INFECTIOUS

DISORDER
Prepared by:
Dellero, Sarah joy P.
BSN3-D
 Acute
Tracheobronchitis
Acute Tracheobronchitis is a common
infection involving the trachea and
bronchi. Infections, physical and
chemical stimulation, or allergic
factors can lead to acute inflammation
in the mucosa of trachea and bronchi.
Some cases of acute tracheo-
bronchitis are also secondary to acute
upper respiratory tract infection.
Causes:

Adenovirus

Myoplasma pneumoniae
Predisposing factor Precipitating Factor
•Age •Upper respiratory

•Sex
Cells in bronchial-lining tissue are infection
irritated •Smoking

•COPD

Mucous membrane became

edematous

Bronchial mucociliary function

deminished

Air passage becomes clogged

Corpious secretion of mucous

develop
Signs and symptoms:
mucopurulent sputum which is secreted by the
edematous mucosa of the bronchi
dry irritating cough
sternal soreness from coughing
fever
headache
general malaise
if progresses , profuse and purulent and cough
becomes looser
Nursing Management:

bed rest
increase fluid intake to liquefy the thick tenacious
secretion and can be easily expectorate
hot compress to relieve soreness and pain
hot drinks may prove soothing
Fruit juices are rich in Vitamin C will increase
resistant against infection
steam inhalation to loosen secretion and relieve
laryngeal and tracheal irritation
for aged- frequent turning side to side and put in
sitting position
Pharmacologic Treatment:

Antibiotic therapy
amoxicillin

antipyretic analgesics
PNEUMONIA
Pneumonia- an inflamatory condition
of lungs. It is often characterized as
including inflammation of the
parenchyma of the lung (that is, the
alveoli) and abnormal alveolar filling
with fluid (consolidation and
exudation).
Classification:

Community Acquired
Pneumonia
Hospital Acquired
Pneumonia
Community-acquired
is infectious pneumonia in a person who has not
recently been hospitalized. CAP is the most common
type of pneumonia. The most common causes of
CAP vary depending on a person's age, but they
include Streptococcus pneumoniae, viruses, the
atypical bacteria, and Haemophilus influenzae.
Overall, Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most
common cause of community-acquired pneumonia
worldwide. Gram-negative bacteria cause CAP in
certain at-risk populations.
Hospital-acquired
Hospital-acquired pneumonia, also called nosocomial
pneumonia, is pneumonia acquired during or after
hospitalization for another illness or procedure with onset at
least 72 hrs after admission. The causes, microbiology,
treatment and prognosis are different from those of
community-acquired pneumonia. Up to 5% of patients
admitted to a hospital for other causes subsequently develop
pneumonia. Hospitalized patients may have many risk factors
for pneumonia, including mechanical ventilation, prolonged
malnutrition, underlying heart and lung diseases, decreased
amounts of stomach acid, and immune disturbances.
Additionally, the microorganisms a person is exposed to in a
hospital are often different from those at home
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Precipitating Factor Precipitating Factor
Streptococcus pneumonia resides in •History of smoking
nasopharynx •Malnutrition
•age
•sex/gender •Weak immune
system
•Malnutrition
•Dehydration
Viral infection increase attachment s.
pneumonia to the receptor

Once inhalated into alveolus

pneumonia infect type 2 alveolar cell

Multiplication in alveolus and

invade alveolar epithelium

The small blood vessels of the

lungs become leaky
 Less functional area for oxygen and carbon dioxide
exchange

O2 Deprivation
Retaining potentially
CO2

Alveolar exudates tends to consulate so it’s

increasingly difficult to expectorate
Pulmonary
Tuberculosis
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
 Etiological Agent:
High Risk Factors:
Mycobacterium
1Old Age Environmental Factors:
2Infants tuberculosis
1High-Risk
3Children
Mode of Transmission: Communities
4Low Socio-Economic
2Low income Communities
Status
Droplets Nuclei 3Health Care Facilities
5Drug Addicts
6HIV Positive
7Severely Malnourished
8Health Care Workers Mode of Entry:

Respiratory Tract

Lungs (Alveoli)

Diagnostic Procedures:

1Medical History Treatment

2Physical Examination
1Anti-TB
3Chest Radiography
Drugs
4Mantoux tuberculin skin
2Surgery
test
5Microbiological smears and
cultures

Signs and Symptoms

Fever

Anxiety Productive Cough

Fatigue Night Sweats Cure

Low Self-Esteem Pallor

Chest
Anorexia Pain

Elevated WBC dyspnea

Death
Hemoptysis