AN ANALYSIS OF IDIOMATIC EXPRESSION IN LOLI LANGUAGE WEST SUMBA

RESEARCH PROPOSAL

BY

YUMIYATI BODO BULU

1701020099

ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM

THE FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF NUSA CENDANA, KUPANG

2021

TABLE OF CONTENTS
RESEARCH PROPOSAL............................................................................................................................1
TABLE OF CONTENTS...............................................................................................................................i
CHAPTER I..............................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................1
1.1. Background..................................................................................................................................1
1.2. Formulation of research Question...............................................................................................3
3.1. Aims and Benefits ofStudy...........................................................................................................3
3.1.1. Aims of Study.......................................................................................................................3
3.1.2. Benefits of Study..................................................................................................................3
3.2. Scope and Limitation...................................................................................................................4
3.3. Definition of Key Terms...............................................................................................................4
3.3.1. Language..............................................................................................................................4
3.3.2. Idioms..................................................................................................................................4
3.3.3. Forms...................................................................................................................................5
3.3.4. Functions.............................................................................................................................5
3.3.5. Meanings.............................................................................................................................5
3.3.6. Loli Language.......................................................................................................................5
3.4. Organizationof Research Proposal...............................................................................................6
CHAPTER II.............................................................................................................................................7
REVIEW OF LITERATURE.........................................................................................................................7
2.1. The Definition of Language..........................................................................................................7
2.2. The Definitionof Idiom.................................................................................................................9
2.3. The Purposeof Idioms..................................................................................................................9
2.4. Characteristics of Idioms Construction......................................................................................10
2.5. The Forms of Idiom....................................................................................................................11
2.5.1. Full Idiom...........................................................................................................................11
2.5.2. PartialIdioms......................................................................................................................11
2.6. The Functionsof Idiom...............................................................................................................12
2.7. The Meaning of Idiom................................................................................................................12
2.8. Review of Relevant Study..........................................................................................................13
CHAPTER III..........................................................................................................................................15
RESEARCH METHOD.............................................................................................................................15
3.1 Research Design.........................................................................................................................15
3.2 Object of Research.....................................................................................................................15
3.3 Source of the Data.....................................................................................................................15
3.4 Methods and Techniques of Data Collection.............................................................................16
3.4.1 Methods.............................................................................................................................16
3.4.2 Techniques.........................................................................................................................17
3.1 Procedure of Data Analysis........................................................................................................17
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................................19
APPENDIX.............................................................................................................................................21

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

Language is a tool that people use to communicate with others. According to Bernard Bloch

and George L.Trager (1942: 306-973), language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means

of which a social group cooperates.It is used toexpress ideas,feelings, and opinions. Peoplecan

interact with each otherusinglanguageand build communication. Language has many

forms,kinds,and functions. Each island, regency, and ethnic has a different language and has

another way of using language. Expression is a part of the language that people use to

communicate to make the meaning of the sentence more polite. The one expression that people

use to communicate in an environment is an idiomatic expression. For example, “she is having

two bodies which means pregnant ”Pregnant word in Bahasa Indonesia, especially eastern

people, sounds a little harsh so that it will be replaced with the term “two bodies”.

Idiomatic is one of the terms in field language that people use to communicate, and it can

be in oral or written communication form. Idiomhas the function to refine and beauty of the

language that is expressed. Some phrases and the meaning form of idiom expressioncannot be

explainedstructurally and grammatically because some depart from general norms.

According to Keraf (2005: 109-110) idiom is a pattern, structural pattern that deviates from

the rules of language, the rules generally are usually in the form of phrase, while meanings are

explained by means of a logical or grammatical, which is relying on the meaning of words that

need it. WhileChaer (2007: 74) also said that idioms are units of language(can be words, phrases,

and sentences) whose meaning cannot be “predicted from the lexical meaning of the elements.

