Professional Documents
Culture Documents
) Chapter 1:
Defining the Self: Personal and
Developmental Perspectives on Self
and Identity
• For Augustine, “knowledge can only come by seeing the truth that dwells within us.”
• The truth of which Augustine spoke refers to the truth of knowing God.
components in his theory of Impression Management; (1) Region, (2) Backstage, and (3)
Front Stage.
Lastly, Goffman believed that the self is Social construction dependent of the situation.
Each definition of a situation lends itself to a different approach, and the consequences are
real.
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF | ARCILLAS & ESPINOSA 2019
7
Lesson 3:
Psychological Perspective
Lesson Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Identify the different ideas in psychology about the “self”;
2. Create your own definition of the “self” based on the definitions from psychology; and
3. Analyze the effects of various factors identified in psychology in the formation of the
“self.”
(1) Real Self that consists of all the ideas, including the awareness of ‘what I am’ and ‘what I
can do’ and (2) Ideal Self which is the person’s conception of what one should be or wanted
to be that includes one’s goal and ambitions in life.
Sigmund Freud noted a number of ego defences which he refers to throughout his
written works. His daughter, Anna developed these ideas and elaborated on them. Many
psychoanalysts have also added further types of ego defences.
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF | ARCILLAS & ESPINOSA 2019
9
a. Persona
✓ One’s “public personality” or mask; Photo credit: Hugo Lin of
Verywell (2019)
one’s social roles
b. Shadow
INTRODUCTION
Different cultures and varying environment tend to create different perceptions of the
“self” and one of the most distinctions between cultures and people is the Eastern-vs-Western
dichotomy wherein Eastern represents Asia while Western represents Europe and Northern
America. It must be understood that this distinction and the countries included was politically
colored at the time that the aforementioned concepts were accepted and used in the social
sciences. Furthermore, it must be reiterated that while countries who are geographically closer
to each other may share commonalities, there are also a lot of factors that create differences. In
the Philippines alone, each region may have similar or varying perception regarding the “self”.
Excerpt from “The Self in Western and Eastern
Thoughts” by Alata, Caslib, Serafica, and Pawilen (2018)
WESTERN THOUGHTS
The Western thoughts conducted scientific investigations in the effort to understand the
self and have developed theories and difference among them. They emphasized the importance
of scientific methods of investigation to provide satisfactory answers to understanding the self.
In the Western thought, the emphasis is individualistic rather than relational. Most of the
philosophers we have discussed in our previous lessons fall under western thoughts.
EASTERN THOUGHTS
Many movements of Eastern thoughts raise questions about the ultimate meaning of
human life. They have developed theories of self as they have investigated what it means to be a
human being. Eastern thoughts aim at transformations in:
a. Consciousness
b. Feelings
c. Emotions
d. one’s relation to other people and the world.
In the Eastern thought, the emphasis is relational rather than individual. The self is
considered not in isolation but in relation to others, society, and the universe. Eastern theories
1. Buddhism
Buddhism comes from the root word “budh” meaning awake which implies that when
the eyes are open, it would be lead to understanding more about the self and world. Siddharta
Gautama Known as Buddha is the founder of Buddhism.
According to the teachings of Buddhism, every person has the seed of enlightenment,
hence, potential to be a Buddha. However, the seed should be nurtured. They also believe that
man is just a title for the summation of the five parts that compose the individual; however each
of the parts distinctly is not man. The five (5) parts that compose an individual are (1) matter, (2)
sensation, (3) perception, (4) mental constructs, and (5) consciousness.
Buddhists believes that there is no self (or soul); there is only nothing and all else is an
illusion. They also believe that nothing is permanent, but change. The ignorance of the
impermanence of everything may lead to an illusion of selfhood. For them, it is ideal to
experience Nirvana, a state of transcendence devoid of self- reference. This state of
transcendence can be achieved through meditation.
