Mount Ararat

Mount Ararat

Little Ararat (left) and Greater Ararat (right);

View from Yerevan, Armenia
Highest point
5,137 m (16,854 ft) 
Elevation See Elevation section
3,611 m (11,847 ft) [2]
Prominence Ranked 48th
379 kilometres
Isolation (235 mi)
Parent peak Mount Damavand[1]
Country high point
Ultra
Volcanic Seven Second
Listing Summits
39°42.113′N
44°17.899′ECoordinates:
39°42.113′N
Coordinates 44°17.899′E [3]
Geography
Location in Turkey
Iğdır Province (65%)[4]
and Ağrı Province (35%),
Location Turkey[a]
Parent range Armenian Highlands
Geology
Mountain type Stratovolcano
 Last eruption 1840[6]
Climbing
9 October [O.S. 27
September] 1829
Friedrich Parrot, Khachatur
Abovian, two Russian
soldiers, two Armenian
First ascent villagers
Designations
IUCN Category II (National Park)
Official name Ağrı Dağı Milli Parkı
Designated 1 November 2004[7]
Mount Ararat (/ˈærəˌræt/ ARR-ə-rat;[8] Turkish: Ağrı Dağı; Armenian:
Մասիս, Masis and Արարատ, Ararat) is a snow-capped and dormant compound
volcano in the extreme east of Turkey.[9] It consists of two major volcanic cones:
Greater Ararat, the highest peak in Turkey and the Armenian plateau with an
elevation of 5,137 m (16,854 ft); and Little Ararat, with an elevation of 3,896 m
(12,782 ft).[10] The Ararat massif is about 40 km (25 mi) in diameter.
Despite the scholarly consensus that the "mountains of Ararat" of the Book of
Genesis do not refer to specifically Mt. Ararat, it has been widely accepted in
Abrahamic religions as the resting place of Noah's Ark. It is the principal national
symbol of Armenia and has been considered a sacred mountain by Armenians. It is
featured prominently in Armenian literature and art and is an icon for Armenian
irredentism. Along with Noah's Ark, it is depicted on the coat of arms of Armenia.
The first efforts to reach Ararat's summit were made in the Middle Ages.
However, it was not until 1829 when Friedrich Parrot and Khachatur Abovian,
accompanied by four others, made the first recorded ascent.[11]
Political borders
Mount Ararat forms a near-quadripoint between Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan
and Iran. Its summit is located some 16 km (10 mi) west of both the Iranian border
and the border of the Nakhchivan exclave of Azerbaijan, and 32 km (20 mi) south of
the Armenian border. The Turkish–Armenian–Azerbaijani and Turkish–Iranian–
Azerbaijani tripoints are some 8 km apart, separated by a narrow strip of Turkish
territory containing the E99 road which enters Nakhchivan at 39.6553°N 44.8034°E.
From the 16th century until 1828 Great Ararat's summit and the northern slopes,
along with the eastern slopes of Little Ararat were part of Persia, while the range was
part of the Ottoman-Persian border. Following the 1826–28 Russo-Persian War and
the Treaty of Turkmenchay, the Persian controlled territory was ceded to the Russian
Empire. Little Ararat became the point where the Turkish, Persian, and Russian
imperial frontiers converged.[12] The current international boundaries were formed
throughout the 20th century. The mountain came under Turkish control during the
1920 Turkish–Armenian War.[13] It formally became part of Turkey according to the
1921 Treaty of Moscow and Treaty of Kars.[14] In the late 1920s, Turkey crossed the
Iranian border and occupied the eastern flank of Lesser Ararat as part of its effort to
quash the Kurdish Ararat rebellion.[15] The Kurdish rebels were using the area "as a
haven against the state in their uprising."[16] Iran eventually agreed to cede the area to
Turkey in a territorial exchange.[15][17] The Iran-Turkey boundary skirts east of Lesser
Ararat, the lower peak of the Ararat massif.
Names and etymology

View from the Araratian plain near the city of Artashat, Armenia.

Closeup of Greater Ararat

Closeup of Lesser Ararat

View from Turkey

Ararat (Hebrew: ‫[;אֲ ָר ָרט‬18] Armenian: Արարատ, Ararat; Western Armenian:
Ararad) is the Hebrew spelling of Urartu,[19][b] a kingdom that existed in the Armenian
plateau in the 9th-6th centuries BC. The mountain is known as Ararat in European
languages.[21][22] However, none of the native peoples have traditionally referred to the
mountain by that name.[23]
The traditional Armenian name is Masis (Մասիս [maˈsis]), which is sometimes
transliterated as Massis.[24][23] However, nowadays, the terms Masis and Ararat are
both widely, often interchangeably, used in Armenian.[25] The peaks are referred to in
plural as Մասիսներ Masisner.[26] Greater Ararat is known as simply Masis or Մեծ
Մասիս (Mets Masis, "Great/Big Masis"). While Lesser Ararat is known as Sis (Սիս)
[27][28]
or Փոքր Մասիս (P′ok′r Masis, "Little/Small Masis").[21][26] The folk etymology
expressed in Movses Khorenatsi's History of Armenia derives the name from king
Amasya, the great-grandson of the legendary Armenian patriarch Hayk, who is said
to have called the mountain Masis after himself.[29][30] While according to Sebeos it
comes from the personal name Marseak.[29] According to Russian orientalist Anatoly
Novoseltsev the word Masis derives from Middle Persian masist, "the largest."[31]
According to Armenian historian Sargis Petrosyan the mas root in Masis means
"mountain", cf. Proto-Indo-European *mņs-.[30]
In classical antiquity, particularly in Strabo's Geographica, the peaks of Ararat
were known in Greek as Ἄβος (Abos) and Νίβαρος (Nibaros).[c]
The Turkish name is Ağrı Dağı [ɑːrɯ dɑ.ɯ], Ottoman Turkish: ‫ اغـر طﺎﻍ‬Ağır
Dağ), i.e. "Mountain of Ağrı". Ağrı literally translates to "pain" or "sorrow".[21][31][36]
[37]
This name has been known since the late Middle Ages.[31]
The traditional Persian name is ‫کوه نوح‬, [ˈkuːhe ˈnuːh], Kūh-e Nūḥ,[12] literally
the "mountain of Noah".[21][24]
The Kurdish name of the mountain is çiyayê Agirî[38][39] [t͡ʃɪjaːˈje aːgɪˈriː], which
translates to "fiery mountain".[40]
Geography
Mount Ararat is located in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey between the
provinces of Ağrı and Iğdır, near the border with Iran, Armenia and Nakhchivan
exclave of Azerbaijan, between the Aras and Murat rivers.[5] Its summit is located
some 16 km (10 mi) west of the Turkey-Iran border and 32 km (20 mi) south of the
Turco-Armenian border. The Ararat plain runs along its northwest to western side.
Elevation
An elevation of 5,165 m (16,946 ft) for Mount Ararat is still given by some
authorities. However, a number of other sources, such as public domain and
verifiable Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (STRM) data[41] and a 2007 GPS
measurement[42] show that the alternatively widespread figure of 5,137 m (16,854 ft)
is probably more accurate, and that the current elevation may be even lower due to
the melting of its snow-covered ice cap. 5,137 m is also supported by numerous
topographic maps.[43]

Mount Ararat 3D
 Summit ice cap
Mount Ararat has an ice cap on its summit. Since at least about 1957, it has been
shrinking. In the late 1950s, Blumenthal[44] observed that there existed 11 outlet
glaciers emerging from a summit snow mass that covered about 10 km2 (3.9 sq mi).
At that time, it was found that the present glaciers on the summit of Ararat to extend
as low as an elevation of 3,900 meters (12,800 ft) on the north-facing slope, and an
elevation of 4,200 meters (13,800 ft) on its south-facing slope.[44] Using pre-existing
aerial imagery and remote sensing data, Sarıkaya[38][45] and others studied the extent of
the ice cap on Mount Ararat between 1976 and 2011. They discovered that this ice
cap had shrunk to 8.0 km2 (3.1 sq mi) by 1976 and to 5.7 km2 (2.2 sq mi) by 2011.
They calculated that between 1976 and 2011, the ice cap on top of Mount Ararat had
lost 29% of its total area at an average rate of ice loss of 0.07 km2 (0.027 sq mi) per
year over 35 years. This rate is consistent with the general rates of retreat of other
Turkish summit glaciers and ice caps that have been documented by other studies.[45]
Blumenthal[44] estimated that the snow line had been as low as 3,000 meters
(9,800 ft) in elevation during the Late Pleistocene. Such a snow line would have
created an ice cap of 100 km2 (39 sq mi) in extent. However, he observed a lack of
any clear evidence of prehistoric moraines other than those which were close to the
1958 glacier tongues. Blumenthal explained the absence of such moraines by the lack
of confining ridges to control glaciers, insufficient debris load in the ice to form
moraines, and their burial by later eruptions. Years later, Birman[46] observed on the
south-facing slopes a possible moraine that extends at least 300 meters (980 ft) in
altitude below the base of the 1958 ice cap at an elevation of 4,200 meters (13,800 ft).
He also found two morainal deposits that were created by a Mount Ararat valley
glacier of Pleistocene, possibly Wisconsinan (Last Glacial Maximum) age
downvalley from Lake Balik Golu. The higher moraine lies at an altitude of about
2,200 meters (7,200 ft) and the lower moraine lies at an altitude of about 1,800
meters (5,900 ft). The lower moraine occurs about 15 kilometers (9.3 mi)
downstream from Lake Balik Golu. Both moraines are about 30 meters (98 ft) high. It
is suspected that Lake Balik Golu occupies a glacial basin.[46]


