SOSIOLINGUISTICS

“Languages, Dialects, and Varieties”

ENGLISH PAPER

Created By :

1. Iqbal Hidayat (2017404016)

2. Herdino Yanuari (2017404017)
3. Aulia Kusuma Madani (2017404021)
4. Syafaa Muhammada (2017404026)
5. Bulan Suci Ramadhani (2017404045)

ENGLISH EDUACATION STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF TARBIYA AND TEACHER’S SCIENCES

ISLAMIC STATE UNIVERSITY PROF. K.H SAIFUDDIN ZUHRI

PURWOKERTO
 2022/2023

PREFACE

Praise and gratitude we pray to presence og Alloh SWT who has bestowed so
man yblessing that His creatures will not realize so many blessings that have
beenobtained from Allah SWT. In addition, we also feel very grateful for
havingreceived His guidance both in health and in mind.

With His blessings and guidance, we were able to complate the writing of a
paper as an assignment for a course in Sosiolinguistics with the core topic of
Languages, Dialects, and Varieties. We express our deepest gratitude to Mr. Agus
Husein As Sabiq, M.Pd. as a lecturer in Sosiolinguistics Course and all parties who
helped in the process of preparing this paper. We realize that this paper still has many
shortcomings and errors, both in its content and writing structure. Therefore, we
really hope for positive critism and suggestions for improvement in the future. Thus,
We hope this paper provides general benefits to the readers.

Purwokerto, September 2022

Author
 TABLE OF CONTENT

COVER PAGE....................................................................................................................i

PREFACE..........................................................................................................................ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................................iii

CHAPTER I : PRELIMINARY.........................................................................................1

A. Background...........................................................................................................1

B. Formulation for The Problem................................................................................1

C. Purposes.................................................................................................................1

CHAPTER II : DISCUSSION............................................................................................2

A. Differences of languages and dialects....................................................................2

B. Standardt English...................................................................................................2

C. Type of Dialect by Region.....................................................................................4

D. Ethnic Dialects......................................................................................................4

E. Style, Register, and Genre......................................................................................4

CHAPTER III : CONCLUSION........................................................................................7

REFERENCES...................................................................................................................9
 CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

A. Background
As we know that in fact, the language in the world is not a single language
but different. Moreover, in a variety of languages have various forms, such as
standard and non-standard variations. These variations arise because of social and
cultural factors, where individuals or groups of individuals live.
Shape or form of language of a person or group of people less influenced
by environmental or extra lingual factors that come into contact with it. Therefore
extra lingual factor is thus a form of language to suit a wide-variety of social
reality that reflection.
All languages exhibit internal variation, each language exists in a number
of varieties and is in one sense the sum of those varieties. Hudson (1996, p. 22).
Defines a variety of language as ‘a set of linguistic items with similar
distribution,’ a definition that allows us to say that all of the following are
varieties: Canadian English, London English, the English of football
commentaries, and so on.
Speakers have various ways of saying the same thing. It may arise from
the mechanical limitations of the speech organs for instance speaker may not be
fully under the speaker’s control. Linguistic variable is linguistic unit or a
sociolinguistic has variant in lexical and grammatical, but are most often
phonological.
The terms of variety language are emerged due to different systems
reflecting different varieties of the human condition. Variety is a specific set of
‘linguistic items’ or ‘human speech patterns’ (presumably, sounds, words,
grammatical features, etc.) which we can connect with some external factor
 apparently, a geographical area or a social group (Hudson, 1996; Ferguson, 1972
and Wardhaugh, 2006).

B. Formulation for The Problem

1. What is the differences of languages and dialects?
2. What is standart language?
3. How does dialects devided by Region?
4. What is ethnic dialects?
5. What is style, register, and genre?
C. Purposes
1. Know the differences of languages and dialects.
2. Know the definition of standardt language and.
3. Know the standarilization of languages.
4. Can distinguish the type of dialects based on region.
5. Know what is ethnic languages.
6. Can distinguish styles, registers, and genres
 CHAPTER 2

LITERAL REVIEW

A. Differences of Languages and Dialects

B. Standardt Languages

C. Type of Dialect by Region

Dialects are variations that vary according to users, variations in language
in certain places (regional dialects), or certain groups (social dialects), or at
certain times (temporal dialects). From some of the opinions of the experts
above, it can be concluded that dialect is a variation at the level of lexicon,
grammatical, and pronunciation used in society.
Based on the object of study, dialects are divided into two types, namely
geographic (regional) dialects and social dialects (Holmes, 2013: 139). The
social dialect discusses language variations in social groups of speakers, while the
geographical dialect discusses the language variations used by speakers in certain
areas, the explanation is as follows.
1. Regional Dialects
Regional dialects are variants of the language used by people in a
particular area. The characteristics of this dialect are limited by place so they
are often referred to as regional dialects. This variant causes language
differences from one place to another even though its origin comes from one
language. For example, there are Singapore English, Indian English,
Banyumasan dialect, Betawi dialect, Medan dialect, and so on.
2. Social Dialects
 Social dialect is a variety of language used by certain community
groups that distinguishes it from other community groups (Matsuda 991:
1361). The community group in question consists of occupation, education,
age, activity, gender, etc. For the example, the use of the Javanese language
used by the Javanese people varies greatly, this is caused by several factors,
namely gender, lineage, economic status, family background, social class, etc.
Social dialect refers to the dialect or speech spoken by the social class
of the speaker. Dialects in the same area may experience differences, this is
due to differences in the social class of certain speakers with other social
classes. The example of choosing vocabulary used by a trader in the market is
certainly different from the choice of vocabulary used by teachers or lecturers.
Dialects can indicate a certain social class or caste and the background of the
speaker (Holmes, 2013: 142). For example in Javanese, the difference can be
seen from the choice of vocabulary, grammar, and speech used in each social
class

