BASIC

EDP CONCEPTS
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DATA AND
INFORMATION?
Data
- collections of unorganized facts and figures
related to an object.

Information
- processed data.
THE ORGANIZATION OF DATA
• Bit or binary digit (0 and 1)
• Byte
• Field
• Record
• File
• Database
DATA PROCESSING - COLLECTION AND MANIPULATION OF ITEMS OF
DATA TO PRODUCE MEANINGFUL INFORMATION.

a. Originating h. Altering/alteration
b. Gathering/collecting i. Rectifying or retrieval
c. Validating j. Summarizing
d. Recording k. Reporting
e. Classifying l. Storing
f. Sorting/Organizing
g. Analyzing
METHODS OF DATA PROCESSING

a. Manual data processing

b. Mechanical data processing
c. Electronic data processing
METHODS OF DATA PROCESSING

Manual Data Processing - data is entered

and processed by hand without using any
machine to achieve the desired results.
MECHANICAL DATA PROCESSING
Mechanical Data Processing - data is processed by
using different devices such as typewriters, mechanical
printers or other mechanical devices.

ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING.

Electronic Data Processing - modern technique to
process data.
 MAIN COMPONENTS OF AN
ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING
a. Hardware
b. Software
c. Peopleware
d. Data and Information
e. Procedures
 MAIN COMPONENTS OF
HARDWARE
a. Central processing unit (CPU) - principal
hardware computer of a computer system.
b. Peripheral Equipment - auxiliary machine that
may be connected or attached to the CPU.
MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE CPU
a. Control Unit (CU) - manages the computer’s various
components.
b. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) - the manipulating
part of the CPU, where actual data processing occurs.
c. Primary Memory or Storage Unit (SU) - a device
where information can be stored and from which it can
be retrieved at a later time.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ROM AND RAM
Read Only Memory (ROM) - is one in which
information is permanently stored. The information
from the memory can only be read and it is not possible
to write a new information to it.
Random Access Memory (RAM) - is viewed as a
collection of memory location in which program
instructions and data are stored.
 PERIPHERAL DEVICES ATTACHED
TO A CPU

a. Input Devices
b. Output Devices
c. Secondary Storage Devices
 TWO TYPES OF EXTERNAL MEMORY
DEVICES

a. Sequential Access Memory - it involves examining

all the records in sequence from the beginning to
the desired records. Examples:
> Punched paper tape
> Magnetic tape
b. Direct Access Storage - this form of storage is
addressable. A given item can be selected from any
place in the storage simply by specifying the address
where it is located. Examples:
> Floppy Disks
> Magnetic Disks
> Flash Drive
 THE TYPES OF SOFTWARE
a. System Software - set
of one or more programs
designed to control the basic operations and
functions of a computer system.
b. Application Software - a computer pre-written
software that performs specific data processing
tasks.
 CATEGORIES OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE
a. Operating System (OS) - a collection of control,
processing, and data management programs specially
designed to manage the resources of the computer system
and to facilitate the creation of programs and control their
executions.
b. Utility Software - utility programs enhance the
understanding and communication of users with the
computer.
c. Communication Software - is any software
program that allows computers to connect to one
another using the modem and telephone line.

Modem - short for modulator-demodulator,

transforms the computer’s digital information into
signals (modulate) that can be sent over ordinary
phone lines.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A SINGLE-USER AND
A MULTI-USER OPERATING SYSTEM?
Single-user Operating System - a type of OS that is developed
and intended for use on a computer or similar machine that will
only have a single user at any given time.
Two General Types of single-user operating system:
a. Single task system - it is developed for use with a computer
or electronic device that will only run one application at a
time.
b. Multitasking system - this type of operating system can run
multiple applications and programs at once.
MULTIPLE OPERATING SYSTEM

It allows multiple users to access the data processes of a

single machine from different computers or terminals.
This type of system was previously often connected to a
larger system through a wired network, although wireless
networking is more common nowadays.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MULTIPROGRAMMING
AND MULTIPROCESSING
Multiprogramming - permits the running of several programs
concurrently; that is, it allows several unrelated programs, probably from many
different users, to compete for the processor.