Geology
Mount Ararat is a polygenic, compound stratovolcano. Covering an area of
1,100 km2 (420 sq mi), it is the largest volcanic edifice within the region. Along its
northwest–southeast trending long axis, Mount Ararat is about 45 kilometers (28 mi)
long and is about 30 kilometers (19 mi) long along its short axis. It consists of about
1,150 km3 (280 cu mi) of dacitic and rhyolitic pyroclastic debris and dacitic, rhyolitic,
and basaltic lavas.[10]
 Mount Ararat consists of two distinct volcanic cones, Greater Ararat and Lesser
Ararat (Little Ararat). The western volcanic cone, Greater Ararat, is a steep-sided
volcanic cone that is larger and higher than the eastern volcanic cone. Greater Ararat
is about 25 kilometers (16 mi) wide at the base and rises about 3 kilometers (1.9 mi)
above the adjacent floors of the Iğdir and Doğubeyazıt basins. The eastern volcanic
cone, Lesser Ararat, is 3,896 meters (12,782 ft) high and 15 kilometers (9.3 mi)
across. These volcanic cones, which lie 13 kilometers (8.1 mi) apart, are separated by
a wide north–south-trending crack. This crack is the surface expression of an
extensional fault. Numerous parasitic cones and lava domes have been built by flank
eruptions along this fault and on the flanks of both of the main volcanic cones.[10]
Mount Ararat lies within a complex, sinistral pull-apart basin that originally was
a single, continuous depression. The growth of Mount Ararat partitioned this
depression into two smaller basins, the Iğdir and Doğubeyazıt basins. This pull-apart
basin is the result of strike-slip movement along two en-echelon fault segments, the
Doğubeyazıt–Gürbulak and Iğdir faults, of a sinistral strike–slip fault system.
Tension between these faults, not only formed the original pull-apart basin, but
created a system of faults, exhibiting a horsetail splay pattern, that control the
position of the principal volcanic eruption centers of Mount Ararat and associated
linear belt of parasitic volcanic cones. The strike-slip fault system within which
Mount Ararat located is the result of north–south convergence and tectonic
compression between the Arabian Platform and Laurasia that continued after the
Tethys Ocean closed during the Eocene epoch along the Bitlis–Zagros suture.[10][47][48]
Geological history
During the early Eocene and early Miocene, the collision of the Arabian
platform with Laurasia closed and eliminated the Tethys Ocean from the area of what
is now Anatolia. The closure of these masses of continental crust, collapsed this
ocean basin by middle Eocene and resulted in a progressive shallowing of the
remnant seas, until the end of the early Miocene. Post-collisional tectonic
convergence within the collision zone resulted in the total elimination of the
remaining seas from East Anatolia, at the end of early Miocene, crustal shortening
and thickening across the collision zone, and uplift of the East Anatolian–Iranian
plateau. Accompanying this uplift was extensive deformation by faulting and folding,
which resulted in the creation of numerous local basins. The north–south
compressional deformation continues today as evidenced by ongoing faulting,
volcanism, and seismicity.[10][47][49]
Within Anatolia, regional volcanism started middle-late Miocene. During the
late Miocene–Pliocene period, widespread volcanism blanketed the entire East
Anatolian–Iranian plateau under thick volcanic rocks. This volcanic activity has
continued uninterrupted until historical times. Apparently, it reached a climax during
the latest Miocene–Pliocene, 6 to 3 Ma. During the Quaternary, the volcanism
became restricted to a few local volcanoes such as Mount Ararat. These volcanoes
are typically associated with north–south tensional fractures formed by the continuing
the north–south shortening deformation of Anatolia.[10]
 In their detailed study and summary of the Quaternary volcanism of Anatolia,
Yilmaz[10] and others recognized four phases to the construction of Mount Ararat
from volcanic rocks exposed in glacial valleys deeply carved into it flanks. First, they
recognized a fissure eruption phase of Plinian-subPlinian fissure eruptions that
deposited more than 700 meters (2,300 ft) of pyroclastic rocks and a few basaltic lava
flows. These volcanic rocks were erupted from approximately north northwest–south
southeast-trending extensional faults and fissures prior to the development of Mount
Ararat. Second, a cone-building phase began when the volcanic activity became
localized at a point along a fissure. During this phase, the eruption of successive
flows of lava up to 150 meters (490 ft) thick and pyroclastic flows of andesite and
dacite composition and later eruption of basaltic lava flows, formed the Greater
Ararat cone with a low conical profile. Third, during a climatic phase, copious flows
of andesitic and basaltic lavas were erupted. During this phase, the current cones of
Greater and Lesser Ararat were formed as eruptions along subsidiary fissures and
cracks and flank occurred. Finally, the volcanic eruptions at Mount Ararat
transitioned into a flank eruption phase during which a major north–south-trending
fault offset the two cones developed along with a number of subsidiary fissures and
cracks on the volcano's flanks. Along this fault and the subsidiary fissures and cracks,
a number of parasitic cones and domes were built by minor eruptions. One subsidiary
cone erupted voluminous basalt and andesite lava flows. They flowed across the
Doğubeyazıt plain and along the southerly flowing Sarısu River. These lava flows
formed black ʻaʻā and pāhoehoe lava flows that contain well preserved lava tubes.[10]
The radiometric dating of these lava flows yielded radiometric ages of 0.4, 0.48 and
0.81 Ma.[50] Overall, radiometric ages obtained from the volcanic rocks erupted by
Mount Ararat range from 1.5 to 0.02 Ma.[10]
Recent volcanic and seismic activity
The chronology of Holocene volcanic activity associated with Mount Ararat is
poorly documented. However, either archaeological excavations, oral history,
historical records, or a combination of these data provide evidence that volcanic
eruptions of Mount Ararat occurred in 2500–2400 BC, 550 BC, possibly in 1450 AD
and 1783 AD, and definitely in 1840 AD. Archaeological evidence demonstrates that
explosive eruptions and pyroclastic flows from the northwest flank of Mount Ararat
destroyed and buried at least one Kura–Araxes culture settlement and caused
numerous fatalities in 2500–2400 BC. Oral histories indicated that a significant
eruption of uncertain magnitude occurred in 550 BC and minor eruptions of uncertain
nature might have occurred in 1450 AD and 1783 AD.[6][48][49][51] According to the
interpretation of historical and archaeological data, strong earthquakes not associated
with volcanic eruptions also occurred the area of Mount Ararat in 139, 368, 851–893,
and 1319 AD. During the 139 AD earthquake, a large landslide that caused many
casualties and was similar to the 1840 AD landslide originated from the summit of
Mount Ararat.[48][49][52]
1840 eruption
 Historical records and oral history document a phreatic eruption and pyroclastic
flow from radial fissures on the upper north flank of Mount Ararat and a possibly
associated earthquake of magnitude 7.4 that caused severe damage and numerous
casualties in 1840 AD. Up to 10,000 people in the Mount Ararart region died in the
earthquake, including 1,900 villagers in the village of Akhuri (modern Yenidoğan)
who were killed by a gigantic landslide and subsequent debris flow. In addition, this
combination of landslide and debris flow destroyed the town of Aralik, several
villages, and Russian military barracks. It also temporarily dammed the Sevjour
River.[6][48][49][51]
Ascents
The 13th century missionary William of Rubruck wrote that "Many have tried to
climb it, but none has been able."[53] 18th century English theologian Thomas
Stackhouse noted that "All the Armenians are firmly persuaded that Noah's ark exists
to the present day on the summit of Mount Ararat, and that in order to preserve it, no
person is permitted to approach it."[54] In response to its first ascent by Parrot and
Abovian, one high-ranking Armenian Apostolic Church clergyman commented that
to climb the sacred mountain was "to tie the womb of the mother of all mankind in a
dragonish mode." By contrast, in the 21st century to climb Ararat is "the most highly
valued goal of some of the patriotic pilgrimages that are organized in growing
number from Armenia and the Armenian diaspora."[55]
First ascent