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 Each regency, island, country has its own idiomatic expression like in the Loli language,in

west Sumba,Waikabubakcity,especiallyin Diratana village. People there talk with others using

local language, or we can say Loli language. It is a part of the west Sumba Language spoken by

some villages, including the Diratana village, and also spoken by two ethnics, namely, LoliAtas

and LoliBawa(WikiPedia, 2020). Still, both ethnics have different accents even though they

speakthe same language. LoliBawa’s accent is a little harsh, and the tone is more pressurized

while Loli Atas’ accent is a little soft and pulls. Loli language also has that kind ofidiomatic

expression. Thegeneral function of the idiomatic expression is to make the meaning of the

sentences that they expressbecomemore beautiful or more polite, for example:“kapiada” which

means pass away, the original word of pass away is “mate”, but the word “mate” it sounds a

little harshly so that it will be replaced by “kapiada” word, and usually Diratana people use

idiomatic expression when they are talking a secret around children or talking something that

children should not know,evenDiratanapeople also use the idiomatic expression in traditional

ceremonies and when they aretalking with their God. Almostall there, religions of

Diratana’speople are Marapu. This religion talks with God using figurative language with

implicit meaning or terms, which are parts of idiomatic expression.

In this research, the writer focuses on analyzing the idiomatic expression in the Loli

language of Loli Bawa in Diratana village. In analyzing the idiomatic expression, the writer will

find out the forms, functions, and meaningsof each idiomatic expression in the Loli language.

Realizing that every language has idiomatic expression and in Lolilanguage, especially in

LoliBawa accent has not been studied, the writer is eager to analyze this topic under the title:

“An Analysis of Idiomatic Expression in Loli LanguageWest Sumba”.

1.2. Formulation of research Question

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 Based on the background of writing, the writer formulates some questions as problems

statements. The problem statements are as follows:

1. What are the forms of the Idiomatic expression in Loli Language?

2. What are the functions of the Idiomatic expression in Loli Language?

3. What is the meaning of each Idiomatic expression in Loli Language?

3.1. Aims and Benefits ofStudy

3.1.1. Aims of Study

1. To describe the forms of the Idiomatic expression in Loli Language.

2. To describe the functions of the Idiomatic expression in Loli Language.

3. To describe the meaning of the Idiomatic expression in Loli Language.

3.1.2. Benefits of Study

The study gives education for:

1. To increase the knowledge of the writer about learning language, especially in the

idiomatic expression

2. For language teachers,this study can help them teach a language or foreign

language with variation and make it more interesting in speaking.

3. For the other researchers, this study can be a referenceto conduct the studyrelated

to this research.

3.2. Scope and Limitation

The scope of this research is focused on analyzing the idiomatic expression in the Loli

language. This research limits the forms, meanings, and functionsof Idiomatic expression in the

Loli language.

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 3.3. Definition of Key Terms

To avoid misunderstanding key terms, the writer defines some key terms in this research as

follows:

3.3.1. Language

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group

cooperates (Bernard Bloch and George L.Trager1942: 306-973). In this writing,

language is a system of communication to express ideas, feelings, and emotions

through words in oral or written.

3.3.2. Idioms

According to Keraf(2005:109-110),idiom is a pattern, structural pattern that

deviates from the rules of language. The rules are generally usually in the form of

phrase, while meanings are explained by a logical or grammatical, which relies on

the meaning of words that need it. In this writing, the idiom is a distinctive

expression that cannot be explained logically or grammatically but adds to a

language's beauty, charm, and appeal.

3.3.3. Forms

According to Merriam Webster dictionary (1828), forms are the shapeand structure

of something as distinguished from its material the building’s massive form. In this

writing form isthe shape, type, and kind of something.

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 3.3.4. Functions

According to Moekijat in NiningHaslinda Zainal (2008:22) function is a group of

activities belonging to the same type based on its nature, implementation, or other

consideration. Function is a special aspect of a particular task. In this writing

function is the use of something.

3.3.5. Meanings

Lyons(1968:136) states that meanings are ideas or concepts, which can be

transferred from the mind of the speaker to the mind of the listener using language.

In this writing, meaning refers to th e definition, concepts, ideas, and intentions

embodied in speech, symbols, or signs.

3.3.6. Loli Language

Wikipedia (2020), Loli language is part of West Sumba language spoken in West

Sumba regency, Waikbubak city, Sub-District Loli and spoken by Loli people

(LoliBawa and LoliAtas). In this writing, the Loli language is part of the West

Sumba language that is spoken by two ethnics. Those are Loli Atas and Loli Bawa.