2. Hinduism
Hindus believe that Atman (a Sanskrit word means inner self, spirit or soul) being an
immortal soul continues to be reincarnated from lifetime to lifetime until it is freed from the
cycle of rebirth and reach a state of nirvana or non-birth. The most important doctrine of
Hinduism is the Law of Karma which implies that all actions will lead to either good or bad
outcomes in one’s life. Karma does not end with a body’s death; its influence may extend
through incarnation of the soul. The goal of man is to have knowledge of the true reality –
Brahman.
3. Confucianism
The core of Confucian thought is the Golden Rule of the principle of reciprocity: “Do not
do others what you would not want others to do to you”. Another important feature in Confucian
thought is the individual’s greatest mission of attaining self-realization wherein self-cultivation is
instrumental. Self-cultivation could be accomplished by knowing one’s role in the society and act
accordingly. Based on Confucian thought, moral character is perfected through continuously
taking every opportunity to improve oneself in thought and action.
4. Taoism
Taoism believes that the self is an extension of the cosmos, not of social relationships.
They describe the self as one of the limitless forms of the Tao. The Tao is commonly regarded as
a nature that is the foundation of all that exists. It is not bounded by time and space and the
ideal is to identify with the Tao. Based on Taoism, the perfect man has no self and the selfless
person leads to a balanced life, in harmony with both nature and society.
Taoists believe that simplicity, spontaneity, and harmony with nature should govern
one’s life; therefore, there should be unity and harmony among opposing elements: the Yin and
Yang.
Source of knowledge Has made use of reason rather Has trusted intuition and is
than faith to pursue wisdom. often associated with
religious beliefs.
14
Chapter 2:
Unpacking the Self
Lesson 1: The Physical Self
Lesson 2: The Sexual Self
Lesson 3: The Material Self
Lesson 4: The Spiritual Self
Lesson 5: The Political Self
Lesson 6: The Digital Self
BODY IMAGE
Body image refers to how individuals perceive, think, and feel about their body and
physical appearance. Appearance refers to everything about a person that others can observe
such as height, weight, skin color, clothes, and hairstyle. Through appearances, people show
others the kind of persons they are.
It appears that the body image is related to self-esteem. Self-esteem is a person’s overall
evaluation of his or her own worth. Low self-esteem is very common is adolescents. Adolescents
worry about different parts of their bodies. Younger women and girls tend to have poor body
image. Three (3) of the most common causes of poor body image are:
1. Emphasis on thin ideal body
✓ lead girls to experience body dissatisfaction
2. Bullying and peer pressure
✓ have been associated with greater body dissatisfaction.
3. Media
✓ such as television, advertisements, music and movies.
✓ filled with good-looking faces, making women and men more concerned with
physical attractiveness.
✓ results to paying a great deal of money for the physical attractiveness that
women and men want to achieve
✓ The reality, however, is that the standards of beauty presented in the media are
so unrealistic.
Body image can affect both the adolescent’s physical and psychological well-being. Some
of the effects of poor body image include:
1. Body dissatisfaction
2. Depression
3. Low-self esteem
4. Eating disorder
a. Bulimia
✓ the person induces purging after
binging on large quantities of food.
CONCEPT OF BEAUTY
In Egyptian art, beauty is portrayed in
women
with slim, high waist, narrow hips, and long
black hair.
Women with full figure and rounded hips were
considered beautiful during the Renaissance
period.
Some tribes (e.g., Africa) during the medieval
age
consider chubby, fat, or plum women beautiful.
On the
other hand, some tribes in Malaysia, Philippines
and
Indonesia considered flat noses to be the most
attractive.
Standards of beauty have change over
time
based on changing cultural values. However, all cultures
have, more or less, the same concept standards of
beauty. Traditionally considered the most beautiful
have:
1. clean and unblemished skin
2. thick shinny hair
3. well-proportioned bodies, and 4. symmetrical faces
Photo credit: Negro Woman by Ilya Repin (1876)
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
The other sexual characteristic is called Secondary Sexual Characteristics. Unlike the
primary sexual characteristics, the Secondary Sexual Characteristics develop during the onset of
puberty. For women, the earliest evidences of puberty are the enlargement of the breasts,
menstrual cycle, widening of hips, enlargement of buttocks, and growth of pubic hair. Testicular
growth, sperm production, appearance of facial, pubic, and other body hair, and deepening of
voice are some of the first signs of puberty in men.
