HOW TO COMPARE

TWO CULTURES
Group “Franks”
Fernandez Quezo Angela Gabriela
Huasco Escobar Magaly Melania
Mamani Huanto Lineth
Nina Mamani Olivia Magaly
Perez Vino Kevin Roger
Posadas Quispe Jhalimar Lucero
Quispe Chauca Carol Diana
Rocha Gonzales Jhessika Fernanda
01
CULTURE
CULTURE - CULTURE - CULTURE - CULTURE- CULTURE
 CULTURE

⭕ How do we know what to show and

tell him?
⭕ Inability to describe our cultural ways.
⭕ Inability to describe our language.
 DEFINITION OF
CULTURE
⭕ EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT, RATIONAL,
IRRATIONAL AND NON RATIONAL.

⭕ A SYSTEM OR SET OF SYSTEMS.

⭕ CONSTANT CHANGE.

Kluckhohn and Kelly

 Functioning Units of a Culture
The individual acts of behaviour through which a culture manifests itself are never alike.

UNITS OF EATING
BEHAVIOR BREAKFAST
2

OCURRENCES
E
A
B
R
1 2
T E
I A
N K
G F
A
S
T

Pattern of Behavior

A functional unit of
behavior in a culture.
 Pattern of Behavior
A functional unit of behavior in a culture.

Items Men, woman, children,

Elements doctor, teacher, animals,
treated as horses, family, club,
Although they Static Units house, etc
● Performer are considered
● Act unique a C
L Items
● Objects different, in To rest, to study, to
● Setting A treated as fish , to run, to think,
certain cultural
S to sit, etc.
● Time patterns they are Processes
● Manner identified as the E
● Purpose “ sames” and S Items Fast, slow, cruel,
● Etc.
“different”. treated as fishy, hot ,cold, bad,
good, sleepy, etc
Qualities
Form, Meaning and
Compare with Pike’s modes.
Distribution
Formula
Emic > perspective of
EMIC - ETIC the subject within the F
social group. ● Emic unit of
activity = U U=M
● Feature mode = D
F
Etic > perspective of ● Manifestation
Kenneth the observer from mode = M
outside. ● Distribution
Pike form = D
1.4 Form meaning, and distribution.

Patterns of culture

by the members of that culture

Even such a clear unit of behavior as eating breakfast.

What is
breakfast then?
Can we define it?

Lunch, dinner, a
snack, or supper by
natives
 Meanings, like forms, are
culturally determined or
What is modified.
breakfast then?
Can we define it?
Eating breakfast, lunch, and dinner are
engaged in usually to provide food and
drink for the body.

Breakfast has a, on a moral or religious scale, on a

health scale, on an economic scale, etc.
A particular form of breakfast may carry as
secondary meaning a social- class identification, a
national origin identification, a religious
identification.
What is
breakfast then?
Can we define it?
Eating breakfast, lunch, and dinner are
engaged in usually to provide food and
drink for the body.

Breakfast has a, on a moral or religious scale, on a

health scale, on an economic scale, etc.
A particular form of breakfast may carry as
secondary meaning a social- class identification, a
national origin identification, a religious
identification.
 Breakfast, for example, shows
time distribution on a daily
Distribution cycle, a weekly cycle, and a
yearly cycle.
Breakfast shows a space or
location distribution.

Forms are relevant when they have meaning; meaning presupposes a form in
order to be of relevance to us; and meaningful forms always occur in patterned
distribution.
 Transfer to a foreign culture

When the individual of culture A trying to learn culture B observes a form

in culture B in a particular distribution spot, he grasps the same complex
of meaning as in his own culture.
 02
COMPARISON
OF CULTURES
ABOUT
THE DIFFERENT
CULTURES
Culture: Something that is shared by all or
most of the members of a society.

