Clinical chemistry involves performing tests to determine increased or decreased levels of chemicals in the body compared to normal values. These tests provide evidence of what is causing a person's disease. To maintain quality results, tests are run with standards and controls. Common methods used in clinical chemistry analysis include spectrophotometry, nephelometry, turbidimetry, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, flame emission spectrophotometry, and electrophoresis. Each method works by measuring how substances absorb, scatter, or emit light to determine concentrations of analytes like metals, proteins, or electrolytes.
Clinical chemistry involves performing tests to determine increased or decreased levels of chemicals in the body compared to normal values. These tests provide evidence of what is causing a person's disease. To maintain quality results, tests are run with standards and controls. Common methods used in clinical chemistry analysis include spectrophotometry, nephelometry, turbidimetry, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, flame emission spectrophotometry, and electrophoresis. Each method works by measuring how substances absorb, scatter, or emit light to determine concentrations of analytes like metals, proteins, or electrolytes.
Clinical chemistry involves performing tests to determine increased or decreased levels of chemicals in the body compared to normal values. These tests provide evidence of what is causing a person's disease. To maintain quality results, tests are run with standards and controls. Common methods used in clinical chemistry analysis include spectrophotometry, nephelometry, turbidimetry, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, flame emission spectrophotometry, and electrophoresis. Each method works by measuring how substances absorb, scatter, or emit light to determine concentrations of analytes like metals, proteins, or electrolytes.
assays or tests are done to determine concentration of an analyte in a tube,
increased or decreased levels of chemicals in the higher its absorbance and the the body (by comparing to normal values) lower is its transmittance
Biochemical in the body need Homeostasis
(balance) = Normal Values Biochemicals – chemicals that make up living things; that are found in life Cuvette 1. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins 3. Lipids 4. Nitric Acid Performing Test with Quality chemical levels in our body have been minimum of five test tube determined and these levels are called Normal Values (NV) test tube 1 = blank a. Hypo – if the chemical analyte determined to zero the machine in the test goes below the normal values test tube 2 = normal control b. Hyper – if the chemical analyte determined test tube 3 = abnormal control in the test goes beyond the normal values tube 2 & 3 to check the acceptability of these results provide vital evidences of what the test is causing the disease of a person used predetermine concentrations test tube 4 = standard Examples: basis for the measurement of Glucose level (normal value = 5.6 – 6.4 mmol/L) concentration of the test Hyperglycemia – higher than the NV standard serve as a divisor Hypoglycemia – lower than the NV concentration of standard serve as a Sodium level multiplier Hypernatremia test tube 5 Hyponatremia serum/plasma Potassium level Hyperkalemia 2. Nephelometry Hypokalemia detection of light energy scattered or reflected toward a detector that is not in the To maintain quality results in Clinical Chemistry direct path of the transmitted light procedures, tests are run simultaneously with standards and controls. 3. Turbidimetry a. Standards process of measuring the loss of intensity of - basis for the concentration of the test transmitted light due to the scattering effect - used as a constant variable to which the of particles suspended in it tested analyte is computed and controls are measures the amount of light that is pass used to determine accuracy of the test through (transmitted light), but it will b. Controls compute for the turbidity based on the - Normal and Abnormal Controls to determine amount of light that is blocked the acceptability of the test Light is passed through a filter creating a - These provide a guide to determine whether light of known wavelength which is then the test performed is reliable or not. passed through a cuvette containing a solution
METHODS USED IN CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 4. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
ANALYSIS atomic absorption methods measure the 1. Spectrophotometry amount of energy absorbed by the sample spectro = visible/seperated light; photo = can measure even smallest quantity/ light; metry = measurement concentration of analyte make use of prisms or gratings to isolate a very sensitive method of elemental analysis narrow range of visible (400 – 700 nm) and particularly trace metals, allowing the invisible light determination of metals in a variety of prism – separate different components samples at the picogram level of white light Hollow Cathode Lamp – instrument uses a each light has its own wavelength light source wavelengths – measured in emits specific wavelengths of light that nanometers (nm) are ideally only absorbable by the analyte
equipment used in measuring concentration light source is flame; used in electrolytes of analyte and substances that emit color when burn uses the Beer-Lambert Law; states that the based on the characteristic emission of light loss of light intensity when it propagates in a by atoms of many metallic elements when medium is directly proportional to intensity given sufficient energy, such as that and path length supplied by a hot flame 6. Electrophoresis phoresis = movement general term that describes the migration and separation of charged particles (ions) under the influence of an electric field movement of substances depending on the charges of particles called ions the movement of substances is dependent on the charges of analyte