Photo
Human sexual arousal may be produced by direct stimulation of the body’s erogenous
zones. Erogenous zones refer to parts of the body that are receptive and increase sexual arousal
when touched in a sexual manner. According to Freud, erogenous zones are areas of the body
that provide pleasure. Some of the commonly known erogenous zones are the genitals, mouth,
breast, ears, anus, and to lesser degree, the entire surface of the body.
One of the most basic sexual stimulation is masturbation of self-stimulation that causes
sexual pleasure or orgasm. Other sexual activities such as intimate kissing, cuddling, necking,
petting, or touching the erogenous zones may be uniquely important to sexual arousal.
used the term sexual- response cycle to describe the changes that occur in the body as men and
women become sexually aroused. They divided the sexual response cycle into four (4) phases.
1. Excitement Phase
– beginning of sexual arousal
– can last from one minute to several hours
– Pulse rate increases, blood pressure rises, breathing quickens, and the skin shows
a rosy flush particularly on the chest and breast area during this phase
– The nipples harden and erect in both men and women.
Sexual orientation refers to sexual and romantic feelings for people of the same gender,
a different gender, or more than one gender. People who identify their sexual orientation as
“straight” or “heterosexual” typically feel attracted to people of a different gender than
themselves. People who identify as “lesbian” or “gay” typically feel attracted to people of the
same gender as themselves. People who identify as “bisexual” typically feel attracted to more
than one gender, such as being attracted to both women and men. “Pansexual” is a term used by
people who feel attracted to more than one gender and feel that other terms don’t include
people who are transgender and gender nonconforming (people who have a gender identity or
gender expression that doesn’t match their sex assigned at birth). People who use the term
“queer” may use it to mean lesbian, gay, bisexual, or pansexual, or they may use it because other
terms don’t quite describe their experiences.
2. Chlamydia
Chlamydia is a common STD that can infect both men
and women. It can cause serious, permanent damage to a
woman’s reproductive system. This can make it difficult
or
impossible for her to get pregnant later on. Chlamydia
can also cause a potentially fatal ectopic pregnancy
(pregnancy that occurs outside the womb).
You can get chlamydia by having vaginal, anal, or oral
sex with someone who has chlamydia. If your sex partner
is male you can still get chlamydia even if he does not Photo credit: MedlinePlus
(n.d.)
ejaculate (cum). If you’ve had chlamydia and were
treated
in the past, you can still get infected again. This can happen if you have unprotected sex with someone who has
chlamydia. If you are pregnant, you can give chlamydia to your baby during childbirth (Center for Disease Control
and Prevention, n.d).
3. Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea can infect both men and women. It can cause infections in the genitals, rectum, and throat. It is a
very common infection, especially among young people ages 15-24 years (Center for Disease Control and
Prevention, n.d).
You can get gonorrhea by having vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has gonorrhea. Furthermore, a
pregnant woman with gonorrhea can give the infection to her baby during childbirth. Some men with gonorrhea
may have no symptoms at all. However, men who do have symptoms may have burning
sensation when urinating. a white, yellow, or green
discharge from the penis, and painful or swollen
testicles (although this is less common).
Most women with gonorrhea do not have any
symptoms. Even when a woman has symptoms, they
are often mild and can be mistaken for a bladder or
2019
Photo credit: Daily Health Nigeria
vaginal infection. Women with gonorrhea are at risk of developing serious complications
from the infection, even if they don’t have any symptoms.