In the relationship between cultures, each

culture has its similarities and differences.
Similarities and differences in:
- the concrete form
- the abstract form
 ARE TRANSFERRED
WHEN LEARNING

NATIVE CULTURE FOREIGN

HABITS LANGUAGE

TROUBLE SPOTS
WHEN COMPARING
SAME FORM, DIFFERENT MEANING
gives to a ENTIRE
FOREIGN OBSERVER PATTERN the meaning of
that different classification

FORM MEANING DISTRIBUTION

 Example: BULLFIGHT

FORM
MEANING
A man armed with a sword
DISTRIBUTION
and a red cape that Bullfight is a sport in Spanish
challenges and kills a fighting culture, it is entertainment. This event takes place in a
bull. particular time, at a specific
place
Example: BULLFIGHT
For the FOREIGN OBSERVER

The form, meaning and

distribution will be different to
the eyes of the foreign observer.
 MISINFORMATION
Here is where the problem
arises when being in
different cultures
Venus has a beautiful
name and is the second
planet from the Sun

The complex form of “the bull and

CRUEL (as secondary meaning) the man” are not the same in
both Spanish and American
cultures.
 Example: CARNAVALES
(Carnival) in Bolivia

FORM
MEANING
People dancing in the streets, DISTRIBUTION
bands playing happy music to Carnival a religious and cultural
celebrate, young people with Carnival takes place in many
festival of Bolivia places of Bolivia during the
customs and playing with water
month of February
Example: CARNAVALES (Carnival)
For the FOREIGN OBSERVER
It can not have the same impact
A foreign observer maybe could appreciate
the dancing, but also could see very crowded
places, waste of water, violence, drunk people.
 LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE
Vocabulary items are applicable in a different depending of the
language.

ENGLISH SPANISH
The item “Legs” is used for The item “patas” is used for animals
both animals and humans and “piernas” for humans
 ENGLISH SPANISH

Animals and Animals have “lomos”

humans have and “pescuezos”
backs and legs. and humans have
backs and legs
Both animals and
humans also: On the other hand
● Get nervous ● Getting nervous
● Have hospitals ● Having hospitals
● Have
● Having cemeteries
cemeteries
All of them are human
characteristics.
 The linguistic evidence, though only suggestive, points to a
difference in the classification of animal in the two cultures

In American culture a man is In Spanish, Man is not physically

physically strong, intelligent, so strong but is skillful and
is a bull. Both feel pain, sorrow intelligent. A bull is strong but
and pity. not skilful and intelligent.
BULLFIGHT FISHING
Cruel Not cruel
SPCA
2.2.2 A form in culture B, identifies by and observer
from culture A as the same form as one in his own
culture, actually as different meaning

HISS WINE AND MILK

SPANISH Ask for silence France Wine-normal Milk- no standar

ENGLISH disapproval U.S. Milk-normal Wine - special

2.3. Same meaning
Different form

TAXI
Iran white license plate and black letter

U.S. bright flashing lights and loud colors

 Same meaning, different form

IMITATION POSITIVE
 NEGATIVE SIGNIFICANCE

FINLAND - UNITED STATE - VENEZUELA

OTHER COUNTRIES
 2.4. Same form, same meaning, different distribution

PATTERN

DIFFERENT
DISTRIBUTION
2.5. Preconceived notions

MISINTERPRETATIONS

INLUCTURATION VEHICLES
3. Gathering Cultural Data for a structural description
Pattern of Behavior means behavior by one party in an intimate relationship. A pattern of
behavior is determined based on the repeated use of words and/or actions and inactions,
this behavior can be verbal, emotional and/or physical.

Informant approach Systematic observation

Interview people from the place (ask questions)
Needs of his/her
Needs of his/her body personallity Needs of his/her soul
Tool activities generalization?
Looking for structure . Merely describing what any
number of informants do in a culture does not
constitute a structural description of the culture.
Systematic observation of the culture in operation
will do much to eliminate the errors that the
interviews will inevitably introduce in our data.
1. Observation is a Systematic Method: Observation is not haphazard or unplanned.
2. Observation is Specific: It is not just looking around for general aspects of human
behaviour.
3. Observation is Objective: Observation should be objective and free from bias as far
as possible.
4. Observation is Quantitative: Although many important phenomena cannot be
quantified, it becomes almost an imperative to use some means for quantifying
observations in order to increase their precision and to facilitate their analysis.
5. Observation is Verifiable: Observation must be verified with usual criteria of
reliability, validity and usability
 THANKS!
CREDITS: This presentation template was
Group “Franks” Perez Vino Kevin Roger
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Fernandez Quezo Angela Gabriela Posadas Quispe Jhalimar Lucero
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Huasco Escobar Magaly Melania Quispe Chauca Carol Diana
Mamani Huanto Lineth Rocha Gonzales Jhessika Fernanda
Nina Mamani Olivia Magaly