3.4. Organizationof Research Proposal

This study report consists of three chapters. Each chapter has different elements as follows:

chapter 1 introduction: the researcher explains the background of the study, research questions,

research purpose, aims and benefits of the study, definition of the key terms, and paper outline.

Chapter 2 critical review of literature: discusses the definition of language, the definition of

idiom, idiom purpose, idiom forms, the characteristic of idiom construction,idiom function in

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Loli language.Chapter 3 research method discusses the research design, object of theresearch,

source of the data, methods andtechniquesdata collection, andthe procedureof data

analysistechnique.

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In this chapter, the writer presents some literature reviews that are related to this topic.

First is about the general concept about language, second is the definition of idiom, third is idiom

purpose, fourth is characteristic of idiom construction, the fifth is the forms of idioms, sixth is

function of idiomatic expression, seventh is the meaning of idiomatic expression , and the last is

previous of study.

2. The Definition of Language

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group

cooperates (Bernard Bloch and George L.Trager1942: 306-973). Language is a tool that people

use to communicate with others. Keraf (1997;1) language is a communication tool between

members of society as a symbol of the sound produced by human vocal organs. Felicia( 2001;1)

in the daily, the tool often used to communicatethe language, from spoken or written language.

The first function of language is as a tool for communication. Other functions are expressing

feelings, ideas, opinions, sending and receiving messages and information.People use language

to give and receive messages between themselves. Leech (1974) said thatthere are five functions

of language.

a. Informational

This function concentrates on the message. It conveys the message, explains

things, and gives listeners new information, such as articles and encyclopedias.

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b. Expressive

Language can have anexpressive function. It can be used to express its

originator’s feelings and attitudes -wear words and exclamations are the most

obvious instance of this (Leech 1974).This function tries to express or reflex the

feeling of someone through literature and poetry, for example, poem and song.

c. Directive function

Leech (1974), the third function of language is to influence the behavior or

attitude of others. This function has the aim to influence the attitude and behavior

of others. The most straightforward instances of the directive function are

commands and requests. Directive functionexpresses what people want someone

to do directly, for example,I am thirsty, please give me a glass of water or please

close the door.

d. The aesthetic function

According to Leech (1974), this function has no specific purpose and does not

work as a request or as a message but has a function to help us use words as tools,

poetic art, and special signs.

e. Phatic Function

Phatic function is the function of keeping communication lines open and keeping

social relationships in good repair. This function is used for normal talks like

people meet each other accidently and start to talk about something unimportant

just for the sake of communication.

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3. The Definitionof Idiom

Idiom is a distinctive expression that cannot be expressed logically or grammatically but

adds to the beauty, charm, and appeal of a language. Idiom comes from GreekIdios means

distinctive, independent, and special or personal. Idiom can be in the form of phrases or

sentences that have special meanings or new meanings from the constituent base form. Its

meaning can not be taken literally. According to Keraf (2005:109-110), idiom is a pattern, a

structural pattern that deviates from the rules of language. The rules are generally usually in the

form of phrase, while meanings are explained by a logical or grammatical, which relies on the

meaning of words that need it. According to Chaer (2007: 74), idiom is the combination of some

words or phrases that the meaning has become one and cannot be predicted.Soedjoto, in

Sudarayat (20009:7),also said that idioms are units of languagethat can be words, phrases, and

sentences whose meaning cannot be predicted from the lexical meaning of the elements.Native

speaker often uses idiomsto communicate with its speaker members. The idiom is mainly done

on purpose to imply something to the other person, such as praising, insinuating, mocking,

expressing sorrow, disappointment, and happiness. For example, the word thief is more subtle

when using the word longhand.

4. The Purposeof Idioms

Purpose is the reason for which something is done or created. Idioms are often used in

daily life conversationsto express an intention with the aim of making the delivery more

interesting or more polite. Chaer 2009:76 (in Harlina2012:666), said that idiom has three

purposes among others.