4. Syphilis
Syphilis is divided into stages (primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary), with different
signs and symptoms associated with each stage. A person with primary syphilis generally has
a sore or sores at the original site of infection. These sores usually occur on or around the
genitals, around the anus or in the rectum, or in or around the mouth. These sores are
usually (but not always) firm, round, and painless. Symptoms of secondary syphilis include
skin rash, swollen lymph nodes, and fever. The signs and symptoms of primary and
secondary syphilis can be mild, and they might not be noticed. During the latent stage, there
are no signs or symptoms. Tertiary syphilis is associated with severe medical problems. A
doctor can usually diagnose tertiary syphilis with the help of multiple tests. It can affect the
heart, brain, and other organs of the body (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d).
cause any health problems. But when HPV does not go Health (n.d.)
away, it can cause health problems like genital warts and cancer (Center for Disease Control
and Prevention, n.d).
Herpes Simplex Virus is among the most prevalent of sexually transmitted infections.
Although, most infections are subclinical, clinical manifestations are characterized by
recurrent, painful genital and/or anal lesions. Most genital HSV infections in the United
States are caused by HSV type 2 (HSV-2), while HSV type 1 (HSV-1) infections are
orolabial and acquired during childhood (Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
n.d).
7. Trichomoniasis
Trichomoniasis (or “trich”) is an STD that is caused by infection with a protozoan parasite
called Trichomonas Vaginalis. It is associated with adverse health outcomes such as preterm
birth and symptomatic vaginitis. Although symptoms of the disease vary, most people who
have the parasite cannot tell they are infected.
1. Intimacy
Intimacy refers to feelings of closeness, connectedness, and bondedness in
loving relationships. It thus includes within its purview those feelings that give rise,
essentially, to the experience of warmth in a loving relationship (Sternberg, 1986). 2.
Passion
Passion refers to the drives that lead to romance, physical attraction, sexual
consummation, and related phenomena in loving relationships. The passion
component includes within its purview those sources of motivational and other forms
of arousal that lead to the experience of passion in a loving relationship (Sternberg,
1986).
3. Commitment
Commitment refers, in the short-term, to the decision that one loves a certain
other, and in the long-term, to one's commitment to maintain that love. These two
aspects of the decision/commitment component do not necessarily go together, in
that one can decide to love someone without being committed to the love in the long
term, or one can be committed to a relationship without acknowledging that one
loves the other person in the relationship (Sternberg, 1986).
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF | ARCILLAS & ESPINOSA 2019
25
RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD
Responsible parenthood is the will and ability of parents to respond to the needs and
aspirations of the family and children. It is a shared responsibility of the husband and the wife to
determine and achieve the desired number, spacing, and timing of their children according to
aspirations, psychological preparedness, health status, socio-cultural, and economic status
(Directional Plan of POPCOM, n.d).
Family Planning is a program that enables parents to deliberately and responsibly decide
the number and spacing of their children. It is an expression of responsible parenting based on
informed choices and decisions of couples based on their social and economic capacity.
According to UN Population Fund (UNFPA), teenage pregnancy has a huge rate among
the poor. About 67% that give birth before age 20 belongs to the low class society. In the
Philippines, about 8% among 1.7 million babies born in 2004 were born to mothers 15-19 years
old. Almost one of every 10 babies is born to teenage mothers (National Statistics Office, n.d).
1. Old Methods
a. Chinese women drink lead and mercury to control fertility
b. Herbs, olive oil, ginger, tobacco juices to kill semen
c. 1600: French prostitutes used acidic douches
d. Greek women jump seven times backward after
intercourse
2. Traditional/Natural Contraceptives
a. Periodic Abstinence
✓ Calendar/Rhythm
✓ Cervical Mucus
b. Withdrawal
– Also called Coitus Interruptus
– Ejaculation outside the vagina Calendar Method
– Have higher failure rates than hormonal methods due to design and human error
✓ Spermicides
✓ Male Condoms
✓ Female
Condoms
✓ Diaphragm
✓ Cervical Cup
✓ Intrauterine
Devices (IUD)
c. Emergency
Contraceptive
– Must be taken within
72 hours of
the act of unprotected intercourse
or failure of contraception method
– Floods the ovaries with high
amount of hormone and prevents ovulation
– Alters the environment of the uterus, making it disruptive to the egg and sperm
d. Surgical Methods
– Involves surgical procedure to prevent
fertilization of
the egg
✓ Tubal Ligation
✓ Vasectomy
Vasectomy
Harvard psychologist, William James, defined the material self as “sum total of
all he call his, not only his body psychic powers, but his clothes and his house, his wife
and children. His ancestors and friends, his reputation and works, his land, his yacht
and bank account, all these things give him the same emotions. If they wax and
prosper, he feels triumphant; if they dwindle and die away, he feels cast down – not
necessarily in the same degree for each thing, but in much the same way for all”. He
proposed that the material self is composed of four (4) parts:
1. Body
– Inner most part of our material self
– We are directly attached to this commodity that we cannot live without
– We strive to make sure that this body functions well and good.