Friedrich Parrot
 Khachatur Abovian
The first recorded ascent of the mountain in the modern times took place on 9
October [O.S. 27 September] 1829.[11][56][57][58] The Baltic German naturalist Friedrich
Parrot of the University of Dorpat arrived at Etchmiadzin in mid-September 1829,
almost two years after Russian capture of Erivan, for the single purpose of exploring
Ararat.[59] The prominent Armenian writer Khachatur Abovian, then a deacon and
translator at Etchmiadzin, was assigned by Catholicos Yeprem, the head of the
Armenian Church, as interpreter and guide.
Parrot and Abovian crossed the Aras River into the district of Surmali and
headed to the Armenian village of Akhuri situated on the northern slope of Ararat
1,220 metres (4,000 ft) above sea level. They set up a base camp at the Armenian
monastery of St. Hakob some 730 metres (2,400 ft) higher, at an elevation of 1,943
metres (6,375 ft). After two failed attempts, they reached the summit on their third
attempt at 3:15 p.m. on October 9, 1829.[56][60] The group included Parrot, Abovian,
two Russian soldiers—Aleksei Zdorovenko and Matvei Chalpanov, and two
Armenian Akhuri villagers—Hovhannes Aivazian and Murad Poghosian.[61] Parrot
measured the elevation at 5,250 metres (17,220 ft) using a mercury barometer. This
was not only the first ascent of Ararat, but also the second highest elevation climbed
by man up to that date outside of Mount Licancabur in the Chilean Andes. Abovian
dug a hole in the ice and erected a wooden cross facing north.[62] Abovian also picked
up a chunk of ice from the summit and carried it down with him in a bottle,
considering the water holy. On 8 November [O.S. 27 October] 1829, Parrot and
Abovian together with the Akhuri hunter Sahak’s brother Hako, acting as a guide
climbed up Lesser Ararat.[63]
Later notable ascents
Other early notable climbers of Ararat included Russian climatologist and
meteorologist Kozma Spassky-Avtonomov (August 1834), Karl Behrens (1835),
German mineralogist and geologist Otto Wilhelm Hermann von Abich (29 July
1845),[64] British politician Henry Danby Seymour (1848).[65] Later in the 19th
century, two British scholars on Armenia—James Bryce (1876)[66] and H. F. B. Lynch
(1893)[67][68]—climbed the mountain. The first winter climb was by Bozkurt Ergör, the
former president of the Turkish Mountaineering Federation, who climbed on 21
February 1970.[69]
Resting place of Noah's Ark
 Topography of Paradise by Jesuit scholar and polymath Athanasius Kircher as
pictured in his book Arca Noë (1675). In the northeast, in the mountains above
Armenia stands Mount Ararat, shown with a rectangular-shaped ark on the summit.[70]
Origins of the tradition
According to the fourth verse of the eighth chapter of the Book of Genesis
(Genesis 8:4), following a flood, Noah's Ark landed on the "mountains of Ararat"
(Biblical Hebrew: ‫הָ ֵרי אֲ ָר ָרט‬, hare ararat).[71] Most historians and Bible scholars agree
that "Ararat" is the Hebrew name of Urartu, the geographic predecessor of Armenia
and referred to the wider region at the time and not the mountain today known as
Ararat.[d] Indeed, the phrase is translated as "mountains of Armenia" (montes
Armeniae) in the Vulgate, the fourth century Latin translation of the Bible.[75]
Nevertheless, Mount Ararat is considered the traditional site of the resting place of
Noah's Ark and most Christians prefer this view "largely because it would have been
the first peak to emerge from the receding flood waters."[76] It has therefore been
called a biblical mountain.[77][78]
Mount Ararat has been associated with the Genesis flood story since the 11-12th
centuries.[73] The local Armenian population began to identify it as the ark's landing
place during those centuries.[79] F. C. Conybeare wrote that the mountain was "a
center and focus of pagan myths and cults [...] and it was only in the eleventh
century, after these had vanished from the popular mind, that the Armenian
theologians ventured to locate on its eternal snows the resting-place of Noah's ark."[80]
The 13th century Franciscan missionary William of Rubruck is usually considered
the earliest reference for the tradition of Mount Ararat as the landing place of the ark
in European literature.[53][72][81] The 14th century English traveler John Mandeville is
another early author who mentioned Mount Ararat, "where Noah's ship rested, and it
is still there."[82][83]
Prevalence of the legend

Descent of Noah from Ararat by Ivan Aivazovsky (1889, National Gallery of

Armenia) depicts Noah with his family, and a procession of animals, crossing the
Ararat plain, following their descent from Mount Ararat, shown in the background.[84]
[85]

Most Christians identify Mount Ararat with the biblical "mountains of Ararat,"
despite the fact that six other landing places have been proposed.[76] Ararat is where
the European tradition and most of Western Christianity place the landing of Noah's
Ark. According to Spencer and Lienard the tradition "seems to be well entrenched in
the Christian world."[81][e] During his visit to Armenia in 2001 Pope John Paul II
declared in his homily in Yerevan's St. Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral: "We are
close to Mount Ararat, where tradition says that the Ark of Noah came to rest."[89]
Patriarch Kirill of Moscow, the head of the Russian Orthodox Church, also
mentioned Mount Ararat as the resting place of Noah's Ark in his speech at the
Etchmiadzin Cathedral during his visit to Armenia in 2010.[90]
James Bryce, while admitting that the biblical passage implies that the ark rested
upon a "mountain in the district which the Hebrews knew as Ararat, or Armenia",
wrote in an 1878 article that the biblical writer must have had Mt. Ararat in mind
because it is so "very much higher, more conspicuous, and more majestic than any
other summit in Armenia."[66] Those critical of this view point out that Ararat was the
name of the country, not the mountain, at the time when Genesis was written. Arnold
wrote in his 2008 Genesis commentary, "The location 'on the mountains' of Ararat
indicates not a specific mountain by that name, but rather the mountainous region of
the land of Ararat."[19]
Searches
Searches for Noah's Ark have traditionally concentrated on Mount Ararat.[76]
Augustin Calmet wrote in his 1722 biblical dictionary, "It is affirmed, but without
proof, that there are still remains of Noah's ark on the top of this mountain; but M. de
Tournefort, who visited this spot, has assured us there was nothing like it; that the top
of mount Ararat is inaccessible, both by reason of its great height, and of the snow
which perpetually covers it."[86] Despite numerous reports of ark sightings (e.g. Ararat
anomaly) and rumors, "no scientific evidence of the ark has emerged."[91] Searches for
Noah's Ark are considered by scholars an example of pseudoarchaeology.[92][93]
Kenneth Feder writes, "As the flood story itself is unsupported by any archaeological
evidence, it is not surprising that there is no archaeological evidence for the existence
of an impossibly large boat dating to 5,000 years ago."[94]
Significance among Armenians
Symbolism

Ararat—located some 65 km (40 mi) south of the city–dominates the skyline of

Armenia's capital Yerevan.[27][78][95][96]
 Hayk, the legendary founding father of the Armenian people, as depicted by
Mkrtum Hovnatanian (1779-1846). Ararat is pictured in the background.
Despite lying outside the borders of the modern Republic of Armenia, Ararat
has historically been associated with Armenia.[97][98][f] It is widely considered the
country's principal national symbol and brand.[102][103] The image of Ararat, usually
framed within a nationalizing discourse, is ubiquitous in everyday material culture in
Armenia.[104] According to ethnographer Tsypylma Darieva Armenians have "a sense
of possession of Ararat in the sense of symbolic cultural property."[105]
Ararat is known as the "holy mountain" of the Armenian people.[106][95][107] It was
principal to the pre-Christian Armenian mythology, where it was the home of the
gods.[108] With the rise of Christianity, the mythology associated with pagan worship
of the mountain was lost.[109] Ararat was the geographical center of ancient Armenian
kingdoms.[g] One scholar defined the historic Greater Armenia (Major Armenia) as
"the area about 200 miles [320 km] in every direction from Mount Ararat."[113] In
19th-century era of romantic nationalism, when an Armenian state did not exist, Mt.
Ararat symbolized the historical Armenian nation-state.[114] The First Republic of
Armenia, the first modern Armenian state that existed between 1918 and 1920, was
sometimes called the Araratian Republic or the Republic of Ararat as it was centered
in the Ararat plain.[115]
Myth of origin
The Genesis flood narrative was linked to the Armenian myth of origin by the
early medieval historian Movses Khorenatsi. In his History of Armenia, he wrote that
Noah and his family first settled in Armenia and later moved to Babylon. Hayk, a
descendant of Japheth, a son of Noah, revolted against Bel and returned to the area
around Mount Ararat, where established the roots of the Armenian nation. He is thus
considered the legendary founding father and the name giver of the Armenian people.
[116][117]
According to Razmik Panossian, this legend "makes Armenia the cradle of all
civilisation since Noah's Ark landed on the 'Armenian' mountain of Ararat. […] it
connects Armenians to the biblical narrative of human development. […] it makes
Mount Ararat the national symbol of all Armenians, and the territory around it the
Armenian homeland from time immemorial."[118]
Coat of arms of Armenia
Mount Ararat has been depicted on the coat of arms of Armenia consistently
since 1918. The First Republic's coat of arms was designed by architect Alexander
Tamanian and painter Hakob Kojoyan. This coat of arms was readopted by the
legislature of the Republic of Armenia on April 19, 1992, after Armenia regained
independence. Ararat is depicted along with the ark on its peak on the shield on an
orange background.[119]
The emblem of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (Soviet Armenia) was
created by the painters Martiros Saryan and Hakob Kojoyan in 1921.[120] Mount
Ararat is depicted in the center and makes up a large portion of it.[121]


First Republic (1918–20)


Soviet Republic (1921–91)


Current Republic (1992–)
Symbol of genocide and territorial claims
In the aftermath of the Armenian Genocide of 1915, Ararat came to represent
the destruction of the native Armenian population of eastern Turkey (Western
Armenia) in the national consciousness of Armenians.[h][123] Ari L. Goldman noted in
1988, "In most Armenian homes in the modern diaspora, there are pictures of Mount
Ararat, a bittersweet reminder of the homeland and national aspirations."[124]
 Ararat has become a symbol of Armenian efforts to reclaim its "lost lands", i.e.
the areas west of Ararat that are now part of Turkey that had significant Armenian
population before the genocide.[125] Adriaans noted that Ararat is featured as a
sanctified territory for the Armenians in everyday banal irredentism.[126] Stephanie
Platz wrote, "Omnipresent, the vision of Ararat rising above Yerevan and its outskirts
constantly reminds Armenians of their putative ethnogenesis … and of their exile
from Eastern Anatolia after the Armenian genocide of 1915."[127]