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 a. To maintain respect in community social relations.

b. To express thoughts, feelings, and emotions in the form of certain language units

that are considered the most appropriate and most suitable.

c. To convey the message, ideas and opinion implicitly.

5. Characteristics of Idioms Construction

Characteristic is a feature or quality that typically belongs to a person, place, or thing and

serves to identify it. There are some characteristics of idioms as follows:

1. Idioms cannot be inserted by other constituents and cannot change their position

without changing the meaning, and if changed, the words are no longer an idiom; it

may become even meaningless. According to Rahyono (2011), idioms do not have the

syntagmatic relationship between constituents, which refers to the referential meaning

of the word. Therefore the addition of constituents will change the idiomatic meaning.

2. Unacceptability when experiencing affixation. Idioms cannot undergo structural

changesthat change their idiomatic meaning.

3. The grammatical set of idioms are immutable.Palmer(1986;86) explains that

although semantically, an idiom is the same as a word, an idiom does not function as

word. Thus grammatical changes, both past, singular, plural, are not owned by idioms.

4. Each element is equal and not the focus of topicalization, and if topicalization is

done, the meaning is no longer idiomatic.

5. The elements in an idiom cannot be replaced by a word that is synonymous with

it.

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6. The Forms of Idiom

Forms are the shapeand structure of something as distinguished from its material the

building’s massive form. Idioms have two types: the first type is based on the meaning of the

element forming and the choice of word. According to Chaer(2009:79), there are two types of

idioms;

6.1.1. Full Idiom

Full idiom is an idiom whose elements are already the unit with one meaning,

for example, toil, which means hardworking, blue blood, which means nobleman.

6.1.2. Partial Idioms

Partial or forms idioms are types of expressions whose meanings are still

pictured in the meaning of the constituent elements or still depicted the original

meaning, for example,a green table which means court. Idioms based on choice words

have seven forms;

a. Idioms use body part

Example: Half-part which means not taking something seriously.

b. Idioms use the word sense

Example: Big head which means arrogant, long hand which means thief.

c. Idioms use types of colors.

Example; red face which means embarrassment,

Black onwhitemeans write an agreement.

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 d. Idioms use the name of natural objects

Example: homeland which means the country of birth, rumors which means

an issue.

e. Idioms use animal names

Example: scapegoat which means a person that is blamed, deer intellect

which means clever.

f. Idioms use plant parts

Example: village flower which most beautiful woman.

g. Idioms use number words

Example five feet which means street vendors,

And in this research will analyze all the forms above in Loli Language.

7. The Functions of Idiom

According to Moekijat in Nining Haslinda Zainal (2008:22), function is a group of

activities belonging to the same type based on its nature, implementation or other consideration,

and function is a special aspect of a particular task.

Function is an activity or purpose natural to or intended for a person or thing.

Generally,the useof idiom can refine speech, show redundant meaning, express feelings of

sadness, happiness, love, joy, hate, anger, praise, ridicule, and satire.

8. The Meaning of Idiom

Lyons (1968:136) states that meanings are ideas or concepts, which can be transferred

from the mind of the speaker to the mind of the listener using language.Bloomfield (1955: 139) /

(1933) argues that 'meaning' is something that can be defined when something is related to

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scientific knowledge and also before when we want to give a definition of something, firstly, we

must know everything related to words that will be given meaning.Leech (1981: 4) makes it clear

by his statement that: We might say that the whole point of setting up a theory of semantics is to

provide a 'definition' of meaning that is a systematic account of the nature of meaning. To

demand a definition of meaning before we started discussing the subject would simply be to

insist on treating certain other concepts, stimulus, and response, as in some sense more basic and

more important. A physicist does not have to define notions 'like 'time', 'heat', 'color', 'atom',

before he starts investigating their properties. Rather, definitions, if they are needed, emerge

from the study itself.

Lyon (1971:1) states that semantics is generally the study of meaning, phrase, and

sentence.Based on the definition of Lyon above, see a meaning with a physical perspective many

things are different and not appropriate better looking at a subjective perspective.It is because

words or sentences are something that people use every day, and each individual produces

different meanings.

