PRE-LAB REVIEW SHEET

Title: NITROGEN, CARBON AND SILICON GROUP EXPERIMENTS.

Name: NGUYỄN VĂN MINH NHẬT

Concl
Any ude
N Name (answ
Safety Procedure (include Q&A about the Observation, deviations
o Estimated Objective Prediction ers to
precautions procedure) Explain (and
. time Technique)
all
questi
ons)
1 Preparation Help Should wear Preparing nitrogen by using sodium The Observation:
of Nitrogen students a mask, or nitrite and amonium chloride. solution The solution bubbled with
know about perform the bubbled gas, nitrogen gas was
the method experiment - Take into the test tube about 3 ml of with gas, generated and through the
of preparing in a well- saturated sodium nitrite solution and nitrogen gas pipe and displaced the
nitrogen in ventilated about 1 gram of ammonium chloride gas was water in the gas collector
the place. crystal. generated (in this case is erlenmayer
laboratory. and flask)
- Install the test tube in the rack and through the
insert the plastic air duct, and prepare gas pipe Explain:
the water basin and the gas collector and When heated, the mixture
(erlenmayer flask, test tube or gas jar) displaced solutions decomposes to
to collect the gas by displace the the water produce nitrogen:
water. (As figure shown below) in the gas
collector NH4Cl + NaNO2 heat
→
NaCl
(in this
+ N2 + 2H2O
case is
erlenmayer
Attention:
flask)
The nature of the reaction is

1
 pyrolysis of NH4NO2, so
when mixing NH4Cl and
- Heat the solution with an alcohol NaNO2, the purpose is to
burner, collect the gas produced in the produce NH4NO2 that exists
gas collector. in solution and is pyrolysis.

- Observe the phenomenon, record the NH4NO2 heat

→
N2 + 2H2O
conclusion.

Attention:

It is possible to use solid salt NH4NO2

to replace the above mixture to obtain
better results, however NH4NO2 is
often not available due to its poor
stability.
2 The Help If the 2.1. Ex 1: Observation: Nitro
Inability to students grasshopper - Put one grasshopper (locust) in the Like prediction. gen
The
Sustain fire know about is brought N2 flask. Stopper the flask (do not Explain: has
grasshoppe
and Life of nitrogen out, it moves shake). Nitrogen is a colorless, the
r loses its
Nitrogen does not again, it is - Observe the animal's movements odorless, tasteless gas, chara
movement.
burn and drunk with and remarking. Explain the obtained slightly lighter than air. It cterist
does not nitrogen. phenomenon. has the characteristic ic
sustain life. 2.2. Ex 2: The candle physical property of not physi

2
 - Take a sample of the candle, burn
the candle and quickly put it in the
goes out.
flask containg N2 gas. sustaining combustion and cal
- Observe phenonmenon and explain. respiration. Therefore, the prope
grasshopper lost its rty of
movement, the candle went not
out. sustai
ning
3 Ammonia Help Ammonia is -Take about 2 grams of NH4Cl and 1 When Observation:
preparation students a gas with an gram of powdered lime into a heating the Like prediction.
know how unpleasant porcelain mortar, mix well, and then mixed
to prepare odor that is pour the resulting mixture into a dry mixture, Explain:
ammonia harmful heat-resistant test tube. Cover the test we see that Because when heating
gas because it tube with a stopper with a glass-tube the gas NH4Cl and lime powder, we
irritates the through it. escapes will get NH3 (pyrolysis of
mucous goes to the NH4Cl) according to the
membranes -Place the test tube in the rack collector. equation
of the nose horizontally. Moist NH4Cl → NH3 + HCl
and eyes. purple
Therefore, litmus and NH3 when dissolved in
the test gradually water will produce OH-
should be turns blue which is basic, so litmus
carried out in turns blue.
a fume hood
or in a well-
ventilated
place.

Be careful
-Collect air directly into an inverted

3
 and dry erlenmayer flask. At the
mouth of the flask, press the outside
with heat of a piece of damp purple litmus
sources paper. When the litmus turns blue,
stop heating. Close the flask by rub-
stopper.
- Use the NH3 gas cylinder that has
just been obtained in experiment 3.
Ammonia is Cover the flask with a rubber stopper Observation:
a gas with an with a pointed air pipe attached, the Like prediction.
unpleasant pointed end of the tube is plugged
odor that is into the inside of the bottle. Explain:
harmful The water is sucked and
because it - Use your finger to cover the end of sprayed into the ammonia-
Help irritates the the air tube and turn the container containing tank into pink
students mucous filled with NH3 gas upside down into Water rays because the ammonia
understand membranes a glass basin filled with water with a sprays pink gas is highly soluble in
Solubility few drops of phenolphthalein added. color into
4 the physical of the nose water, causing the pressure
of NH3 Open your finger. Observe what the
properties and eyes. in the tank to drop suddenly,
(solubility) Therefore, happens and write equations for the ammonia the water in the cup is
reactions. flask.
of NH3 the test pushed into the bottle by air
should be pressure through the glass
carried out in tube → sprayed in rays.
a fume hood Adding NH3 when dissolved
or in a well- in water is basic, causing
ventilated phenolphthalein to turn pink
place. ⇒ the jets of water are pink.

