MORPHOLOGY

INDIVIDUAL PAPER
Submitted to fulfill assignment of Intoduction To General Linguistic I

LECTURER:

Fatin Nadifa Tarigan, S.Pd., M.Hum

by:

CUT RAUDAHTUL FITRI

180110003

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITAS PEMBINAAN MASYARAKAT INDONESIA
MEDAN
2019

COVER ...............................................................................................

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TABLE OF CONTENTS .....................................................................

ABSTRACT ........................................................................................

A. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1

B. CONTENT ...................................................................................... 3

C. CONCLUSION .............................................................................. 10

D. REFERENCES ............................................................................... 12

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 ABSTRACT

Morphology is a field of linguistic focused on the study of the forms and formation of
words in language that retains meaning. The rules of morphology within a language tend to
be relatively regular, so that if one sees the noun morphems for the first time, for example,
one can deduce that it is likely related to the word morpheme. Morphology can be defined as
a branch of linguistics concemed with analyzing the structure of words. The Morphology of a
given word is its structure or form (Baldick, 2001). Morphology is the study of word
formation, of the structure of words.

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 INTRODUCTION

Assalamu'alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh, all praise be to Allah SWT who has

given His blessings and gifts to us to be able to continue and always be present and have the
opportunity and be able to complete my paper in Introduction To General Linguistic I. In this
paper I will discuss about Morphology.

Language is arguably the most obvious thing that distinguishes humans from all other
species. Morphology involves the study of the underlying communication system every day.
morphology is the study of the ins and outs of words (word structure) and the effect of
changes in word form on meaning (meaning) and class of words.

Many people in this world know linguists and linguists. However, they only know that
Linguists are people who can speak many languages. Like a Language teacher or Guide. Or
they will tell us that Morphology is the knowledge of words or languages.

1. What is Morphology?

2. What is morpheme?

3. What are the types of morphemes?

4. What is affixes?

5. What is root?

6. What is base?

7. What are inflectional and derivactional affixes?

The purpose of writing this paper are:

1. So that readers can understand about Morphology, Morphemes, Affixes, Root, and Base.

2. So that readers can understand the meaning of Inflectional and Derivational.

In making this paper starting from designing, searching materials, to writing, the author
gets help, advice, instructions, and guidance from many parties both directly and indirectly.
Therefore, the author would like to thank friends who participated in completing this paper.

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 The author realizes that this paper has many shortcomings and is far from perfection.
Therefore, the author expects criticism and suggestions from readers for improvements in the
future, and the authors also hope that this paper can be useful to the reader.

Medan, June 2019

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 CONTENT

A. Morphology

Morphology is a field of linguistic focused on the study of the forms and formation of
words in language that retains meaning. The rules of morphology within a language tend to
be relatively regular, so that if one sees the noun morphems for the first time, for example,
one can deduce that it is likely related to the word morpheme.

A word Morphology is from Greece “morphe” that has meaning “forms”. It means the
morphology is a science of language that focuses on language and how that language special
word formed. Like we see the word “drive” becomes “driver” in here morphology focuses
and concentrate.

Laurel J. Brinton (2002;59-60) stated that morphology is study about a word and how
the word formed, as if the example above the word “drive” and “er” are called morphemes.
Therefore, a process in here is called morphology.

Geert (2005:7) said “In present-day linguistic, the term ‘morphology’ refers to the study
of the internal structure of words, and of the systematic form-meaning correspondences
between words”. The example above is explains about morphology specially in forming word
because it to form new word. Morphology and syntax study how the word construc but
morphology study about the word.

Morphology can be defined as a branch of linguistics concemed with analyzing the

structure of words. The Morphology of a given word is its structure or form (Baldick, 2001).
Morphology is the study of word formation, of the structure of words.

B. Morphemes

Definition

A "morpheme" is a short segment of language that meets three basic criteria:

1. It is a word or a part of a word that has meaning.

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2. It cannot be divided into smaller meaningful segments without changing its meaning or
leaving a meaningless remainder.

3. It has relatively the same stable meaning in different verbal environments.

Types of Morpheme :

Free and Bound Morphemes

There are two types of morphemes-free morphemes and bound morphemes. "Free
morphemes" can stand alone with a specific meaning, for example, eat, date, weak. "Bound
morphemes" cannot stand alone with meaning. Morphemes are comprised of two separate
classes called (a) bases (or roots) and (b) affixes.