9. Review of Relevant Study

Based on the data collected, there are some researchers who are talking about

idioms, forms, functions, and meanings of idiom. They are Ernifitri (2015), Indrarisky S.

Langi (2016), and Valentina Idi Roswita Wuwur (2013). Ernifitri (2015),in her research

with the title “Analisis Bentuk Makna dan Fungsi Idiom Dalam Bahasa Sasak di desa

Kerumut Kecamatan Pringgabaya Lombok Timur,” shows that idioms are the combination

of some words or more which its meaning cannot explain grammatically and structurally.

The research also shows that Idioms have the function to express the feeling of sadness,

happiness, joy, ridicule, and satire.

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 Indrarisky (2016), in his research with the title “Analisis Makna Idiom Dalam Film

the Good Father”, shows the meaning of idioms based class of words such noun, verb, and

adjective.Eachmeaning will be put in class dependingon the forms of idiom.

Nurhidayati (2015), in her research with the title “The Analysis of Strategies In

Translating Idioms AS found In The English Novel Endless Night By Agathe Christie Into

Indonesian,” shows that the way to translating an idiom in another language.

Valentine Idi Roswita Wuwur (2013), with the title “Umpatan Bahasa Sumba Barat

dalam Tuturan Berbahasa Indonesia Di masyarakat Loli Kabupaten” shows thatLoli

language is the one part of West Sumba language and spoken by two ethnics they are Loli

Bawa and Loli Atas with different accents.

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 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

4. Research Design

This study uses a qualitative approach with descriptive methods because the results

obtained are in the form of descriptive data in the form of vocabulary. Research using a

qualitative approach contains characteristics that are rooted in the scientific setting as a whole;

relying on humans as the research tool utilizes qualitative methods, relying on analytical methods

inductive, is descriptive, more concerned with the process than results. Research qualitative is a

research procedure that produces descriptive data in the form of the written or spoken words of

the people and behavior that is observed.

By using descriptive qualitative method research,the writer can find out the meaning,

form, and function of idiomatic expression in the Loli language.

5. Object of Research

The object of this research is Loli language. The writer will analyze the meaning,

form, andfunction of the idiomatic expression in Loli language.

6. Source of the Data

To obtain the data, the writer will visit the place where the Loli language is spoken. It

is located in East Nusa Tenggara province, West Sumba, Waikabubak city, Loli sub-district

Diratana village.There are several steps that the writer does when obtaining data about idiomatic

expression in Loli language,namely:

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 3.3.1 Primary Data

To find out the data, the writervisitsDiratana village, Waikabubak city, Loli

Sub-district, West Sumba Regency, and interviews five local people to

obtain the data.

3.3.2 Secondary Data

The writer reads some books and references relevant to the research topicas

a guide to do the research.

7. Methods and Techniques of Data Collection

Method and technique of data collection are the most important stages in this

research.Methods and techniques are the methods used by the writer in this study to obtain

accurate information or data so that can be accounted as a scientificsocial research.

7.1.1 Methods

In this research, to obtain the data writer uses some methods as follows:

1. Observation

The writer will observe the idiomatic expression in the Loli Language

from the Diratanapeople.

2. Interview

To find out accurate data and information about idiomatic expression in

the Loli language, the writer will conduct an interview with the informants

from Diratana village who are native speakers of the Loli language.

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 7.1.2 Techniques

In this research, the writer uses some techniques to obtain the data as follows:

1. Taking –Notes

The writer will write all the information during the interview with

informants include the answer of the question and explanation. The writer

will also take a note when conducting observation and write all

descriptions about the information relevant to the research topic.

2. Documentation

The writer will usea camera or hand phone to take some pictures relevant

to the information about idiomatic expressions in the Loli language.

3. Recording

The writer will recordthe information that is relevant with the idiomatic

expression during the interview with informants.

8. Procedure of Data Analysis

After obtaining all the data, the writer will analyze the data by using the descriptive

qualitative method. There are some steps that the writer uses when analyzing data as follows:

1. Transcribing

The writer will transcribe the recorder data into written form.

2. Identifying

The writer willidentifythe idiomatic expression ofthe Loli language in West

Sumba Regency, Loli Sub-district, Waikabubak city, Diratana village.