Lebanese Armenians protesting Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan's visit to Beirut

in November 2010.[128] The poster reads "Ararat is and remains Armenian".
Turkish political scientist Bayram Balci argues that regular references to the
Armenian Genocide and Mount Ararat "clearly indicate" that the border with Turkey
is contested in Armenia.[129] Since independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, the
Armenian government has not made official claims to any Turkish territory,[129][130]
however the Armenian government has avoided "an explicit and formal recognition
of the existing Turkish-Armenian border."[131] In a 2010 interview with Der Spiegel,
Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan was asked: "You can see Mount Ararat,
Armenia's national symbol, from the windows of your residence. Today, the
mountain is inaccessible, on the other side of the Turkish border. Turkey fears
demands for land and compensation. Do you want Mount Ararat back?" Sargsyan, in
response, said:[132]
No one can take Mount Ararat from us; we keep it in our hearts. Wherever
Armenians live in the world today, you will find a picture of Mount Ararat in their
homes. And I feel certain that a time will come when Mount Ararat is no longer a
symbol of the separation between our peoples, but an emblem of understanding. But
let me make this clear: Never has a representative of Armenia made territorial
demands. Turkey alleges this—perhaps out of its own bad conscience?
The most prominent party to lay claims to eastern Turkey is the nationalist
Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnaktsutyun). which claims it as part of
what it considers United Armenia.[133] In various settings, several notable individuals
such as German historian Tessa Hofmann,[i] Slovak conservative politician František
Mikloško,[j] Lithuanian political scientist and Soviet dissident Aleksandras Štromas[k]
have spoken in support of Armenian claims over Mt. Ararat.
Cultural depictions
 The first stamps issued by independent Armenia in 1992[137]
Ethnographer Levon Abrahamian noted that Ararat is visually present for
Armenians in reality (it can be seen from many houses in Yerevan and settlements in
the Ararat plain), symbolically (through many visual representations, such as on
Armenia's coats of arms), and culturally—in numerous and various nostalgic poetical,
political, architectural representation.[138] The first three postage stamps issued by
Armenia in 1992 after achieving independence from the Soviet Union depicted Mt.
Ararat.[137]
Mount Ararat has been depicted on various Armenian dram banknotes issued in
1993-2001; on the reverse of the 10 dram banknotes issued in 1993, on the reverse of
the 50 dram banknotes issued in 1998, on the obverse of the 100 and 500 dram
banknotes issued in 1993, and on the reverse of the 50,000 dram banknotes issued in
2001. It was also depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 100 lira banknotes of 1972-
1986.[l]
Ararat is depicted on the logos of two of Armenia's leading universities—the
Yerevan State University and the American University of Armenia. It is depicted on
the logos of Football Club Ararat Yerevan (since the Soviet times) and the Football
Federation of Armenia. The logo of Armavia, Armenia's now defunct flag carrier,
also depicted Ararat. The publications of the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party in
Lebanon (Ararad daily) and California, U.S. (Massis weekly) are both named for
Ararat. The most prestigious Eastern European brandy produced in Armenia is called
Ararat.[139]
In visual art
European
Ararat was depicted in the books of European, including many British, and
American travelers in the 18th-19th centuries who visited Armenia.


Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, 1718


 Robert Ker Porter, 1821


"View of Ararat and the Monastery of Echmiadzin", from the 1846 English
translation of Friedrich Parrot's Journey to Ararat


James Bryce, 1877


H. F. B. Lynch, 1901
Armenian
According to one source, the first Armenian artist to depict the mountain was
Ivan Aivazovsky,[140] who created a painting of Ararat during his visit to Armenia in
1868.[141] Other major Armenians artists who painted Ararat include Yeghishe
Tadevosyan, Gevorg Bashinjaghian, Martiros Saryan,[142] and Panos Terlemezian.


Ivan Aivazovsky, Valley of Mount Ararat, 1882


 Yeghishe Tadevosyan, Ararat from Ejmiatsin, 1895


Gevorg Bashinjaghian, 1912


Panos Terlemezian, 1929
In literature
Rouben Paul Adalian suggested that "there is probably more poetry written
about Mount Ararat than any other mountain on earth."[109] Travel writer Rick
Antonson described Ararat as the "most fabled mountain in the world."[143]
Non-Armenian
English Romantic poet William Wordsworth imagines seeing the ark[144] in the
poem "Sky-Prospect": Lo! in the burning west, the craggy nape/ Of a proud Ararat!
and thereupon, / The Ark, her melancholy voyage done![145]
In his Journey to Arzrum (Путешествие в Арзрум; 1835–36), the celebrated
Russian poet Aleksandr Pushkin recounted his travels to the Caucasus and Armenia
at the time of the Russo-Turkish War (1828–29). He wrote the following about his
encounter with Mount Ararat:
I went out of the tent into the fresh morning air. The sun was rising. Against the
clear sky one could see a white-snowcapped, twin-peaked mountain. 'What mountain
is that?' I asked, stretching myself, and heard the answer: 'That's Ararat.' What a
powerful effect a few syllables can have! Avidly I looked at the Biblical mountain,
saw the ark moored to its peak with the hope of regeneration and life, saw both the
raven and dove, flying forth, the symbols of punishment and reconciliation...[146]
Russian Symbolist poet Valery Bryusov often referred to Ararat in his poetry
and dedicated two poems to the mountain,[m] which were published in 1917. Bryusov
saw Ararat as the embodiment of antiquity of the Armenian people and their culture.
[147]

Russian poet Osip Mandelstam wrote fondly of Ararat during his travels in
Armenia. "I have cultivated in myself a sixth sense, an 'Ararat' sense," the poet wrote,
"the sense of an attraction to a mountain."[148]
 During his travels to Armenia, Soviet Russian writer Vasily Grossman observed
Mount Ararat from Yerevan standing "high in the blue sky." He wrote that "with its
gentle, tender contours, it seems to grow not out of the earth but out of the sky, as if it
has condensed from its white clouds and its deep blue. It is this snowy mountain, this
bluish-white sunlit mountain that shone in the eyes of those who wrote the Bible."[149]
In The Maximus Poems American poet Charles Olson, who grew up near the
Armenian neighborhood in Worcester, Massachusetts, compares the Ararat Hill near
his childhood home to the mountain and "imagines he can capture an Armenian's
immigrant perspective: the view of Ararat Hill as Mount Ararat."[150]
Armenian
Mt. Ararat is featured prominently in Armenian literature. According to Meliné
Karakashian, Armenian poets "attribute to it symbolic meanings of unity, freedom,
and independence."[151] According to Bardakjian, Ararat "epitomizes Armenia and
Armenian suffering and aspirations, especially the consequences of the 1915
genocide: almost total annihilation, loss of a unique culture and land [...] and an
implicit determination never to recognize the new political borders."[152]
The last two lines of Yeghishe Charents's 1920 poem "I Love My Armenia" (Ես
իմ անուշ Հայաստանի) read: "And in the entire world you will not find a
mountaintop like Ararat's. / Like an unreachable peak of glory I love my Mount
Masis."[153]
In a 1926[154] poem dedicated to the mountain Avetik Isahakyan wrote: "Ages as
though in second came, / Touched the grey crest of Ararat, / And passed by...! [...] It's
now your turn; you too, now, / Stare at its high and lordly brow, / And pass by...!"[155]
Mount Ararat is the most frequently cited symbol in the poetry of Hovhannes
Shiraz.[152] In collection of poems, Knar Hayastani (Lyre of Armenia) published in
1958, there are many poems "with very strong nationalist overtones, especially with
respect to Mount Ararat (in Turkey) and the irredentism it entailed." In one such
poem, "Ktak" (Bequest), Shiraz bequeaths his son Mt. Ararat to "keep it forever, / As
the language of us Armenians, as the pillar of your father’s home."[156]
The first lines of Paruyr Sevak's 1961 poem "We Are Few..." (Քիչ ենք, բայց
հայ ենք) read: "We are few, but they say of us we are Armenians. / We do not think
ourselves superior to anyone. / Clearly we shall have to accept / That we, and only
we, have an Ararat"[157]
In one short poem Silva Kaputikyan compares Armenia to an "ancient rock-
carved fortress", the towers of which are Ararat and Aragats.
In popular culture
In music

"Holy Mountains", the 8th track of the album Hypnotize (2005) by System of a
Down, an American rock band composed of four Armenian Americans, "references
Mount Ararat [...] and details that the souls lost to the Armenian Genocide have
returned to rest here."[158]

"Here's to You Ararat" is a song from the 2006 album How Much is Yours' of
Arto Tunçboyacıyan's Armenian Navy Band.[159]
 In film

The 2002 film Ararat by Armenian-Canadian filmmaker Atom Egoyan
features Mt. Ararat prominently in its symbolism.[160]

The 2011 documentary film Journey to Ararat on Parrot's expedition to Ararat
was produced in Estonia by filmmaker Riho Västrik. It was screened at the Golden
Apricot International Film Festival in Yerevan in 2013.[161]
Places named for Ararat
In Armenia, there is a province, two cities (Ararat, Masis), and two villages
(Ararat, Masis) named Ararat or Masis.
The Turkish province of Ağrı was named for the mountain (its Turkish name) in
1927, while the city of Karaköse was renamed to Ağrı in 1946.[162]
In the United States, an unincorporated community in North Carolina, a
township and mountain in Pennsylvania, and a river in Virginia and North Carolina
are named Ararat.
In the Australian state of Victoria, there is a city and a rural city named Ararat.
96205 Ararat is an asteroid named in the mountain's honor
Gallery


taken from the International Space Station on 8 July 2011


taken from the Space Shuttle on 18 March 2001



View of Ararat from Khor Virap, Armenia


View of Ararat from Iğdır, Turkey


from Doğubeyazıt


from Iğdır


from Nakhchivan
References
Notes
 1.
 The only permitted route to climb Mount Ararat begins in Doğubeyazıt,
optionally by automobile. Ministry of Culture and Tourism (2005).[5]
  Bodie Hodge writes, "Ararat and Urartu are spelled the same in Hebrew
(no vowels in Hebrew, so it would be "rrt" for both with their Hebrew letters), but
pronounced differently."[20]
  Strabo, Geographica, XI.14.2 and XI.14.14.[32] They are also
transliterated as Abus and Nibarus.[33] Abos and Nibaros are the two peaks of Ararat
according to scholars such as Nicholas Adontz,[32] Vladimir Minorsky,[34] Julius Fürst.
[35]