– Any ailment or disorder directly affects us.
– We do have certain preferential attachment to or intimate closeness to certain
parts because of its value to us.
– There were people who get their certain body parts insured.
– Celebrities like Mariah Carrey reportedly insured her vocal cords and legs. – One
of the tasks of adolescents is that of accepting and appreciating the physical
characteristics of their body.
– Few adolescents are able to do this successfully.
– Adolescents tend to worry about their bodies and physical appearance.
2. Clothes
– The style and the brand of clothes becomes a symbolic significance – The fabric
and style of the clothes we wear bring sensations to the bod and can affect our
attitude and behavior.
– The material component of the self can include books, bed, money, car, house
and other things that person can call his own possession.
– Clothing is a form of self expression
– We choose and wear clothes that reflect our self
Lesson Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Demonstrate understanding of the spiritual self;
2. Explain the importance of spirituality in one’s life;
3. Discuss how spirituality is connected to religion;
4. Describe how spirituality develops; and
5. Identify the different spiritual beliefs of indigenous people in the Philippines.
SPIRITUALITY
Spirituality is the quality or state of being concerned with religion or religious matters. It
came from latin word “spiritus”, meaning breathe or life force. Spirituality can be understood as
a search for the sacred, a process through which people seek to discover, transform whatever
they hold sacred in their lives. The sacred could refer to God and transcendence.
The term “spirituality” was originally developed in early Christianity. Christians use the
term “spirit” to describe the Holy Spirit. Christians use the term “spirit” to describe the Holy
Spirit. In Christian Ethics, the experience of the sacred is characterized by reverence, faith, fear,
love and admiration which is intimately connected to God. Worship is regarded as an essential
act to realize the ultimate meaning of transcendence and human life.
The Spiritual self is the most intimate, inner subjective part of the self because of the
satisfaction experience when thinking of someone’s ability to argue and discriminate of one’s
moral sensibility and conscience, and of our unconquerable will is purer than other sentiments
of satisfaction. The ability to use moral sensibility and conscience may be seen through the
expressions of religion, its belief, and practices. In the same manner, cultural rituals and
ceremonies are some manifestations of what people believe in. Moreover; seeking the meaning
of life that the spiritual self is on
Understanding and nurturing the spiritual self is as important as the other aspects of the
self. Understanding and developing awareness of the spiritual self gives the person a feeling of
oneness with God and the universe. It also gives a deeper purpose or meaning of one’s life.
Religion recognizes the importance of spirituality in one’s life. It’s central function to
know God. Religious beliefs and practices make people close to God. Rebecca Stein (2011)
defined religion “as a set of cultural beliefs and practices that usually includes some or all of
basic characteristics.” These characteristics are:
1. A belief in anthropomorphic supernatural being such as spirits and gods. 2. A focus
on the sacred supernatural where sacred refers to a feeling of reverence and awe.
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF | ARCILLAS & ESPINOSA 2019
30
3. The presence of supernatural power or energy that is found on supernatural beings
as well as physical beings and objects.
4. The performance of ritual activities that involves the manipulation of sacred
objects to communicate to supernatural beings and/or to influence or control
events. 5. The articulation of world view and moral codes to narratives and other
means. 6. Provide the creation and maintenance of social bonds and mechanism of
social control within a community; provide explanation for unknown and a sense of
control for individuals.
Rituals, on the other hand, is the performance of ceremonial acts prescribed by a
tradition of sacred law (Britannica, 2017). It is a specific observable mode of behavior exhibited
by all known societies. It is possible to view ritual as a way of defining or describing humans.