5 Reduction Help Ammonia is The black Observation:

reaction of students a gas with an - Use the kit in experiment 3 to powder Like the prediction
Ammonia know that unpleasant prepare ammonia gas. gradually

4
 Explain:
Ammonia gas is a reducing
agent, because in the
compound the nitrogen
- The generated nitrogen gas is passed atom has an oxidation
odor that is through a horizontal cylindrical tube number of -3, so it tends to
harmful containing some CuO powder and turns to the gain more electrons (to be
because it heated and set up the kit as shown red color of oxidized) to get to higher
Ammonia is irritates the below. copper oxidation states. In this case,
a reducing mucous metal, in ammonia reduced the
agent, and membranes the copper oxide to metallic
can reduce of the nose condenser, copper and water vapor, and
with copper some metal and eyes. water the ammonia gas was
oxide oxides such Therefore, condenses, oxidized to nitrogen gas.
as CuO to the test in the air
the should be receiver, 2NH3 + 3CuO heat →
3Cu +
correspondi carried out in bubbles 2N2↑ + 3H2O
ng metal. a fume hood appear to
or in a well- fill the test Therefore, the black solid
ventilated - Observe the color change of the tube. gradually turns copper-red,
place. oxide powder, the phenomenon in the steam escapes and
condenser tube and in the gas condenses in the condenser,
collection tube. the nitrogen gas produced
repels the water and fills the
test tube with gas.

6 The Help It is - Put 2 ml of silver nitrate AgNO3 - Tube 1: Observation:

Complexin students necessary to solution in the first test tube. Put 2 ml When Like prediction.
g ability of know about give a of copper sulfate CuSO4 solution in NaOH is Explain:
NH3 the special moderate the second test tube. added, first - Tube 1: reactions take
solution chemical amount of - Add a few drops of dilute sodium a white place:
properties of NaOH hydroxide NaOH solution to both test precipitate

5
NH3 is the solution tubes. appears, AgNO3 + NaOH →
ability to because if - Add the concentrated NH3 solution then AgOH↓(white) + NaNO3
form the OH- drop by drop to each test tube until immediatel • AgOH is unstable, so it
complexes content is the precipitate is completely y a dark decomposes immediately:
with large, it will dissolved. gray AgOH↓( white ) →
hydroxides displace the - Observe and explain phenomenon. precipitate. Ag 2 O↓( black ) + H2 O
or slightly empty d Write the reaction equations. When NH3
soluble salts orbitals of is slowly • Synthesis reaction:
of some the metal and added, the 2 AgNO 3 + 2NaOH→
metals. compete with precipitate
NH3 for gradually Ag 2 O↓( black ) + 2NaNO3
complexation dissolves, + H2 O
. finally
forming a • The precipitate obtained is
transparent dark gray in color due to the
, colorless presence of some AgOH.
solution.
• When adding concentrated
- Tube 2:
NH3 solution:
• When
NaOH is 4 NH3 + Ag2 O↓ + H2 O →
added, a 2[Ag( NH 3 )2 ] OH(solution)
blue
colloidal • Because on the NH3
precipitate molecule, nitrogen has has a
appears. one lone pair of electrons
• When that is able to form a donor
slowly bond with the empty orbital
adding of Ag+ ion to form a
NH3 colorless, transparent silver
solution to ammonium complex.
the - Tube 2:
precipitate,

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 • When adding NaOH
solution to CuSO4 solution:
NaOH + CuSO4 →
Cu(OH) 2 ↓( blue ) + Na2 SO4
• When adding concentrated
NH3 solution:
it gradually 4 NH 3 + Cu(OH) 2 →
dissolves
to form a [ Cu ( NH3 )4 ](OH ) 2
blue Similar to the reaction with
solution. AgNO3. On the NH3
molecule, nitrogen has has a
one lone pair of electrons
that is able to form a donor
bond with the empty orbital
of Cu2+ to form a dark blue
copper-ammonium
complex.
7 Pyrolysis of Help Be careful - Put in the first test tube a few - The first Test tube 1 when heating
ammonium students with heat crystals of NH4Cl salt. Put in the test tube NH4Cl decomposes to form
salts know how sources second test tube a few crystals of with glass NH3 and HCl, but this is a
and NH4NO3 (the size of a corn kernel). has some 2-way reaction, so catching
understand crystals the glass plate in acid vapor
the process deposited and NH3 meeting will create
of pyrolysis on the some NH4Cl crystals.
of glass - In the second test tube,
ammonium - The pyrolysis of NH4NO3 at 210
salts second test degrees Celsius will have:
tube litmus 7NH4NO3 → 6NH3 + 8NO2
paper + 5H2O

7
 NH3 meets moist purple
gradually
litmus will produce OH
turned blue
which turns litmus blue.
- Pair of test tubes on rack. Heat the
bottom of the test tube. Place the
glass plate over the mouth of the first
test tube, and place moist blue litmus
paper over the mouth of the second
test tube.