  Richard James Fischer: "The Genesis text, using the plural "mountains"
(or hills), identifies no particular mountain, but points generally toward Armenia
("Ararat" being identical with the Assyrian "Urartu") which is broadly embraces that
region."[72]

Exell, Joseph S.; Spence-Jones, Henry Donald Maurice (eds.). "Genesis". The
Pulpit Commentary. It is agreed by all that the term Ararat describes a region. view
online

Dummelow, John, ed. (1909). "Genesis". John Dummelow's Commentary on
the Bible. Ararat is the Assyrian 'Urardhu,' the country round Lake Van, in what is
now called Armenia [...] and perhaps it is a general expression for the hilly country
which lay to the N. of Assyria. Mt. Masis, now called Mt. Ararat (a peak 17,000 ft.
high), is not meant here. view online

Bill T. Arnold: "Since the ancient kingdom of Ararat/Urartu was much more
extensive geographically than this isolated location in Armenia, modern attempts to
find remaints of Noah's ark here are misguided."[73]

Vahan Kurkjian: "It has long been the notion among many Christians that
Noah's Ark came to rest as the Flood subsided upon the great peak known as Mount
Ararat; this assumption is based upon an erroneous reading of the 4th verse of the
VIIIth chapter of Genesis. That verse does not say that the Ark landed upon Mount
Ararat, but upon "the mountains of Ararat." Now, Ararat was the Hebrew version of
the name, not of the mountain but of the country around it, the old Armenian
homeland, whose name at other times and in other tongues appears variously as
Erirath, Urartu, etc."[74]
  A 1722 biblical dictionary by Austin Calmet and the 1871 Jamieson-
Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary both point to Mount Ararat as the place where
tradition says the ark rested.[86][87] American Christian missionary H. G. O. Dwight
wrote in 1856 that "the general opinion of the learned in Europe" is that Noah's Ark
rested on Mount Ararat.[88]
  Armenians have been called the "people of Ararat" by authors of at least
two books.[99][100] Italian diplomat and historian Luigi Villari wrote in 1906: "Almost
the whole history of the Armenian people centres round Mount Ararat."[101]
  "...Mt. Ararat, which was the geographical center of the ancient
Armenian kingdoms..."[110]
 
"The sacred mountain stands in the center of historical and traditional
Armenia..."[111]