A "base," or "root" is a morpheme in a word that gives the word its principle meaning.
An example of a "free base" morpheme is woman in the word womanly. An example of a
"bound base" morpheme is -sent in the word dissent.

Bound morphemes are of two types which include:

i. Derivational Affixes

An affix can be either derivational or inflectional. "Derivational affixes" serve to alter

the meaning of a word by building on a base. In the examples of words with prefixes and
suffixes above, the addition of the prefix un- to healthy alters the meaning of healthy. The
resulting word means "not healthy." The addition of the suffix -er to garden changes the
meaning of garden, which is a place where plants, flowers, etc., grow, to a word that refers to
'a person who tends a garden.' It should be noted that all prefixes in English are derivational.
However, suffixes may be either derivational or inflectional.

ii. Inflectional Affixes

There are a large number of derivational affixes in English. In contrast, there are only
eight "inflectional affixes" in English, and these are all suffixes. English has the following
inflectional suffixes, which serve a variety of grammatical functions when added to specific
types of words. These grammatical functions are shown to the right of each suffix.

-s noun plural

-'s noun possessive

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-s verb present tense third person singular

-ing verb present participle/gerund

-ed verb simple past tense

-en verb past perfect participle

-er adjective comparative

-est adjective superlative

Affixes

An "affix" is a bound morpheme that occurs before or after a base. An affix that comes
before a base is called a "prefix." Some examples of prefixes are ante-, pre-, un-, and dis-, as
in the following words:

antedate

prehistoric

unhealthy

disregard

An affix that comes after a base is called a "suffix." Some examples of suffixes are -ly,
-er, -ism, and -ness, as in the following words:

happily

gardener

capitalism

kindness

C. ROOT

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 What is root ?? Hearing the word root must be reflected in our minds, namely the root ...
But we are here discussing the word instead of discussing plants. To understand it directly to
just an example

likes, dislike, disliked = like

explanation: likes are the root of likes, dislike and disliked

That means root is the original form of a word without any affixes.

Root is a term to refer to words that can't be divided again, can't be analyzed again, there
are no additional additions. This root is always there, although in the form of various types of
modifications to a lexeme. Example; walk, is the root, can appear in the form of words, such
as: walks, walking, walking. The forms of words that represent the same morpheme do not
necessarily have the same morpheme roots, for example: good and better word forms are the
same lexeme GOOD, but only good which is phonetically the same as GOOD. Many words
have their own roots. Roots that can stand alone are called free morphemes. Free morpheme
examples:

Man, sweet, tea, book, cook, bet, very, aadvark, pain, walk.

The words above are free independent morphemes. The free morph in the example
above is an example of lexical morphemes; namely: nouns, adjectives, verbs, prepositions,
and adverbs. The morphemes carry meaning in speech; like referring to someone (eg: John
noun, mother), relating to properties (eg: clever, kind), describing actions or processes (eg:
verbs hit, write, rest) etc, expressing relationships (eg: prepositions in, on , under), describes
the condition (like kindly). While some other types of free morpheme are function words.
Unlike lexical morphemes that carry meaning, the function word gives a grammatical marker
or relationship in a sentence. Examples of word functions are:

- Article: a, the

- Bookmark: this, that, these, those

- Pronomina: I, you, we, they; my, his, her, who, whom, which, whose, etc.

- Conjunctor: and, yet, but, if, however, etc.

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 Distinguishing between lexical and grammatical morphemes usually sees their
usefulness and can be seen directly. But there are also free morphemes that can be both, for
example: though. This morphem is a marker of grammatical relations also has semantic
meaning. Only root (root) can be a free morpheme, but not all roots (root) which means free
morpheme. Some roots can't be separated and bound by other word forming elements. The
roo is called a bound morpheme, for example below:

e.g: a. -mit as in permits, remit, commit, admit

b. -ceive as in perceive, receive, conseive

c. predatory, predatory, depredate

d. sediment in sedan, sedate, sedentary, sediment

Roots bound to -mit, -ceive, pred-, can also appear with the same pattern to de-, re-, -ate,
-ment which is a prefix or suffix. None of these roots can stand alone.

