachers, the results may serve as an eye opener for those who are not comfortable on the use of computers in
their class lesson presentations. The findings of this study may encourage more of them to apply computer-aided instruction in
teaching.

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SAMPLE 3

This study will be greatly important to the following:

Pupils. As the center of educational system, pupils will benefit from this study if their teachers will enhance their work
performance by improving their financial literacy. Pupils will surely acquire the expected competencies they need to learn from
financially literate teachers. This can also provide pupils insights on how to improve their knowledge and skills in handling their
finances as exemplified by their financially literate teachers.

Teachers. This will provide the springboard for teachers to reflect on their knowledge, attitudes and behavior regarding
financial matters. Eventually they will become masters of their own financial games that will make them productive and
financially secure individuals. In effect, better work performance will be demonstrated by teachers for the betterment of their
learners.

School Administrators. This will provide school administration ideas on the importance of financial literacy to the work
performance of teachers. It will serve as a basis for them to develop programs that will enhance the financial knowledge,
attitude, and behavior of teachers. In addition, this will help them decide to include financial education as part of the basic
education curriculum. As Lusardi et al. (2009) said, people should be educated about financial matters as early as possible in
their lives. Financial education should start from the primary school and should be an integral part of good governance of
financial institutions to promote accountability and responsibility.

Parents. This will help them realize the importance of financial education in human life. This will lead them to educate
themselves financially for their own financial well-being. This will also motivate them to teach their children how to budget,
spend wisely, and save money as early as possible.

SAMPLE 4

The results of this study will greatly benefit the following:

Clinical Instructors. The results of the study will provide clinical instructors with research-based and computer-aided
information regarding the extent of their participation or engagement in infection control. From the results, they can identify
which areas they need to enhance and improve as well as the areas which have to be sustained for better implementation.

Head Nurses. This study will provide a clear picture of the performance of their subordinate nurses. This will enable
the head nurses to emphasize the supervision and coaching of the staff nurses so as to increase the level of performance of
the latter. Furthermore, this will determine the type of management skills that head nurses need to function effectively in the
organization and identify the areas in the current management practices that need to be worked up.

Nursing Personnel. This study will provide information on the extent of managerial skills that head nurses actually
employ. This can be realized if these nurses will be aware of their behaviors towards others which must be in accord with the
standard values of the nursing profession.

Other Researchers. This study will be a source of another problem of study or can be replicated using additional
variables in another locale or setting or with different respondents. This will result in possible research topics for their own
study. Enrichment or validation of the same variables is recommended for them to reinforce the results of this study. The
findings of this study can also serve as conceptual framework of their own study.

Note: "The Scope and Delimitation of the Study" and "The Significance of the Study" in the APA format are included in
the introduction which defines the terms and variables used in the research. Likewise, this introduction mentions how important
or significant the study is to the stakeholders especially when the problem is solved.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Is the section of the chapter 2 where the most important terms in the study are defined; usually these terms are found in your
title. In research, when we define the terms in this section, we should define it conceptually and operationally. 

 Conceptual definition is simply defined as the dictionary definition of a term. 

 Operational definition is simply defined as the description on how the terms is used in a study.

Below are the ways we define term we use in the study;

Terms that are defined conceptually:

Drugs. These may refer to a substance or mixture of substances used in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of
diseases or for the modification of physiological function or prevention of pregnancy and which is incorporate in an official list
(Chaudhurri, 2003)
Ethics. A branch of philosophy that addresses questions of right or wrong. It is a term that refers to the various ways
of understanding and examining moral life (Mappes, 2002).
Nursing process. It is a systematic process of assessment, planning, and validation in the practice of nursing
through evidence based on the scientific methods for observing, measuring, and gathering data, and analyzing the findings
(Doenges, 2006).
Study habits. The ways or activities an individual learns.

Terms that are defined operationally:

Academic institution. Operationally defined as referring to the Asia Pacific College Of Advanced Studies where the
nursing students are enrolled.
Leadership approaches. This refers to the approaches employed by the dean and which are categorized as
strategies, human assets, expertise, box, or change, and reflected in the respondents' answers measured by a Likert scale.
Leadership attributes. These pertain to the rating of deans in a questionnaire as to what they consider to be the most
important attribute or function of their position: personal integrity, willingness to accept responsibility, understanding people,
communication, selflessness, intuitions, vision, decision-making ability, or ability to simplify situations.

Leadership styles. These refer to the style of management practiced by the deans, which may be autocratic or
participative and measured by a Likert scale.

Study habits. As used in this research, these pertain to the routinary study methods utilized by students like
memorization, use of the Internet, going to the library, and peer review.

Terms that are defined conceptually and operationally:

Eating disorders. A group of behaviors fueled by unresolved emotional conflicts, resulting in altered food
consumption (Grodner, 2005). As used in this study, it pertains to the kind of food, frequency of eating, and amount of intake
or consumption.
Nosocomial infection. It is a hospital-acquired infection (Smith, 2005) In this study, the infection acquired in the
hospitals are confined in the medical and pediatric wards, and operating rooms.
Personality. It refers to the sum total of the qualities and characteristics of a person as shown in his/her manners
such as walking, talking, dressing, acting, attitudes, interest, and ways of reacting to other people, which are manifestations of
his/her behavior thoughts, and emotions.
Primigravida. A woman in her first pregnancy (Pilliteri, 2004). Operationally, it pertains to a mother who has given
birth at the Bataan General Hospital in the first quarter of 2009.

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