"To the Armenians it is the ancient sanctuary of their faith, the centre of their
once famous kingdom, hallowed by a thousand traditions."[112]
  "The lands of Western Armenia which Mt. Ararat represent..."[114]
"mount Ararat is the symbol of banal irredentism for the territories of Western
Armenia"[122]
  Hofmann suggested that "the return of the ruins of Ani and of Mount
Ararat [by Turkey to Armenia], both in the immediate border area could be
considered as a convincing gesture of Turkey's apologies and will for
reconciliation."[134]
  Mikloško stated at a 2010 conference on Turkey's foreign policy:
"Mount Ararat [represents the] Christian heritage of Armenians. Does modern
Turkey consider the possibility of giving the mount back to Armenians? The return of
Ararat would be an unprecedented step to signify Turkey’s willingness to build a
peaceful future and promote its image at the international scene."[135]
  Štromas wrote: "The Armenians would also be right to claim from
Turkey the Ararat Valley, which is an indivisible part of the Armenian homeland
containing the main spiritual center and supreme symbol of Armenia's nationhood,
the holy Mountain of Ararat itself."[136]
  Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey. Banknote Museum: 6. Emission
Group - One Hundred Turkish Lira - I. Series, II. Series & III. Series.
13.  "К Арарату" ("To Ararat") and "Арарат из Эривани" ("Ararat from
Erivan")
Citations
1.
 Gardaneh-e-Kuhin - Key col for Mount Ararat peakbagger.com. Retrieved
30 January 2016
  "100 World Mountains ranked by primary factor". ii.uib.no. Institutt for
informatikk University of Bergen.
  2007 GPS survey
  "Ağrı Dağı'nın yüzde 65'i Iğdır'da". internetigdir.com (in Turkish). 22
December 2012. ...Ağrı Dağı'nın yüzölçümü olarak yüzde 65'i Iğdır sınırındadır.
  "Ağrı – Mount Ararat". Republic of Turkey Ministry of culture and
tourism (kultur.gov.tr). 2005.
  Siebert, L., T. Simkin, and P. Kimberly (2010) Volcanoes of the world,
3rd ed. University of California Press, Berkeley, California. 551 pp. ISBN 978-0-
520-26877-7.
  "Ağrı Dağı Milli Parkı [Ağrı Dağı National Park]". ormansu.gov.tr (in
Turkish). Republic of Turkey Ministry of Forest and Water Management.
  "Ararat". Merriam-Webster. \ˈer-ə-ˌrat, ˈa-rə-\
"Ararat". Collins Dictionary. ˈærəˌræt
   Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary (3rd ed.). Springfield,
Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster. 2001. p. 63. ISBN 9780877795469.
  Yilmaz, Y.; Güner, Y.; Saroğlu, F. (1998). "Geology of the quaternary
volcanic centres of the east Anatolia". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal
Research. 85: 173–210. doi:10.1016/s0377-0273(98)00055-9.
  Parrot 2016, p. 139.
  de Planhol, X. (1986). "Ararat". Encyclopædia Iranica.
  Hovannisian, Richard G. (1973). "Armenia and the Caucasus in the
Genesis of the Soviet-Turkish Entente". International Journal of Middle East Studies.
4 (2): 129. JSTOR 162238. doi:10.1017/s0020743800027409. ...Nationalist Turkey
annexed the Surmalu district, embracing Mount Ararat, the historic symbol of the
Armenian people.
  de Waal, Thomas (2015). Great Catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in
the Shadow of Genocide. Oxford University Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0199350698.
  Parrot 2016, p. xxiii.
  Yildiz, Kerim; Taysi, Tanyel B. (2007). The Kurds in Iran: The Past,
Present and Future. London: Pluto Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0745326696.
  Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014). Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the
Caucasus. Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. New Haven: Yale University
Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0300153088.
  Frymer, Tikva S.; Sperling, S. David (2008). "Ararat, Armenia".
Encyclopaedia Judaica (2nd ed.). view online
  Arnold 2008, p. 104.
  Hodge, Bodie (2013). Tower of Babel: The Cultural History of Our
Ancestors. New Leaf Publishing Group. p. 114. ISBN 9781614583189.
  Hewsen, Robert H. (2001). "Armenia: The Physical Setting--Mt.
Ararat". Armenia: A Historical Atlas. University of Chicago Press. p. 15. ISBN 0-
226-33228-4.
  Smith, Eli (1832). "Foreign Correspondence". The Biblical Repository
and Classical Review: 203. ...called by the Armenians, Masis, and by Europeans
generally Ararat...
  Bryce 1877, p. 198.
  Jastrow, Jr., Morris; Kent, Charles Foster (1902). "Ararat". Jewish
Encyclopedia Volume II. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Co. p. 73. The mountain itself
is known as Ararat only among Occidental geographers. The Armenians call it
Massis, the Turks Aghri Dagh, and the Persians Koh i Nuh, or "the mountain of
Noah." view online
  Avetisyan, Kamsar (1979). Հայրենագիտական էտյուդներ
[Armenian studies sketches] (in Armenian). Yerevan: Sovetakan grogh. p. 14.
Հայերը Արարատը անվանում են Մասիս...
 "Պատմություն [History]" (in Armenian). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the
Republic of Armenia. Բարձրավանդակի գրեթե կենտրոնում վեր է հառնում
աստվածաշնչյան Արարատ (Մասիս) լեռը...
   "Մասիսներ [Masisner]". encyclopedia.am (in Armenian).
  Peroomian, Rubina (2007). "Historical Memory: Threading the
Contemporary Literature of Armenia". In Hovannisian, Richard. The Armenian
Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies. Transaction Publishers. p. 113.
ISBN 9781412835923. ...the majestic duo of Sis and Masis (the two peaks of Mount
Ararat) that hover above the Erevan landscape are constant reminders of the
historical injustice.
  Delitzsch, Franz (2001). New Commentary on Genesis. Wipf and Stock
Publishers. p. 274. The Armenians call Little Ararat sis and Great Ararat masis,
whence it seems that great, the meaning of meds, is contained in ma.
  Khorenatsi 1978, p. 91.
  Petrossyan 2010, p. 221.
  Novoseltsev 1978.
  Petrossyan 2010, p. 220.
  Jones, Horace Leonard, ed. (1928). "XI.14". The Geography of Strabo.
Harvard University Press. view Book XI, Chapter 14 online
  Minorsky, V. (1944). "Roman and Byzantine Campaigns in Atropatene".
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 11 (2):
259. Although what Strabo means by Abos seems to be the southern spurs of Mt.
Ararat...
  Julius Fürst cited in Exell, Joseph; Jones, William; Barlow, George;
Scott, W. Frank; et al. (1892). The Preacher's Complete Homiletical Commentary.
"...the present Aghri Dagh or the great Ararat (Pers. Kuhi Nuch, i.e. Noah's mountain,
in the classics ὁ ἄβος, Armen. massis)..." (Furst.) view online
  Dalton, Robert H. (2004). Sacred Places of the World: A Religious
Journey Across the Globe. Abhishek. p. 133. ISBN 9788182470514. The Turkish
name for Mt Ararat is Agri Dagi (which means mountain of pain).
  McCarta, Robertson (1992). Turkey (2nd ed.). Nelles. p. 210.
ISBN 9783886184019. (Turkish: Agri Dagi, "Mount of Sorrows")
  Sarıkaya, Mehmet Akif (2012). "Recession of the ice cap on Mount Ağrı
(Ararat), Turkey, from 1976 to 2011 and its climatic significance". Journal of Asian
Earth Sciences. 46: 190–194. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.12.009.
  "Xortekî tirk dixwaze bi bîsîklêtê xwe ji çiyayê Agirî berde xwarê" (in
Kurdish). Rudaw Media Network. 19 June 2014.
  Waugh, Alexander (27 August 2008). "Will he, won’t He? Ararat by
Frank Westerman, translated by Sam Garrett". The Spectator.
  SRTM data for Mount Ararat
  Mount Ararat Trip Report
  Detailed topographic maps of Mount Ararat
  Blumenthal, M. M. (1958). "Vom Agrl Dag (Ararat) zum Kagkar Dag.
Bergfahrten in nordostanatolischen Grenzlande". Die Alpen. 34: 125–137.
  Sarıkaya, M.A., and A.E. Tekeli (2014) Satellite inventory of glaciers in
Turkey. In J. S. Kargel and others, eds., pp. 465-480, Global Land Ice Measurements
from Space. Springer Praxis Books, Springer-Verlag, New York. 876 pp. ISBN 978-
3540798170
  Birman, J.H., (1968) Glacial Reconnaissance in Turkey. Geological
Society of America Bulletin. vol. 79, no. 8, pp. 1009-1026.
  Dewey, J.F., M.R. Hempton, W.S.F. Kidd, F. Saroglum and A.M.C.
Sengὃr (1986) Shortening of continental lithosphere: the neotectonics of Eastern
Anatolia - a young collision zone. In M.P. Coward, and A.C. Ries, eds., pp. pp. 3-36,
Collision Tectonics. Special Publication No. 19, Geological Society of London,
London, United Kingdom.
  Karakhanian, A.; Djrbashian, R.; Trifonov, V.; Philip, H.; Arakelian, S.;
Avagian, A. (2002). "Holocene–Historical Volcanism and Active Faults as Natural
Risk Factor for Armenia and Adjacent Countries". Journal of Volcanology and
Geothermal Research. 113 (1): 319–344. doi:10.1016/s0377-0273(01)00264-5.
  Karakhanian, A.S.; Trifonov, V.G.; Philip, H.; Avagyan, A.; Hessami,
K.; Jamali, F.; Bayraktutan, M. S.; Bagdassarian, H.; Arakelian, S.; Davtian, V.;
Adilkhanyan, A. (2004). "Active faulting and natural hazards in Armenia, Eastern
Turkey and North-Western Iran". Tectonophysics. 380: 189– 219.
doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2003.09.020.
  Allen, Mark B.; Mark, Darren F.; Kheirkhah, Monireh; Barfod, Dan;
Emami, Mohammad H.; Saville, Christopher (2011). "40Ar/39Ar dating of
Quaternary lavas in northwest Iran: constraints on the landscape evolution and
incision rates of the Turkish–Iranian plateau". Geophysical Journal International.
185: 1175–1188. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246x.2011.05022.x.
  Haroutiunian, R. A. (2005). "Катастрофическое извержение вулкана
Арарат 2 июля 1840 года [Catastrophic eruption of volcano Ararat on 2 july,
1840]". Proceedings: Earth Sciences (in Russian). Armenian National Academy of
Sciences. 58 (1): 27–35. ISSN 0515-961X.
  Taymaz, Tuncay; Eyidog̃an, Haluk; Jackson, James (1991). "Source
parameters of large earthquakes in the East Anatolian fault zone (Turkey)".
Geophysical Journal International. 106: 537–550. doi:10.1111/j.1365-
246x.1991.tb06328.x.
  William of Rubruck (1998). The Journey of William of Rubruck to the
Eastern Parts of the World, 1253-55. W. W. Rockhill (translator). New Delhi: Asian
Educational Services. p. 269–270. ISBN 9788120613386. [...] mountains in which
they say that Noah's ark rests; and there are two mountains, the one greater than the
other; and the Araxes flows at their base [...] Many have tried to climb it, but none
has been able. [...] An old man gave me quite a good reason why one ought not to try
to climb it. They call the mountain Massis [...] "No one," he said, "ought to climb up
Massis; it is the mother of the world."
  Stackhouse, Thomas (1836). A History of the Holy Bible. Glasgow:
Blackie & Son. p. 93.
  Siekierski, Konrad (2014). ""One Nation, One Faith, One Church": The
Armenian Apostolic Church and the Ethno-Religion in Post-Soviet Armenia". In
Agadjanian, Alexander. Armenian Christianity Today: Identity Politics and Popular
Practice. Ashgate Publishing. p. 14. ISBN 9781472412737.
  Randveer, Lauri. "How the Future Rector Conquered Ararat".
University of Tartu.
  Khachaturian, Lisa (2011). Cultivating Nationhood in Imperial Russia:
The Periodical Press and the Formation of a Modern Armenian Identity. Transaction