D. BASE

In morphology, the base is a larger unit attached by affixes or a morphological process is

used. the term basic or basic form is usually used to refer to a form that forms the basis of a
morphological process. this basic form can be a single morpheme and a combined morpheme.
example:

1. in the word talking which consists of ber and talk, then speaking is the basic form of the
word talking.

2. singer the basic form of sing

3. cooking the basic form of cook.

E. Inflectional and Derivational affixes

George Yule explains it this way: "The difference between derivational and inflectional
morphemes is worth emphasizing. An inflectional morpheme never changes the grammatical
category of a word. For example, both old and older are adjectives. The -er inflection here

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(from Old English -ra) simply creates a different version of the adjective. However, a
derivational morpheme can change the grammatical category of a word. The verb teach
becomes the noun teacher if we add the derivational morpheme -er (from Old English -ere).
So, the suffix -er in modern English can be an inflectional morpheme as part of an adjective
and also a distinct derivational morpheme as part of a noun. Just because they look the same
(-er) doesn't mean they do the same kind of work." ("The Study of Language," 3rd ed.
Cambridge University Press, 2006)

The meaning of derivational morphemes are bound morphemes which derive (create)
new words by either changing the meaning or the part of speech or both. Whereas,
inflectional morphemes never change the syntactic categoryof the words or morphemes to
which they are attached. The example of derivational prefix and derivational suffix from the
sentence analyzed:

The example of the process and the meaning of inflectional morphemex from the
sentence analyzed:

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 CONCLUSION

A. Conclusion

Morphology is the study of word formation, of the structure of words. Some

observations about words and their structure.

A morpheme can be defined as a minimal unit having more or less constant

meaning and more of less constant form. For example, linguists say that the word buyers is
made up of three morphemes {buy}+{er}+{s}. The evidence for this is that each can occur in
other combinations of morphemes without changing its meaning. We can find {buy} in
buying, buys, and {er} in seller, fisher, as well as buyer. And {s} can be found in boys, girls,
and dogs.

Free morphemes are those that can stand alone as words. They may be lexical
morphemes ({serve}, {press}), or grammatical morphemes ({at}, {and}).

Bound morphemes can occur only in combination—they are parts of a word. They may
be lexical morphemes (such as {clude} as in include, exclude, preclude) or they may be
grammatical (such as {PLU} = plural as in boys, girls, and cats).

Inflectional Affixes

English has eight inflectional affixes:

{PLU} = plural Noun -s boys

{POSS} = possessive Noun -’s boy’s

{COMP} = comparative Adj -er older

{SUP} = superlative Adj -est oldest

{PRES} = present Verb -s walks

{PAST} past Verb -ed walked

{PAST PART} = past participle Verb -en driven

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{PRES PART} = present participle Verb -ing driving

Derivational Affixes

There are an indefinite number of derivational morphemes. For example, the following
are some derivational suffixes: {ize} attaches to a noun and turns it into a verb: rubberize

{ize} also attaches to an adjective and turns it into a verb: normalize

{ful} attaches to a noun and turns it into an adjective: playful, helpful

{ly} attaches to an adjective and turns it into an adverb: grandly, proudly.

Root is a term to refer to words that can't be divided again, can't be analyzed again, there
are no additional additions.

Base is a larger unit attached by affixes or a morphological process is used. the term
basic or basic form is usually used to refer to a form that forms the basis of a morphological
process.

B. Suggestion

Knowledge of word structure is still lacking. It is expected that everyone can learn more
about the structure of words

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 REFERENCES

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfologi_(linguistik)

https://www.ntid.rit.edu/sea/processes/wordknowledge/grammatical/whatare

http://eprints.ums.ac.id/32779/13/PUBLICATION%20ARTICLE.pdf

https://susandi.wordpress.com/seputar-bahasa/morfologi-2/

Jhones, Daniel. 1956, The Pronunciation of English. Cambridge: University Press,

Cambridge.

Daulay H, Sholihatul. 2018. Introduction To General Linguistics. Medan

Katamba, Francis. 1993. Morphology. London : Macmillan Press LDT.

McCharty, Andrew Carstair. 1992. Current Morphology. NY: Routledge.

O’Grady, et al. 1997. Contempory Linguistic. New York: St. Martin Press Inc.

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