Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Computer Network
Computer Network
Mobile communication
A wireless form of communication in which voice and data information is
emitted, transmitted and received via microwaves. This type of communication
allows individuals to converse with one another and/transmit and receive data
while moving from place to place. Some examples include: cellular and digital
cordless telephones; pages; telephone answering devices; air-ground
telecommunications and satellite-based communications. A cellular phone is a
portable telephone that does not use a wired connection. It connects to a
wireless carrier network using radio waves. The mobile phone or cell phone is a
long-range, portable electronic device used for mobile communication. In addition
to the standard voice function of a telephone, current mobile phones can support
many additional services such as SMS for text messaging, packet switching for
access to the Internet, and MMS for sending and receiving photos and video.
Most current mobile phones connect to a cellular network of base stations (cell
sites), which is in interconnected to the public switched telephone network
(PSTN).
Embedded System
Organic Electronics
Organic Electronics
Materials, Physics, Chemistry and Applications
Organic Electronics is a journal whose primary interdisciplinary focus is on
materials and phenomena related to organic devices such as light emitting
diodes, thin film transistors, photovoltaic cells, sensors, memories, etc.
Papers suitable for publication in this journal cover such topics as
photoconductive and electronic properties of organic materials, thin film
structures and characterization in the context of organic devices, charge and
exciton transport, organic electronic and optoelectronic devices.
Organic Electronics provides the forum for applied, fundamental and
interdisciplinary contributions spanning the wide range of electronic properties
and applications of organic materials. A Letters section is included for rapid
publication of short articles announcing significant and highly original results.
Keywords: organic electronics, light-emitting diodes, solar cells, thin film
transistors, sensors, memories, organic semiconductors, hybrid
semiconductors, optoelectronics, charge transport.
VLSI might have been become ULSI or SLSI
(extreme large scale integration and will continue
to be hot topics as demands of small electronics
is on rise
A computer aided design (CAD) system that is being used at the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory for the design of custom and semicustom very large
scale integrated (VLSI) chips is described. The system consists of a Digital
Equipment Corporation VAX computer with the UNIX operating system and a
collection of software tools for the layout, simulation, and verification of
microcircuits. Most of these tools were written by the academic community and
are, therefore, available to JPL at little or no cost. Some small pieces of software
have been written in-house in order to make all the tools interact with each other
with a minimal amount of effort on the part of the designer. VLSI-Oriented
Algorithms A forthcoming paper discloses two techniques developed by Peter
Hochschild, Ernst Mayr , and Alan Siegel for solving graph...83] Hochschild, P.,
Mayr , E., and Siegel, A. Techniques for Solving Graph Problems in Parallel
Environments. 1983. to appear in Twenty-forth FOCS...Hochschild, P., Mayr , E.,
and Siegel, A. Techniques for Solving Graph Problems in Parallel Environments.
1983. to appear in Twenty-forth FOCS ProceedingsTwo analog very large
scale integration (VLSI) vector matrix multiplier integrated circuit chips were
designed, fabricated, and partially tested. They can perform both vector-matrix
and matrix-matrix multiplication operations at high speeds. The 32 by 32 vector-
matrix multiplier chip and the 128 by 64 vector-matrix multiplier chip were
designed to perform 300 million and 3 billion multiplications per second,
respectively. An additional circuit that has been developed is a continuous-time
adaptive learning circuit. The performance achieved thus far for this circuit is an
adaptivity of 28 dB at 300 KHz and 11 dB at 15 MHz. This circuit has
demonstrated greater than two orders of magnitude higher frequency of
operation than any previous adaptive learning circuit. The principal objectives of
the computer aided/Automated fast turn-around laboratory (CAFTAL)
for VLSI are: application of cutting edge computer science and
software systems engineering to fast turn-around fabrication in order to develop
more productive and flexible new approaches; fast turn-around fabrication of
optimized VLSI systems achieved through
synergistic integration of system research and device research in aggressive
applications such as superfast computers, and investigation of physical limits on
submicron VLSI in order to define and explore the most promising technologies.
To make a state-of-the-art integrated circuit process more manufacturable, we
must be able to understand both the numerous individual process technologies
used to fabricate the complete device as well as the important device, circuit
and system limitations in sufficient detail to monitor and control the overall
fabrication sequence. Specifically, we must understand the sensitivity of device,
circuit and system performance to each important step in the fabrication
sequence. Moreover, we should be able to predict the manufacturability of
an integrated circuit before we actually manufacture it. The salient objective of
this program is to enable accurate simulation and control of computer-
integrated manufacturing of ultra large scale integrated (ULSI) systems, including
millions of submicron transistors in a single silicon chip.
Optical Circuits
Optical circuits use light instead of electricity, making them faster and more
energy-efficient than electrical systems. Scientists at Ecole Polytechnique
Federale de Lausanne have developed a first building-block for photonic
'transistors' that requires record-low energy to operate. The device is a big step
forward in the development and implementation of optical circuits.
Unlike electronic circuits, optical, or "photonic", circuits work with light rather than
electricity, which makes them 10 to 100 times faster. They are also more energy-
efficient because they show lower heat loss, better signal-to-noise ratios and are
less susceptible to interference. Used especially for communications (e.g. fiber
optics), optical circuits may use tiny optical cavities as 'switches' that can block or
allow the flow of light, similarly to transistors in electronics. EPFL scientists have
now fabricated and experimentally tested a silicon-based 'photonic crystal
nanocavity' (PCN) that requires an unprecedentedly low amount of energy to
operate as a switch. The findings, which have significant implications for the
future of optical technologies, are published in a paper that features on the cover
of Applied Physics Letters.
Optical Circuits and Optical Cavities
Optical circuits control light the way an electrical circuit controls the flow of
electricity. Compared to electrical circuits, optical systems show superior speed,
energy-efficiency and stability. Already used in fiber optic communications, the
field of applied photonics is making steady progress in developing optical circuits,
which use nanoscale 'optical cavities' as switches or 'transistors' for controlling
the flow of light.
Optical cavities confine light in a tiny space of a few nanometers. 'Squeezed' in
such a small volume, a tiny amount of incoming light is enough to cause a small
change in the wavelength of the trapped light, because of the optical properties
of the material from which the cavity is made. These properties are referred to as
"non-linear", meaning that if a small amount of light can make the optical cavity
resonate, a higher light intensity can cause it to actually switch between two
different states. This effect, called "optical bi-stability" is ultimately what makes
the optical cavity to act as a switch for light.