Publishers. p. 52. ISBN 9781412813723.
  Milner, Thomas (1872). The Gallery of Geography: A Pictorial and
Descriptive Tour of the World, Volume 2. W.R. M'Phun & Son. p. 783. Great Ararat
was ascended for the first time by Professor Parrot, October 9, 1829...
  Giles, Thomas (27 April 2016). "Friedrich Parrot: The man who became
the 'father of Russian mountaineering'". Russia Beyond the Headlines. Retrieved 19
April 2017.
  Ketchian, Philip K. (December 24, 2005). "Climbing Ararat: Then and
Now". The Armenian Weekly. 71 (52). Archived from the original on September 8,
2009.
  Parrot 2016, p. 142.
  Parrot 2016, p. 141-142.
  Parrot 2016, p. 183.
  Fairbairn, Patrick (1866). "Ararat". The Imperial Bible-Dictionary:
Historical, Biographical, Geographical and Doctrinal - Volume I. p. 119.
  Polo, Marco; Yule, Henry (2010). The Book of Ser Marco Polo, the
Venetian: Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East, Volume 1. Cambridge
University Press. p. 49.
  Bryce, James (1878). "On Armenia and Mount Ararat". Proceedings of
the Royal Geographical Society of London. London: Royal Geographical Society. 22
(3): 169–186. JSTOR 1799899. doi:10.2307/1799899.
  Lynch, H. F. B. (1893). "The ascent of Ararat". The Geographical
Journal. 2: 458.
  Lynch, H. F. B. (1901). Armenia, travels and studies. Volume I: The
Russian Provinces. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. p. 176.
  "Conquering the legendary Mount Ararat". Hürriyet Daily News. 15
January 2006.
  Spar, Ira (2003). "The Mesopotamian Legacy: Origins of the Genesis
tradition". In Aruz, Joan. Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the
Mediterranean to the Indus. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 488.
ISBN 9781588390431.
  Morgenstern, Julian (1941). "Psalm 48". Hebrew Union College
Annual. Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion. 16: 68. Note the plural,
hare 'Ararat; not "Mt. Ararat," as traditionally translated and interpreted, but rather
"(one of) the mountains of Ararat," i. e. of Urartu or Armenia.
   Richard James Fischer (2007). "Mount Ararat". Historical Genesis:
From Adam to Abraham. University Press of America. pp. 109–111.
ISBN 9780761838074.
  Arnold 2008, p. 105.
  Kurkjian, Vahan (1964) [1958]. A History of Armenia. New York:
Armenian General Benevolent Union of America. p. 2.
  Room, Adrian (1997). Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings.
McFarland. p. 34. ISBN 9780786401727.
  Vos, Howard F. (1982). "Flood (Genesis)". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J (fully revised ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans
Publishing. p. 319. ISBN 0-8028-3782-4.
  Tremblais, Jean-Louis (16 July 2011). "Ararat, montagne biblique". Le
Figaro (in French).
 "Biblical mountain's glaciers shrinking". News24. 8 August 2010.
  Avagyan, Ṛafayel (1998). Yerevan--heart of Armenia: meetings on the
roads of time. Union of Writers of Armenia. p. 17. The sacred biblical mountain
prevailing over Yerevan was the very visiting card by which foreigners came to know
our country.
  Bailey, Lloyd R. (1990). "Ararat". In Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger
Aubrey. Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press. p. 54. ...the local
(Armenian) population called Masis and which they began to identify as the ark's
landing place in the eleventh-twelfth centuries.
  Conybeare, F. C. (1901). "Reviewed Work: Ararat und Masis. Studien
zur armenischen Altertumskunde und Litteratur by Friedrich Murad". The American
Journal of Theology. 5 (2): 335–337. JSTOR 3152410. doi:10.1086/477703. Masis
was anyhow a center and focus of pagan myths and cults, which the author
enumerates; and it was only in the eleventh century, after these had vanished from
the popular mind, that the Armenian theologians ventured to locate on its eternal
snows the resting-place of Noah's ark.
  Spencer, Lee; Lienard, Jean Luc (2005). "The Search for Noah's Ark".
Southwestern Adventist University. (archived)
  Mandeville, John (2012). The Book of Marvels and Travels. Anthony
Bale (translator). Oxford University Press. p. 70. ISBN 9780199600601. ...there's
another mountain called Ararat; the Jews call this Thano, where Noah's ship rested,
and it is still there. One can glimpse it from afar in clear weather, and the mountain
is seven miles high.
  Mandel, Jerome (2013). "Ararat, Mount". In Friedman, John Block;
Figg, Kristen Mossler. Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An
Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 30. ISBN 9781135590949.
  "Նոյն իջնում է Արարատից (1889) [Descent of Noah from Ararat
(1889)]" (in Armenian). National Gallery of Armenia.
  Conway Morris, Roderick (24 February 2012). "The Key to Armenia's
Survival". The New York Times.
   original title: Dictionnaire historique, critique, chronologique,
geographique et literal de la Bible. English translation: Calmet, Augustin (1830).
"Ararat". Calmet's Dictionary of the Holy Bible: With the Biblical Fragments,
Volume 1. Charles Taylor (translator). London: Holdsworth and Ball. p. 178–179.
"...a famous mountain in Armenia, on which the ark is said to have rested, after the
deluge."
  Jamieson, Robert; Fausset, Andrew Robert; Brown, David (1871).
Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible. view Genesis 8:4
commentary online "...mountain which tradition points to as the one on which the ark
rested."
  Dwight 1856, p. 189: "The mountain on which, according to ancient
Armenian tradition, and the general opinion of the learned in Europe, the ark of Noah
rested after the deluge, is called in Armenian Masis, and in Turkish Aghur Dagh..."
  "Homily of John Paul II". vatican.va. Holy See. 26 September 2001.
  "Приветственная речь Святейшего Патриарха Кирилла в
кафедральном соборе Эчмиадзина [Welcome speech by His Holiness Patriarch
Kirill at the Cathedral of Etchmiadzin]". patriarchia.ru (in Russian). Russian
Orthodox Church. 16 March 2010. Каждый, кто приезжает в Армению,
получает неизгладимое впечатление, лицезрея ее главный символ — священную
гору Арарат, на которой остановился после потопа ковчег праотца Ноя.
  Mayell, Hillary (27 April 2004). "Noah's Ark Found? Turkey Expedition
Planned for Summer". National Geographic. pp. 1, 2.
  Cline, Eric H. (2009). Biblical Archaeology: A Very Short Introduction.
Oxford University Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-19-534263-5.
  Fagan, Garrett G. (2006). Archaeological Fantasies: How
Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public. Psychology
Press. p. 69. ISBN 9780415305921.
  Feder, Kenneth L. (2010). "Noah's Ark". Encyclopedia of Dubious
Archaeology: From Atlantis to the Walam Olum: From Atlantis to the Walam Olum.
ABC-CLIO. pp. 195–196.
  Boniface, Brian; Cooper, Chris; Cooper, Robyn (2012). Worldwide
Destinations: The Geography of Travel and Tourism (6th ed.). Taylor & Francis.
p. 338. ISBN 978-0-415-52277-9. The snow-capped peak of Ararat is a holy
mountain and national symbol for Armenians, dominating the horizon in the capital,
Erevan, yet it is virtually inaccessible as it lies across the border in Turkey.
  Lydolph, Paul E. (1979). Geography of the U.S.S.R., Topical Analysis.
Misty Valley Publishing. p. 46. ...about 65 kilometers south of Yerevan where Mount
Ararat reaches an elevation of 5156 meters.
  Shoemaker, M. Wesley (2014). "Armenia". Russia and The
Commonwealth of Independent States 2014. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 203.
ISBN 9781475812268. Mt. Ararat, traditionally associated with Armenia...
   Walker, Christopher J. (1990) [1980]. Armenia: The Survival of a
Nation (2nd ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-312-04230-1.
...Mount Ararat, closely identified with Armenia throughout her history...
  Gabrielian, M. C. (1892). The Armenians: or the People of Ararat.
Philadelphia: Allen, Lane & Scott.
  Burtt, Joseph (1926). The People of Ararat. London: L. and Virginia
Woolf at the Hogarth Press. OCLC 3522299.
  Villari, Luigi (1906). Fire and Sword in the Caucasus. London: T.
Fisher Unwin. p. 215.
  Levonian Cole, Teresa (30 October 2010). "Armenia opens up to
visitors". Financial Times. Ararat, the supreme symbol of Armenia...
  Boltyansky, Boris (24 October 2015). "Солнце мое" (in Russian).
lenta.ru. Библейский Арарат, символ страны, стал главным брендом Армении.
  Adriaans 2011, p. 35.
  Darieva, Tsypylma (2006). "Bringing the soil back to the homeland:
Reconfigurations of representation of loss in Armenia" (PDF). Comparativ:
Leipziger Beiträge zur Universalgeschichte und vergleichenden
Gesellschaftsforschung. Leipzig University (3): 90.
  Companjen, Françoise; Marácz, László Károly; Versteegh, Lia, eds.
(2010). Exploring the Caucasus in the 21st Century: Essays on Culture, History and
Politics in a Dynamic Context. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 12–13.
ISBN 9789089641830.
  Darke, Diana (2014). Eastern Turkey. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 317.
ISBN 978-1-84162-490-7. ...of course Mount Ararat is for Armenians their holy
mountain...
 "Арарат". Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary Volume II (in
Russian). 1890. Арарат давно считался священной горой у армян... on Russian
Wikisource
  Melton, J. Gordon (2010). "Ararat, Mount". In Melton, J. Gordon;
Baumann, Martin. Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs
and Practices (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 164. ISBN 9781598842043.
  Adalian, Rouben Paul (2010). Historical Dictionary of Armenia.
Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-8108-7450-3.
  Sakalli, Seyhun Orcan (2014). "Coexistence, Polarization and
Development: The Armenian Legacy in Modern Turkey" (PDF). HEC Lausanne.
  Lottman, Herbert R. (29 February 1976). "Despite Ages of Captivity,
The Armenians Persevere". The New York Times. p. 287.
  Bryce 1877, p. 234.
  Maxoudian, Noubar (1952). "Early Armenia as an empire: The career of
Tigranes III, 96–55 B.C.". Journal of The Royal Central Asian Society. Royal Society
for Asian Affairs. 39 (2): 156. doi:10.1080/03068375208731438.
   Shirinian, Lorne (1992). The Republic of Armenia and the rethinking of
the North-American Diaspora in literature. Edwin Mellen Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-
0773496132.
  Hovannisian, Richard (1971). The Republic of Armenia: The first year,
1918–1919. University of California Press. p. 259.
 Aftandilian, Gregory L. (1981). Armenia, vision of a republic: the
independence lobby in America, 1918–1927. Charles River Books. p. 25.
  Khorenatsi 1978, p. 85.
  Panossian 2006, p. 51.
  Panossian 2006, pp. 51–52.
  "State symbols of the Republic of Armenia". president.am. Office to the
President of the Republic of Armenia.
  Matevosian, V.; Haytayan, P. (1984). "Սարյան Մարտիրոս (Saryan
Martiros)". Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia Volume 10 (in Armenian). p. 240. 1921-
ին Հ. Կոջոյանի հետ ստեղծել է Խորհրդային Հայաստանի գերբը...