Participation to rituals is expressions religious beliefs. The fundamental characteristics of ritual
are:
1. A feeling or emotion of respect, awe, fascination, or dread in relation to the
sacred. 2. Dependence upon a belief system that is usually expressed in the
language of myth. 3. Being symbolic according to its reference.
Lesson Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Describe the nature, functions, and origins of political self;
2. Discuss the role of family, school, church, peer groups, and media in the development of
political self;
3. Determine the importance of social interaction in political self;
4. Develop a Filipino identity;
5. Identify different Filipino values and traits; and
6. Reflect on your selfhood in relation to your national identity.
The political self is developed through socialization. Social interaction may significantly
influence a person’s understanding of politics, and perhaps a person’s political actions in the
future. Through social interaction, people learn the status, duties, rights, and power necessary to
interact successfully with other people in the group or community. Thus, the following social
groups play an important role in the development of our political self:
1. Family has a hierarchical structure, which requires that each member performs their
roles. From an early age, individuals are taught to obey and treat parents with respect
and conform to their rules.
2. Schools have the responsibility to each the moral, spiritual, and political values that will
develop the students to become patriotic and morally upright citizens.
3. Church also helps shape the ideals of citizenship and democracy through their teachings,
homily, and pastoral letters.
4. Peers become increasingly important in influencing the political self.
5. Mass media could also be a key source of information of politics.
WHO IS A FILIPINO?
According to the Philippine Constitution, Filipinos are “those whose fathers or mothers
are citizen of the Philippines, those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers; who elect
Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority, and those who are naturalized in
accordance with law”. However, citizenship is not the only marker of being a Filipino. Culture
and history have greatly influenced the manner Filipinos learn, live, and behave to date.
1. Symbols
Photo credit:
Janos Csapo (2012)
objects that carry a particular meaning which is only recognized by those who share
a particular culture.
– New symbols easily develop, old ones disappear.
– Symbols from one particular group are regularly copied by others.
– This is why symbols represent the outermost layer of a culture.
– Alibata is an example of Filipino symbol.
2. Heroes
– Persons, past or present, real or fictitious, who possess characteristics that are highly
prized in a culture.
– They also serve as models for behavior.
– This may also include people from the entertainment industry
– Famous Filipino Icons such as Lea Salonga, Manny Pacquiao, and our very own
national hero, Jose Rizal, serve as important Filipino markers as they have made the
Filipino name more pronounced worldwide through their own expertise.
3. Rituals
– Collective activities, sometimes
superfluous in
reaching desired objectives, but are
considered
as socially essential.
– They are therefore carried out most of
the times
for their own sake (ways of greetings,
paying
respect to others, religious and social
ceremonies, etc.).
– Street parades are very common in the
Philippines. Each village and city has its own
“fiesta”. Photo credit Ken
– Filipinos are also known for three-month Christmas RIvera (2018)
celebration.
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF | ARCILLAS & ESPINOSA 2019
34
4. Values
– They are broad tendencies for preferences (good-evil, right-wrong, natural
unnatural).
– Values can only be inferred from the way people act under different circumstances.
– Filipinos are known for their faith, religiosity and close family ties.
– Another Filipino trait that is known everywhere in the world is the Filipino’s brand of
hospitality.
The Philippines is well-known for its grandiose mountain view, pristine beaches, and rich
and diverse culture. While the country is known for its breath-taking sceneries, the Filipinos are
known for their unique traits, reputable values, and laudable talent. However, it cannot be
denied that there are also negative traits that the Filipinos possess.
Chapter 3:
Managing and Caring for
the Self
Lesson 1: Learning to be a Better Learner
Lesson 2: Setting Goals for Success
Lesson 3: Taking charge of one's health
INTRODUCTION
Knowing the “self” is not enough. Since “who you are” is partly made up of your choices,
you must also have the ability to choose especially to be a better “you”. In school setting, your
knowledge of yourself should at least enable you to become a better student.
