zmir University of Economics

İzmir
EEE
E 205 Fundamentals of Electrical Circuits Lab

EXPERIMENT 1
Resistors

A. Background

Different resistor structures has been developed to meet different system

specifications. For different power dissipation ranges, resistors of differerent
materials are produced as shown in Fig. 1.1. When an application requires a
resistor of 1 Watt power rating, possibly a wire wound resistor is chosen (Fig.
1.1a). Fig. 1.1(b) shows 1W metal
me film resistor. In Fig.1.1(c) and (d), carbon
car
composition resistors of ½ W and ¼ W are shown.
shown. For low power applications
on the printed circuit boards, surface mount resistors may be used during
production as shown in Fig.1.1(e).. When a circuit requires resistor of equal
resistances, single-in-lin
line package (SIP) resistors of Fig.1.1(f) may be used as
shown in.

(a) 10 W Wire Wound Resitor (b) 1W Metal Film Resistor

(c) ½ W Carbon Composition Resistor (d) ¼ W Carbon Composition Resistor

Surface
Mount
Resistor

(e) Surface Mount Resistors

(f) Single-in-Line
Line Package (SIP)
Resistors
Fig. 1.1. Resistors of Different Type

The value of a resistor is usually indicated by 4 color band over the resistor as
shown in Fig. 1.2(a).

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 Gold (5%)
Silver (10%)
Tolerance No color
Multiplier (20%)
2nd Digit
1stDigit

(a)
(c)
(b)
Fig. 1.2. Resistor Color Codes (4 band)

The first band indicates 1st digit, second band is for 2nd digit and the third
band indicates the multiplier. The numerical values corresponding to the color
bands are listed in Fig.1.2(b).

Since the first color band is brown (1) and the second band is black (0), the
first two digits of the are 10. The multiplier color band being red (2) means
the number of zeros added will be 2. So the value of the resistor given in Fig.
1.2(a) is determined as:

1st Digit 2nd Digit Multiplier Code Resistance

Color Brown Black 2
Value 1 0 00 1000 1 kΩ

Hence above resistor has a value of 1 kΩ. The above resistor or has a tolerance
color of gold; which means error (tolerance) in the resistance value is ±5%. If
the tolerance band color is silver, than it means the tolerance
tol rance in the resistance
value is ±10%.
10%. No color means ±20% tolerance.

Gold (5%)
Silver (10%)
No color
Tolerance (20%)
Multiplier
3rd Digit
2nd Digit
1st Digit
(a)
(c)
(b)
Fig. 1.3. Resistor Color Codes (5 band)

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The color band scheme for 5-color bands is given in Fig. 1.3. For the resistor
given in Fig. 1.3.(a), first color band is brown (1), the second band is black
(0), and the third band is black (0), so the first three digits are 100. The
multiplier color band being red (2) means the number of zeros added will be 2.
So the value of the resistor given in Fig. 1.2(a) is determined as:

1st Digit 2nd Digit Multiplier Code Resistance

Color Brown Black Black 2
Value 1 0 0 00 10000 10 kΩ

The above resistance has a tolerance color of gold; which means tolerance is
±5%.

The resistance values for each tolerance band is fixed. The nominal values for
the first two digits used in each tolerance band are listed in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1. Nominal Resistance Values

±5% ±10% ±20%

10 33 10 10
11 36 12 15
12 39 15 22
13 43 18 33
15 47 22 47
16 51 27 68
18 56 33
20 62 39
22 68 47
24 75 56
27 82 68
30 91 82

Therefore a resistance of value of 1.1 kΩ can be found in ÷5% tolerance

range. If such a resistor is required and if ±10% resistors are available, the
suitable choices may be 1kΩ or 1.2 kΩ resistances.

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B. Preliminary Work
1. Find the resistance values of the resistors given in Fig.1.4

Resistance Value Tolerance

Fig. 1.4. Resistors

2. Color the resistance color bands (4 band) of the resistors given in Fig.1.5.

(a) 120 Ω (±10%) (b) 4.3 kΩ (±5%)

(c) 68 kΩ (±20%) (d) 1.2 MΩ (±10%)

Fig. 1.5. Resistors with 4 color band

3. Color the resistance color bands (5 band) of the resistors given in Fig.1.6.

(e) 120 Ω (±10%) (f) 4.3 kΩ (±5%)

(g) 68 kΩ (±20%) (h) 1.2 MΩ (±10%)

Fig. 1.6. Resistors with 5 color band

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4. Calculate the equivalent resistances of the resistor combinations given in
Fig.1.7.

Req Req

10 30 2.5 kΩ 10 30
kΩ kΩ kΩ kΩ

(a)
(b)

Req= Req=

Req Req

10 10
kΩ kΩ
10
kΩ
30 30
kΩ kΩ

(c) (d)

Req= Req=

Fig. 1.7. Series and Paraller Conected Resistors

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C. Experimental Work
C. 1. Determine and measure the values of R3-R4-R5-R6 resistors and
write them to Table 1.2. given below.

Table 1.2
Resistor Color Code Multimeter Difference Error (%)
Reading
R3
R4
R5
R6

C. 2. Explain the differences between the color codes and the measured
values. Are they consistent the tolerance specifications of the
resistors?

C. 3. R7 is a 5-band resistor and reading method of a 5-band resistor

has been explained in Bacground Section. Determine and
measure the values of R3-R4-R5-R6 resistors and write them to
Table 1.3. given below.

Table 1.3
Resistor Color Code Multimeter Difference Error (%)
Reading
R7
R8
R9
R10

C. 4. Explain the differences between the color codes and the measured
values. Are they reasonable?

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C. 5. Build the given circuit onto the boards.

C. 6. Calculate the equivalent resistor seen from the terminals of

voltage source.

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C. 7. How can you measure the equivalent resistor
experimentally? What is the measured equivalent resistor?

C. 8. Calculate the current and voltage of Rx and Ry resistors. Then

measure with multi-meter.

C. 9. Calculate the power absorbed by Rx and Ry.

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