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3. Classifying

The writer will classify the forms of idiomatic expression of the Loli language in

West Sumba Regency, Loli Sub-district, Waikabubak city, Diratana village.

4. Describing

The writer will describe the form, meaning, and function of the idiomatic

expression of the Loli language in West Sumba Regency, Loli Sub-district,

Waikabubak city, Diratana village.

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 REFERENCES

Bloch, B. (1942.). ”Defination Of Language. American Linguist”. New York: Baltimore.

Bloomfield. (1955). “Linguistic aspects of science” Chicago: the University Of Chicago Press
Journal. Pp 139.

Chaer 2009 (in Harlina2012) “Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra Indonesia” Padang:
Padang state university.

Valentine Idi Roswita Wuwur (20 13).“Umpatan Bahasa Sumba Barat dalam Tuturan
Berbahasa”. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.

Chaer, A. (2007).”Linguistik Umum”. Jakarta: Pt Rineka Cipta

Darojat, M. Z. (2015).”An Analysis of Idiom in the script of Avengers Movie”. Kudus: Muria
Kudus University.

Felicia. (2001).” Perananan Dan Fungsi Bahasa”. Jakarta: Medan State University.

Fitriani. (2015). ”An Inventory Of Traditional Cultural Expression”. Vol.4.No.2.Pp.141-

152.Kalimantan.

Indrarisky (2016 “Analisis Makna Idiom Dalam Film the Good Father”. Manado: Sam
Ratulangi University.

Keraf, G. (1984). ”Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa”. 499.221 KER d. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia
Lantai 2

Keraf, G. (1997). ”Sebuah Pengantar Kemahiran Bahasa”. 499.211 KER k. Ende, Flores: Nusa
Indah.

Kurnia, G. R. (2016). ”The Student's Ability of Using Idiomatic Expression in Speaking Skills ( A
Descriptive Qualitative Study at SMP Negeri 87 Jakarta)”. Jakarta:FITK UIN
HIDAYATULLAH Jakarta.

Leech, G. (1974). ”Theori of Semantic:Figurative Langauge”. Journal Linguistics New York.

Cambridge: Unevercity Press.Vol.13 No.1. Pp. 133-145.

Lyon (1971).“Linguistic Semantics: An Introduction”. New York: Cambridge University.

Machun. (2005). ”Metode Peneletian Bahasa: Tahapan Strategi, Metode, Dan Tekniknya”.
Jakarta: RajaGrafindo Persada.

Moekijat in Nining Haslinda Zainal (2008).”Analisin kesuaianm tugas pokok dan fungsi dengan
kompetensi pegawai secretariat kota Makasar. ”. Makasar: FISIPOL.

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Nilawati, S. C. (2009).”The Effectiveness Of Teaching Vocabulary By Using Puppet At
Elementary School Students”.Malang: Malang State University.
Nurhidayati. (2015). ”The Analysis of Strategies In Tranlating Idioms As found In The English
Novel Endless Night By Agathe Chrisrie Into Indonesian”. Padang: Universitas Andalas
Pratama, R. A.(2016). ”An Analysis Of Idiomatic Expression Translation In School Of Rock
Movie”. Yogyakarta: Sanata Darma University.

Siti Ainul Avivah, S. A. (2016). ”The Idioamtic Forms In Christina Perri's Song”. Palang karya:
IAN Palang Karya.

Soetadjo, S. (2009).”Makna Dalam Wacana ( prinsip-prinsip semantik dan pragamatik)”.

Bandung.

Wikipedia.( 2020). ”Asal-Usul Bahasa Sumba”. Jakarta.Pp. 263-265.

Wulandari, R. (2014). ”Improving Student’s Speaking Ability Through Communicative

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 APPENDIX

LIST OF QUESTIONS FOR THE INTERVIEW PROCESS

1. Apakah Bapak/Ibu pernah mendengar kata Idiom?( The writer will explain

the idiomatic expression and its example in general).

2. Apa saja contoh Idiom dalam Bahasa Loli?

3. Apa saja artinya?

4. Apa saja fungsi idiom dalam Bahasa Loli?

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