- Observe the phenomenon and

explain.
8 Preparation Help Be careful - Put 1 gram KNO3 into the test tube, The Observation
of nitric acid students when using then add about 2ml concentrated mixture Like prediction.
from nitrate know how concentrated H2SO4 (can use two-leaf nitrogen reacts and
salts to prepare acids and fertilizer instead of KNO3). produces Explain
nitric acid in heat sources - Assemble the tool as shown. HNO3 gas Concentrated H2SO4 acid
laboratory in the reacts with KNO3 with the
collector. chemical equation: KNO3 +
When H2SO4 → HNO3+ KHSO4
cooled, this and HNO3 produced as a
gas will vapor, when cooled, will

8
 condense
to form
concentrate
condense into drops of
d HNO3
concentrated acid.
drop by
Use an alcohol lamp to heat the test drop into
tube so that the HNO3 acid formed the flask.
can flow drop by drop into the
Erlenmayer flask.
9 Oxidizing - Prove - Take a. Dilute nitric acid reacts with -A Observation
properties strong enough Cu copper colorless Like prediction.
of nitric oxidizing and HNO3 to - Put a few pieces of Cu in the first gas is Explain
acid property of produce less branch of the 2-branch test tube. Add released When Cu reacts with nitric
nitric acid NO2 gas. 3 ml of lye to the other branch. Add 1 and turns acid to form copper nitrate
HNO3. - Cu must be ml of dilute HNO3 solution to the first brown in salt (blue). Because the
- Effect of cleaned first branch. Close the test tube with a the air at a dilute nitric acid solution
concentratio - NO2 gas is stopper. Lightly heat the first branch. distance of HNO3 is reduced to NO gas
n on toxic, so 2 cm from (colorless). NO nitro
oxidizing after the the surface monodioxide gas reacts with
properties reaction, use of the O2 to produce nitro dioxides
alkaline solution. - NO2 (brown color).
solution to Branch The reaction takes place as
absorb. solution 1 follows:
o
The amount from 3 Cu + 8HNO3t 3Cu(NO3)2
of sulfur colorless to →

taken in must blue. + 2NO + 4H2O.

be just Observe the color change of the Cu - Cu metal 2NO+O2 → 2NO2  .
enough for sample, the solution is in the first gradually
the gas to branch, with gas coming out (may not dissolves.
come out just need to be heated). Explain the

9
enough. phenomenon and write an illustrative
reaction equation.

b. Concentrated nitric acid reacts Observation

with copper Like prediction.
- Carry out the same experiment as
above, replace only dilute nitric acid Explain
with concentrated nitric acid and do Because concentrated nitric
not heat. Explain the phenomenon acid HNO3 is a strong
and write an illustrative reaction - Brown oxidizing agent, oxidizing
equation. gas is copper metal has the highest
released. - oxidation number and the
The reduction of nitric acid to
solution nitro dioxide NO2 has a
turns blue. brown color. The reaction
- Cu equation is as follows:
o
gradually Cu + 4HNO3t Cu(NO3)2 +
melts. →
2NO2 + 2H2O.

Observation
Like prediction.

Explain
Concentrated nitric acid is a
strong oxidizing agent, so it
c. Nitric acid reacts with nonmetals oxidizes some nonmetals
- Put 1 ml of concentrated HNO3 such as S, and the brown
solution into the first branch of the gas released is NO2. The
two-branch test tube. reaction equation is as
- Add to the second branch 3 ml of follows:
lye solution. Use an alcohol lamp to 6 HNO3(conc) + S → H2SO4 +

10
heat the first branch while adding a - Brown 6NO2 + 2H2O.
green bean to sample S. Close cover gas is Because the solution
immediately. released. - contains sulfate ions, it
When the reaction is over, add a few When reacts with barium chloride
drops of BaCl2 solution. adding to produce an acid-insoluble
Observing the phenomenon occurs. barium precipitate. The reaction
Write illustrative reactions. chloride, a equation is as follows:
white BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 +
precipitate
appears. - HCl.
Soluble
sulfur.

d. Nitric acid reacts with Observation

compounds Like prediction.
- Add 5 drops of H2S solution to the Explain
test tube. Dilute nitric acid is
- Add a few drops of dilute HNO3 oxidizing, so it oxidizes H2S
solution. Observing the phenomenon to S and NO gas. The
occurs. Write an illustrative equation. following reaction occurs:
2HNO3 + 3H2S →3S +
2NO + 4H2O.
- An
opalescent
precipitate

