LABORATORY SAFETY ORGANIZATON

LABORATORY ENVIRONMENT LABORATORY UTILITIES PERSONAL HYGIENE FIRST AID KIT

• Floor Plan • Air-conditioning Unit • Gloves • Shower Area
• Proper Lighting • Eyewash
• Good Ventilation • Burn ointment
• Lab Traffic Law • Closed shoes

HAZARDS IN HISTOPATH LABORATORY

CORROSIVES ALLERGENS POISION CARCINOGEN FLAMMABLE
• Bleach • Chlorine • Potassium Cyanide • Xylene • Paper
• H2O2 • Dust • Hydrogen Cyanide • Asbestos • Methyl Alcohol
• NaOH • Perfume • Nitrous Oxide • Benzene • Electrical Wire
•

COLOR CODING OF WASTES

YELLOW RED BLUE GREEN BLACK
• Human Organ • Used syringes • Scalpels • Non-infected
• Soiled Plaster • Expired Blood • Broken Glass Slide Plastic Material
Cast Bags • Microtome Blade • Bond paper
• Human Blood • Used Gloves • Food Waste
• Soiled Cotton • Plastic IV bottles
• Discarded Culture
Bottles

CELL RESPONSE
TRANSUDATE EXUDATE
Low LDH concentration Result from inflammatory process
Related to pus formation Appears purulent
Result from increase hydrostatic pressure Associated with clot formation
Associated with yellow to red body fluids
SG: > 0.018 (1.018 guro ni)
High protein content
— Fluid buildup in body organs

FEATURES OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION

ACUTE CHRONIC
Inflammation with prominent systemic signs Involves several types of WBCs
Self-limited inflammation Progressive inflammation
Fast onset inflammation Result from persistent injury
Involves macrophages and fibroblasts
— Involves plasms proteins
— Asthma that involves lgE antibodies
— Inflammation caused by bacteria

NEOPLASM
BENIGN MALIGNANT
Hydatidiform mole Undergo metastasis
Pleomorphic adenoma Teratocarcinoma
Signs include pain Wilms tumor
 Melanoma
Fast growing tumor
— Atypical mitosis
— Shows pleomorphism

CAUSATIVE AGENTS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

BACTERIA VIRUS FUNGI PARASITES
• Tuberculosis • Hepatitis A • Malaria
• Syphilis • AIDS • Amebiasis
• Kissing’s Disease • Common Cold • Schistosomiasis
• Gonorrhea • Dengue Fever
• UTI • Chikungunya
• Bubonic Plague
• Leptospirosis

PHASES OF EXAMINATION IN HISTOPATHOLOGY

PRE-ANALYTICAL
• Specimen Collection
• Specimen Transport
• Proper Specimen Fixation
ANALYTICAL POST ANALYTICAL
• Slide Labeling • Case Diagnosis
• Equipment Reliability • Accurate Results
• Preventive Maintenance • Timely Release of Results
• Internal QC

ASPECTS OF PATHOLOGY
ETIOLOGY PATHOGENESIS
Underlying cause of disease Cell changes in disease
Genetic and Environmental factors of disease

— Employing laboratory tests

— Giving medication to patient (NOT RELATED TO BOTH)

CAUSES OF REVERSIBLE CELL INJURY AND CELL DEATH

HYPOXIA ISCHEMIA
Result from anemia Build up of toxic metabolites in tissues
— Deprivation of oxygen to tissues
— Causes cell death
— Cause by autoimmune diseases (NOT RELATED TO BOTH)

CELL INJURY
CELLULAR SWELLING FATTY CHANGE
Results to increase of organ weight Appearance of vacuoles in the cell’s cytoplasm
— Reversible cell injury
— Leakage of cellular content (NOT RELATED TO BOTH)
— Results to distortion of microvilli (NOT RELATED TO BOTH)
 CELL DEATH
NECROSIS APOPTOSIS
Results to enlargement of the cell Results to alteration of lipid orientation
Disrupted plasma membrane May be pathologic or physiologic condition
Characterized by increased eosinophilia
— Results to cell death

NECROSIS
NUCLEAR CHANGE CYTOPLASMIC CHANGE
Undergo karyorrhexis Loss of basophilic RNA in cells
Moth-eaten appearance under the microscope
— Necrotic cells

TYPES OF NECROSIS
COAGULATIVE LIQUEFACTIVE FAT FIBRINOID
• Firm texture • Bacterial infections • Pancreatic lipase • Immune reactions
• Eosinophilic • Leukocyte enzymes • Chalky white areas in • Deposited Ag-Ab
anucleate cells tissues
NONE OF THE ABOVE
— Cheese-like appearance
— Condition of a limb

COMMON ADAPTIVE CHANGES

HYPERPLASIA HYPERTROPHY
Results to increase number of cells Results to increase in the size of the cell
Cells undergoing mitotic activity Uterine myometrium during pregnancy
Hormonal increase during puberty Increased number of cytoplasmic organelles
Increased growth factors Leads to nucleomegaly
Occurs in partial hepatectomy
— Physiologic cellular adaptation to stress

METAPLASIA DYSPLASIA
Occurs in one adult cell type replaced by another cell Occurs in epithelial cells only
type
Common in cartilage and artery Disordered cellular development
Affects squamous, columnar, and mesenchymal tissues Results to pleomorphism
Reversible on withdrawal of stimulus May progress to carcinoma
Accompanied with hyperplasia
— Found in bronchial mucosa

PATHOLOGIC CALCIFICATION
DYSTROPHIC CALCIFICATION METASTATIC CALCIFICATION
Deposition of calcium at the site of cell injury Cause by excess in parathyroid hormone
— Physiologic deposition of calcium in cells (NOT RELATED TO BOTH)