  Meier, Reinhard (1975). "Soviet Armenia Today". Swiss Review of
World Affairs. Neue Zürcher Zeitung. 25-26. The impressive mountain also has its
place as the central image in the coat of arms of the Armenian Soviet Republic
(coupled, of course, with a five-pointed Soviet star).
  Adriaans 2011, p. 48.
  Johnson, Jerry L. (2000). Crossing Borders – Confronting History:
Intercultural Adjustment in the Post-Cold War World. Lanham, Maryland:
University Press of America. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-0-7618-1536-5. Armenians view
Mount Ararat as both a symbol of the Genocide and loss of hallowed land.
  Goldman, Ari L. (18 December 1988). "A History Full of Anguish and
Agony; The Armenians, Still 'Like Job's People'". The New York Times.
  Avakyan, K. R. (2009). "Աշոտ Մելքոնյան, Արարատ. Հայոց
անմահության խորհուրդը [Ashot Melkonyan, Ararat. Symbol of Armenian
Immortality]". Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri (in Armenian) (1): 252–257.
Պատմական ճակատագրի բերումով Արարատ-Մասիսը ոչ միայն
վեհության, անհասանելիության, կատարելության մարմնավորում է,
այլև 1915 թ. հայոց մեծ եղեռնից ու հայ ժողովրդի հայրենազրկումից
հետո՝ բռնազավթված հայրենիքի և այն նորեն իր արդար զավակներին
վերադարձելու համոզումի անկրկնելի խորհրդանիշ, աշխարհասփյուռ
հայության միասնականության փարոս» (էջ 8):
  Adriaans 2011, p. 40.
  Platz, Stephanie (1996), Pasts and Futures: Space, History and
Armenian Identity 1988-1994, University of Chicago, p. 34
  "Armenian protest against Erdogan visit turns violent". The Daily Star.
26 November 2010. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
  Balci, Bayram (2014). "Between ambition and realism: Turkey's
engagement in the South Caucasus". In Agadjanian, Alexander; Jödicke, Ansgar;
van der Zweerde, Evert. Religion, Nation and Democracy in the South Caucasus.
Routledge. p. 260. ISBN 978-1-317-69157-0. Armenia has not officially expressed
territorial claims in respect of Turkey but the regular references to the genocide and
to Mount Ararat, a national symbol for Armenians which is situated in contemporary
Turkey, clearly indicates that the border with their eastern neighbour is contested.
  Phillips, David L. (2005). Unsilencing the Past: Track Two Diplomacy
and Turkish-Armenian Reconciliation. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 68. ISBN 978-
1-84545-007-6.
  Danielyan, Emil (28 July 2011). "Erdogan Demands Apology From
Armenia". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
  Bidder, Benjamin (6 April 2010). "Serge Sarkisian on Armenian-Turkish
Relations: 'We Wanted to Break Through Centuries of Hostility'". Der Spiegel.
  Harutyunyan, Arus (2009). Contesting National Identities in an
Ethnically Homogeneous State: The Case of Armenian Democratization. Kalamazoo,
Michigan: Western Michigan University. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-109-12012-7.
  "Return of ruins of Ani and of Mount Ararat could be considered as
convincing gesture of Turkey’s apologies: Tessa Hofmann". Armenpress. 16 April
2015.
  "Frantisek Miklosko demands that Turkey return Biblical Mount Ararat
to Armenians". PanARMENIAN.Net. 14 September 2010.
  Shtromas, Alexander (2003). Faulkner, Robert K.; Mahoney, Daniel J.,
eds. Totalitarianism and the Prospects for World Order: Closing the Door on the
Twentieth Century. Lexington Books. p. 387. ISBN 0-7391-0534-5.
  Healey, Barth (23 August 1992). "STAMPS; For Armenia, Rainbows
And Eagles in Flight". The New York Times.
  Abrahamian, Levon (2007). "Dancing around the mountain: Armenian
identity through rites of solidarity". In Grant, Bruce; Yalçın-Heckmann, Lale.
Caucasus Paradigms: Anthropologies, Histories and the Making of a World Area.
Berlin: Lit Verlag. pp. 167–188. ISBN 9783825899066.
  Ermochkine, Nicholas; Iglikowski, Peter (2003). 40 Degrees East: An
Anatomy of Vodka. New York: Nova Science Publishers. p. 121.
ISBN 9781590335949. Undoubtedly the top of the tops of East European brandies is
the Armenian brandy called Ararat...
  Sarkssian, M. S. (1963). "Հովհաննես Այվազովսկին և հայ
մշակույթը [Hovhannes Ayvazovsky and Armenian Culture]". Patma-Banasirakan
Handes (in Armenian). Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences (4): 28. Դեռևս
1860-ակա ն թթ. Անդրկովկասում կատարած ճանապարհորդության
ժամանակ և դրանից հետո Այվազովսկին նկարում է Արարատի և Սևանի
գեղատեսիլ բնության պատկերներ։ Մինչ այդ հայ նկարիչներից ոչ ոք չէր
տվել Արարատը և Արարատյան դաշտը պատկերող կտավներ։
  Khachatrian, Shahen. ""Поэт моря" ["The Sea Poet"]" (in Russian).
Center of Spiritual Culture, Leading and National Research Samara State Aerospace
University. Archived from the original on 19 March 2014.
   "Martiros Sarian (1880-1972) View of Mount Ararat from Yerevan".
Christie's. 3 June 2013.
  Antonson 2016.
  Jeffrey, David L. (1992). A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English
Literature. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 287. ISBN 9780802836342.
  Wordsworth, William (1838). The Sonnets of William Wordsworth:
Collected in One Volume, with a Few Additional Ones, Now First Published. E.
Moxon. p. 209.
  Pushkin, Aleksandr (1974). A Journey to Arzrum. Translated by Birgitta
Ingemanson. Ann Arbor: Ardis. p. 50. ISBN 978-0882330679.
  Dmitriev, Vladimir Alekseevich (2014). "Древнеармянские сюжеты в
творчестве В.Я. Брюсова: к вопросу о влиянии событий Первой мировой войны
на русскую литературу начала XX в.". In Bogush, V. A. Первая мировая война в
исторических судьбах Европы  : сб. материалов Междунар. науч. конф., г.
Вилейка, 18 окт. 2014 г. (PDF) (in Russian). Minsk: Belarusian State University.
p. 404. Для В. Брюсова Арарат — это прежде всего символ, олицетворяющий
древность армянского народа и его культуры...
  Mandelstam, Osip (2011). A Journey to Armenia. Translated by Sidney
Monas. London: Notting Hill Editions. p. 91. ISBN 9781907903472.
  Grossman, Vasily (2013). An Armenian Sketchbook. Translated by
Robert and Elizabeth Chandler. Introduction by Robert Chandler and Yury Bit-
Yunan. New York: New York Review Books. p. 24. ISBN 9781590176184.
  Siraganian, Lisa (2012). Modernism's Other Work: The Art Object's
Political Life. Oxford University Press. p. 156. ISBN 9780199796557.
  Karakashian, Meliné (1998). "Armenia: A Country's History of
Challenges". Journal of Social Issues. 54 (2): 381–392. doi:10.1111/j.1540-
4560.1998.tb01225.x.
  Bardakjian, Kevork B., ed. (2000). "Hovhannes Širaz". A Reference
Guide to Modern Armenian Literature, 1500-1920: With an Introductory History.
Wayne State University Press. p. 227. ISBN 978-0814327470.
  "I Love My Armenia by Yeghishe Charents". Ararat. New York:
Armenian General Benevolent Union. 15: 46. 1960.
  Ter-Khachatryan, Yervand (11 December 2014). "Բանաստեղծը
Ռավեննայում". Azg (in Armenian). Archived from the original on April 11, 2016.
  Chrysanthopoulos, Leonidas (2002). Caucasus Chronicles: Nation-
building and Diplomacy in Armenia, 1993-1994. Gomidas Institute. p. 21.
ISBN 9781884630057.
  Panossian 2006, p. 335.
  "We Are Few... by Barouyr Sevak". Ararat. New York: Armenian
General Benevolent Union. 21-22: 5. 1978.
  "System of a Down - Holy Mountains Lyrics". genius.com.
  "Arto Tuncboyaciyan - Ararat". Sharm Holding production.
   Hogikyan, Nellie (2007). "Atom Egoyan's Post-exilic Imaginary:
Representing Homeland, Imagining Family". In Burwell, Jennifer; Tschofen,
Monique. Image and Territory: Essays on Atom Egoyan. Wilfrid Laurier University
Press. p. 202. ISBN 9780889204874.
  "'Journey to Ararat' Documentary Film". Golden Apricot International
Film Festival. July 2013.
162.  Nişanyan, Sevan (2010). "Ağrı il - Merkez - Ağrı". Index Anatolicus
(in Turkish).
Bibliography
General works cited in the article
 Movses Khorenatsi (1978). History of the Armenians. Robert W. Thomson
(translator). Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-39571-9.
 Panossian, Razmik (2006). The Armenians: From Kings and Priests to
Merchants and Commissars. New York: Columbia University Press.
ISBN 9780231139267.
 Arnold, Bill T. (2008). Genesis. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN 9780521000673.
 Adriaans, Rik (2011). "Sonorous Borders: National Cosmology & the
Mediation of Collective Memory in Armenian Ethnopop Music". University of
Amsterdam. pp. 24–27. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016.
Specific works on Ararat
 Parrot, Friedrich (2016) [1846]. Journey to Ararat. Translated by William
Desborough Cooley. Introduction by Pietro A. Shakarian. London: Gomidas
Institute. ISBN 978-1909382244.
 Dwight, H.G.O. (1856). "Armenian Traditions about Mt. Ararat". Journal of
the American Oriental Society. American Oriental Society. 5: 189. JSTOR 592222.
doi:10.2307/592222.
 Bryce, James (1877). Transcaucasia and Ararat: Being Notes of a Vacation
Tour in Autumn of 1876. London: Macmillan and Co.
 Murad, Friedrich (1901). Ararat und Masis: Studien zur armenischen
Altertumskunde und Litteratur (in German). Heidelberg: Carl Winters
Universitätsbuchhandlung.
 Novoseltsev, Anatoly (1978). "О местонахождении библейской “горы
Арарат” (On the location of the biblical "mountains of Ararat")". Европа в
древности и средневековье (Europe in the antiquity and the Middle Ages) (in
Russian). Moscow: Nauka. pp. 61–66.
 Ketchian, Philip K. (24 December 2005). "Climbing Ararat: Then and Now".
The Armenian Weekly. 71 (52). Archived from the original on September 8, 2009.
 Melkonyan, Ashot (2008). Արարատ. Հայոց անմահության խորհուրդը
[Ararat: Symbol of Armenian Immortality] (in Armenian). Yerevan: Tigrant Mets
Publishing.
  Petrossyan, Sargis (2010). "Արարատյան լեռների հին անունների և
անվանադիրների մասին [About the Ancient Names and Eponyms of the Ararat
Mountains]". Patma-Banasirakan Handes (3): 220–227.
 Antonson, Rick (2016). Full Moon over Noah's Ark: An Odyssey to Mount
Ararat and Beyond. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 9781510705678.
Books on Armenia with Ararat in their titles
 Gregory, S. M. (1920). The land of Ararat: twelve discourses on Armenia, her
history and her church. London: Chiswick Press.
 Elliott, Mabel Evelyn (1924). Beginning Again at Ararat. Introduction by John
H. Finley. New York: Fleming H. Revell Company.
 Yeghenian, Aghavnie Y. (2013) [1932]. The Red Flag at Ararat. Introduction
by Pietro A. Shakarian. London: Sterndale Classics (Gomidas Institute). ISBN 978-
1909382022.
 Burney, Charles; Lang, David Marshall (1971). The Peoples of the Hills:
Ancient Ararat and Caucasus. New York: Praeger.
 Arlen, Michael J. (2006) [1975]. Passage to Ararat. New York: Farrar, Straus
& Giroux. ISBN 978-0374530129.
 Suny, Ronald Grigor (1993). Looking Toward Ararat: Armenia in Modern
History. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253207739.
 Walker, Christopher J., ed. (1997). Visions of Ararat: Writings on Armenia.
I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781860641114.
 Asher, Armen; Minasian Asher, Teryl (2009). The Peoples of Ararat.
BookSurge Publishing. ISBN 978-1439225677.
 Golden, Christopher (2017). Ararat. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-
1250117052.