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 of sulfur
appears,
and the
released
colorless
gas turns
brown in
air.
1 Soluble Help Take a large glass tube, one end with The dilute Observation:
0 adsorption students a stopper with a glass-tube. Place 1 ink water Like prediction.
of wood know the layer of cotton over the button. Pour a slowly
charcoal adsorption layer of wood charcoal on top about penetrates Explain
of solutes of 1cm thick. On the coal lining 1 more through the The large internal surface
wood layer of cotton. Pour the dilute ink wood area of carbon creates an
charcoal solution into the glass tube. charcoal attractive force to attract
layer and other molecules. These
Use the drip beaker at the bottom as the cotton attractive forces will cause
shown. layer and dirt to be adsorbed (or
obtains an adhered) to the carbon
aqueous surface.
solution in The adsorbed solutes will
a move from the region of
transparent light pore to those with the
cup. strongest gravitational force.

Pollutants are adsorbed

because the attraction of the
carbon surface is much
greater than their attraction
in the water.

Contaminants that are

12
 organic will have high
molecular weight, are
neutral or non-polar,
chemically they are easily
adsorbed by activated
carbon. In order for organic
pollutants to be adsorbed by
carbon, they must be
dissolved in water so that
the size is smaller than the
pore size of the carbon. So
the water after passing
Observe on the water obtained in the through the coal layer will
beaker compared to the solution in the be transparent.
glass tube above.

1 Prepare Help Experiments 1) Preparation of carbon dioxide and Prediction Observation 1:

1 carbon students involving its non-flammability. 1: Like the prediction 1.
dioxide and know how acids, be When acid
test its to prepare careful when Assemble the tool kit as shown. reacts with Explain 1:
properties carbon conducting limestone, When hydrochloric acid
dioxide in them. carbon reacts with limestone, a
the dioxide is reaction occurs that
laboratory, produced, produces carbon dioxide.
about its which
non- passes CaCO3 + 2HCl → H2O +
flammable through the CO2↑ + CaCl2
and acidic gas pipe

13
properties. Open the separating funnel for the and into Carbon dioxide gas is
acid to flow down to react with the beaker. generated through the gas
CaCO3. Observe the phenomenon Gradually pipe to the test cup and
with two candles in the beaker. the flame gradually fills it. Since
in the carbon dioxide is heavier
lower than air and because it does
2) The acidity of a solution with candle not sustain combustion,
dissolved CO2. weakens carbon dioxide extinguishes
and goes the candle flame gradually
Looks like experiment a, but instead out, then from the lower candle to the
of putting gas into a beaker, replace it after a higher candle.
with a test tube containing a little while, the
water mixed with blue litmus flame in Observation 2:
solution. Aerate this solution with the higher Like the prediction 2, and
carbon dioxide gas until the solution candle the litmus solution turns
changes color. weakens pale orange-red.
and goes
out. Explain 2:
When CO2 is aerated into
Prediction water, carbon dioxide reacts
2: with water to produce a
When weak acid, H2CO3,
❑
carbon H2O + CO2 ⇌ H2CO3
dioxide is
added to and because it is a weak
the blue acid, it causes the litmus
litmus solution to turn pale orange-
solution, red.
the litmus
solution
changes
color.

14
1 Application Help Use a 250-500 ml erlenmayer flask. When Observation:
2 of CO2 as a students Add 200ml of concentrated soap tilting the Like the prediction.
fire know the solution with about 50 grams of flask, a
extinguisher useful NaHCO3. reaction Explain:
application occurs and 2NaHCO3 + H2SO4 →
of carbonic Use a piece of rubber delivery to a very Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O
connect the branch of the triangle strong jet is When CO2 is generated, the
with the glass tube with the pointed emitted at pressure in the flask
end. Select an appropriate size test the pointed increases. So the liquid with
tube containing concentrated H2SO4 tip. the gas sprayed out.
solution (about ⅓ test tube) and place
in a conical flask. Cover the flask The role of soap solution:
with a rubber stopper and tie a string Reduces the friction
to prevent the stopper from coming between the test tube and
off when the reaction occurs. Tilt the the flask → create a
flask to allow the acid to react with smoothness, helping the test
NaHCO3. tube containing acid to pour
out easily.

If the bottle is tilted upside down, the

liquid will spray in a very strong jet.
The button should be kept tight to

15
avoid splashing liquid on people and
clothes. If you do not have a
erlenmayer flask with a branch, use a
regular erlenmayer flask with a rubber
stopper with a tube through it.
(Before tilting the tank or turning it
upside down, it is necessary to create
a fire to perform the fire
extinguishing by pointing the pointed
tip at the fire).

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