This lesson will present several techniques that you can adapt depending on your
situation and preferences to make you a better learner. Learning should not just mean studying
for your quizzes and exams in school. Learning could also occur outside the confines of a book or
classroom, like when you want to acquire a new move for your sports, or the skill for a certain
hobby, among others. Furthermore, the techniques here are not the only techniques available
and months or years from now, new ways on how to study better will be discovered or
rediscovered, what is important at this moment is that you learn how to learn these things.
Self-efficacy begins to form in early childhood as children deal with a wide variety of
experiences, tasks, and situations. However, the growth of self-efficacy does not end during
youth but continues to evolve throughout life as people acquire new skills, experiences, and
understanding (Cherry, K.,2019). Bandura believes that there are four major sources of self
efficacy:
1. Mastery Experiences
Performing a task successfully strengthens our sense of self-efficacy. However,
failing to adequately deal with a task or challenge can undermine and weaken self-
efficacy.
Dweck notes that having a growth mindset doesn't involve believing that anyone can
become anything they want with enough education and effort. Not everyone can become
Einstein or Mozart just because they try.
need to make adjustments? Having a goal that you can measure will help you
stay on track and reach your target dates.
3. Attainable or Achievable
Is the goal you’re setting one you can reach? While you don’t want things to be
easy, you also want to avoid setting goals that are out of your reach.
4. Realistic or Relevant
Is your goal relevant to your life, and can you realistically achieve it, based on
your current circumstances? This may be a goal you’ve set before and did not
achieve because it was not realistic at the time. But now, under different
circumstances, this goal may now be realistic.
5. Timely and Tangible
For a goal to be realistic it also has to be grounded within a time frame, and it
needs to be real or tangible.
People with growth mindset, where there is room for improvement of performance,
with a positive perceived self-efficacy, where he or she has high confidence on his or her
capabilities, and has set specific achievable goals, have high possibility to attain success in life
(Alata, Caslib, Serafica, and Pawilen, 2018)..
The stress response begins in the brain. When someone experiences a stressful event,
the amygdala, an area of the brain that contributes to emotional processing, sends a distress
signal to the hypothalamus. This area of the brain functions like a command center,
communicating with the rest of the body through the nervous system so that the person has the
energy to fight or flee (Harvard Health, 2011).
All of these changes happen so quickly that people aren't aware of them. In fact, the
wiring is so efficient that the amygdala and hypothalamus start this cascade even before the
brain's visual centers have had a chance to fully process what is happening. That's why people
are able to jump out of the path of an oncoming car even before they think about what they are
doing (Harvard Health, 2011).
SELF-CARE THERAPY
A positive way to counter stress is through self-care therapy. Northern Illinois University
professor, Nancy Apperson (2008), provided steps for self-care:
1. Stop, breathe, and tell yourself: “This is hard and I will get through this one step at a
time.”
2. Acknowledge to yourself, what you are feeling.
3. Find someone who listens and is accepting. You don’t need advice. You need to be
heard.
4. Maintain your normal routine as much as possible. Avoid making major decisions
based on the stress you feel right now.
5. Allow plenty of time for a task. You will not be as productive as you normally are.
Accept how much you are able to do right now and recognize it will not be this way
forever.
6. Take Good Care of Yourself. Remember to:
a. Get enough rest and sleep. Sleep at least 6 hours and not more than 9 hours b.
Eat regularly and make healthy choices. Skipping meals, particularly breakfast,
contributes to fatigue, mood swings, and poor concentration.
c. Know your limits and when you need to let go. Some problems are beyond our
control.
d. Identify or create a nurturing place in your home.
e. Practice relaxation or meditation.
f. Escape for a while through meditation, a book, a movie, or taking a short trip.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1. Socrates
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2. Plato
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3. Aristotle
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4. Augustine
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5. Descartes
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6. Locke
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8. Kant
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9. Ryle
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10. Churchland
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11. Merleau-Ponty
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3. What social pressures help you shape your self? Would you have wanted it
otherwise?
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4. What aspects of your self do you think may be changes or would you like to
change?