D. Ethnic Dialect
Ethnic dialects are dialects that do not arise because of members of a
particular ethnic group but are dialects like all other social dialects, or it can be
said that ethnic dialects are learned through exposure and anyone, regardless of
their ethnic identification or racial categorization. The relationship between
race/ethnicity/nationality and linguistic diversity is one that is entirely socially
constructed, completely unrelated to the inherent attributes of any particular
group.
The process of who created the ethnic dialect is poorly understood.
However, we know that ethnic dialects are not just foreign accents of the majority
language, because many of its speakers may be monolingual speakers of the
majority language. An ethnic dialect is an ingroup's way of speaking the language
of the majority.
Kopp (1999) one of the leaders who researched ethnic dialects has
analyzed one of the ethnic groups in Pennsylvania German English, namely the
English spoken among speakers of what is commonly called 'Pennsylvania
Dutch', namely German. Pennsylvanians will always use their dialect when
speaking English. So, Kopp explains that it makes sense when we think of
language as a way of constructing identity. with the use of dialects in certain
ethnic groups, this will distinguish this ethnic group from other ethnic groups.

1. African American Vernacular English

African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is a variety of
American English spoken by many African Americans. AAVE originated on
plantations in South America, where Africans were enslaved for work, and
has a number of phonological and grammatical features with a southern
dialect of American English.
2. Latino Englishes
A central issue in the study of ethnic dialects distinguishes them from
the learner variety. For Latin English, it is important to recognize that they
evolved because of the variety of English spoken in a community, not because
of Spanish input. Nonetheless, most Latin English speakers live in
communities where Spanish is spoken, although Latin English speakers may
themselves be monolingual English speakers or dominant in English (Bayley
and Bonnici 2009, 1305). For example, in his work on the Puerto Rican
community of New York City, Zentella (1997) distinguishes between
Hispanic English, which is spoken by community members who grew up in
Puerto Rico, and Puerto Rican English, which is spoken by the second person
or later. the Latino generation in New York City's Spanish-speaking working-
 class community; although they may share some features, especially
phonological features, the former is a form of learning English whereas the
latter is not. As with AAVE, many of the morphosyntactic features of other
nonstandard dialects of American English are found in Latin English, such as
some negations (e.g., 'That will never change in L.A. not anymore,' Fought
2003, 97).

E. Style, Register, and Genre

Dialect studies are more complicated in fact speakers can adopt different
styles and ways of speaking. Each language genre has its own spoken and written
style. Thus the differences in dialects have to do with speakers and their regional or
social identities such as styles, registers, and genres which relate to different contexts
of use. Although the terms style, register, and genre have been used in different ways
by different scholars, there may be some overlap between these three terms, so we
must explain them broadly for the three words. Style is the term most often used to
discuss differences in formality; registers generally indicate certain ways of speaking
related to certain professions or social groups; and genre is understood as a co-
occurring set of language features associated with a particular language.
1. Style
When choosing a style you can speak very formally or very informally,
the choice is governed by circumstances. Almost all ceremonial occasions require
very formal speeches, public lectures are somewhat less formal, informal casual
conversations, and conversations between close friends about less important
matters may become very informal and casual. Perhaps try to relate the chosen
level of formality to various factors: the type of opportunity; various social, age,
etc. differences that exist between participants; the specific task involved, for
example, writing or speaking; emotional involvement of one or more participants;
 etc. Such a difference exists when it comes to understanding the style of what one
wants to do.
2. Register
Register is one of the difficult factors in any study of language varieties.
When speaking registers are variations of language that are viewed in relation to
the context in which they are used. Agha (2006, 24) describes registers as 'a
linguistic repertoire that is associated, culturally-internally, with certain social
practices and with people who engage in such practices. The register differs from
other discourse analyzes in that it focuses on situational parameters that define a
communicative situation.
3. Genre
Genre is a term that often overlaps in meaning with registers. But it is
usually associated with certain linguistic features; so registers focus more on
social situations, and genres more on text types (Ferguson 1994; Lee 2001). Like
registers, genres can also function to express certain sequences of knowledge and
experience Different dialects, styles, registers. Everyone can casually talk about
hiking in the various local languages, or everyone can write a formal technical
study of winemaking. However, the speaker has a clear idea of which way of
speaking is considered 'appropriate' for a particular speech event in a social
context.
 CHAPTER 3

CONCLUSION

Languages and dialects has relationship. This paper seeks to

acknowledge many non-linguists’ perceptions about this issue while
presenting the sociolinguists’ stance that particular ways of speaking are
considered distinct languages or subordinated dialects because of
sociopolitical ideologies and identities, not because of linguistic
differences between varieties. While a ‘language’ is considered an
overarching category containing dialects, it is also often seen as
synonymous with the standard dialect; yet closer examination of the
standard reveals that it is a value-laden abstraction, not an objectively
defined linguistic variety. Further, every language has a range of regional
dialects, social dialects, styles, registers, and genres. These interrelated
concepts are discussed and defined with a focus on how they are part of
speakers’ identities and social interactions.
REFERENCES