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2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.
For the second part, in the space below, complete the sentence. Pass your paper around
for two to three (2-3) minutes without looking who writes on it. As you fill out the paper
of your classmates, write briefly and only those you observe as a person. Do not use any
bad words and do not write your name. After the allotted period, pass all the paper to
your teacher who will distribute them to the respective owners.
I am_____________________________________________________.
Who do you think I am based on what you see me do or hear me say?
1. What do you feel about what your classmates wrote about you?
________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________ 2.
What aspects are similar and which are not?
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________________________________________________________ 3.
What aspects are always true or circumstantial?
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4. What aspects do you think are not really part of your personality?
________________________________________________________
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1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
6. 6.
7. 7.
8. 8.
9. 9.
10. 10.
Reference(s):
2. A beautiful person is
________________________________________________________
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3. I am beautiful because
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4. List down at least three (3) names of people you know who are beautiful and
explain why you think they are beautiful.
Name Reason
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Part 2. My development
Answer the following questions as fully and precisely as you can.
1. When do you usually observe the changes listed above for males and females?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
3. Can we really change our natural or innate sexual organ and sexual response?
________________________________________________________
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B – ________________________
C – ________________________
F – ________________________
H – ________________________
PHILIPPINES
AURORA PROVINCE
1. When was the first time you realized that there is a higher being than yourself?
How old were you then?
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Filipino ka kung
________________________________________________________ Filipino ka
ka kung ________________________________________________________
Filipino ka kung
________________________________________________________ Filipino ka
ka kung ________________________________________________________
Filipino ka kung
________________________________________________________ Filipino ka
ka kung ________________________________________________________
Filipino ka kung
________________________________________________________ Filipino ka
ka kung ________________________________________________________
Filipino ka kung
________________________________________________________ Filipino ka
ka kung ________________________________________________________
1. Make an acrostic below which will describe you, in relation to your being a
Filipino.
F–
I–
L–
I–
P–
I–
N–
O–
2. Watch the movie Dekada 70. Reflect on and make a narrative essay on the three
most important things you learned from the movie. What are your insights and
how are you going to apply your insights in understanding and developing your
political self and identity as a Filipino?
________________________________________________________
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Set 1.
1. I am ________________________________________________________________.
2. I am ________________________________________________________________.
3. I am ________________________________________________________________.
4. I am ________________________________________________________________.
Set 2.
1. I am ________________________________________________________________.
2. I am ________________________________________________________________.
3. I am ________________________________________________________________.
4. I am ________________________________________________________________.
2. Applying the same activity in the virtual world or cyber world, how do people
portray themselves?
________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
3. What are the things that you would want to post/share online?
________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________
1. Do you agree with the results of your MIA? Why or why not?
___________________________________________________
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2. Make a lst of your “Top 5 Tips/Secret for Studying” based on your personal
experiences/preferences. Share your answer in class.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3. Is your MIA result consistent with your personal Top 5 Tips/Secrets for
Studying?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
Death of a close member _____ 100 Death of a close friend ______ 73 Separation of
parents ______ 65 Jail term ______ 63 Major personal injury or illness ______ 63 Marriage
______ 58 Fired from job ______ 50 Failed important course ______ 47 Change in health of
a family member ______ 45 Pregnancy ______ 45 Sex problems ______ 44 Serious
argument with close friend ______ 40 Change in financial status ______ 39 Change in
academic major ______ 39 Trouble with parents ______ 39 New girlfriend or boyfriend
______ 38 Increased workload at school ______ 37 Outstanding personal achievement
______ 36 First quarter/semester in college ______ 35 Change in living conditions ______
31 Serious argument with instructor ______ 30 Lower grades than expected ______ 29
Change in sleeping habits ______ 29 Change in social activities ______ 29 Change in eating
habits ______ 28 Chronic car trouble ______ 26 Change in number of family get-togethers
______ 26 Too many missed classes ______ 25 Change of college ______ 24 Dropped more
than one class ______ 23 Minor traffic violations ______ 20
TOTAL: ___________