Time-sharing - is the sharing of computing resource among many users by

means of multiprogramming and multi-tasking.

Multiprocessing - the CPUs of several computers are linked, or the CPU

of a single computers has more than one arithmetic-logic unit.
 COMMON TYPES OF PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE

Language - is defined as the communication of

thoughts and feelings through a system of arbitrary
signals, such as sounds, gestures, or written symbols.
Programming Language - consisting of symbols and
characters are used to permit communication with or
between computers.
SEVERAL TYPES OF PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGES:

a. Machine Language - it is a common language for

computers and does not need further translation before
being executed by the computer.
b. Assembly Language- also called symbolic or low
level language, assembly language uses mnemonic
operation codes and symbolic addresses.
C. High Level or Procedure Oriented Language - It is
developed in order to facilitate the programmers in
using computers without the need to know in detail the
internal structure of the computer.
d. Non Procedural Language or 4GL (4th Generation
Language) - specify what is required and leave the
database system to analyse the request and generate the
results.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A SHAREWARE AND
A FREEWARE.

Shareware - is a commercial software offered to

users without initial charge and is generally offered
by less established software developers.
Freeware - is software that is available free of
charge.
PERSONAL COMPUTERS
Personal Computers or PCs - are economical yet
powerful self-contained general purpose computers
consisting typically of a central processing unit
(CPU), memory, monitor, disk drives, printer
cables and modems.
 THE INTERNAL CONTROLS IN A PERSONAL
COMPUTER ENVIRONMENT
Internal controls in personal computer environment are:
a. Management Authorization for Operating Personal Computers
b. Physical Security – Equipment
c. Physical Security – Removable and Non-Removable Media
d. Program and Data Security
e. Software and Data Security
f. Hardware, Software and Data Back-Up
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A BATCH PROCESSING
SYSTEM AND AN ONLINE, REAL-TIME (OLRT)
PROCESSING SYSTEM.
In a batch processing system, like or similar transactions
are collected, sorted, and processed against the master files
at the end of the day or some other time period, while an
on-line , real-time (OLRT) Processing system is
characterized by data that are assembled from more than
one location and records that are updated immediately.
 ONLINE COMPUTER SYSTEM

On-line computer systems - are computer system that enable users to

access data and programs directly through workstation. It allow users to
initiate various function directly.
a. Entering transaction
b. Making inquiries
c. Requesting reports
d. Updating master files
 TYPES OF WORKSTATION THAT MAY BE
USED ON-LINE COMPUTER SYSTEM?

a. General Purpose Terminals

• Basic Keyboard and Monitor
• Intelligent terminal
• Personal Computers
b. Special Purpose Terminal
• Point of scale devices (POS)
• Automated teller machines (ATM)
 TYPES OF ON-LINE COMPUTER SYSTEM

a. On-line / Real Time Processing (OLRT)

b. On-Line / Batch Processing
c. On-Line / Memo Update (and Subsequent Processing)
d. On-Line / Inquiry
e. On-Line Downloading Processing
f. Uploading Processing
Network - is a communication system that enables
computer users to share computer equipment,
application software, data, and voice and video
transmissions.

File Server - is a computer with an operating system

that allows multiple users on a network to access
software applications and data files.
 THE COMMON TYPES OF NETWORK?
a. Home Area Network (HAN)
b. Local Area Network (LAN)
c. Campus Area Network (CAN)
d. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
e. Wide Area Network (WAN)
EXAMPLES OF NETWORKING DEVICES.

a. Gateway
b. Bridge
c. Router
d. Repeater
e. Switch
 THE INTERNAL CONTROLS IN AN ONLINE
COMPUTER ENVIRONMENT
CIS general controls
a. Access controls
b. Controls over users
c. System development and maintenance controls
d. Programming controls
e. Transaction logs
f. Use of anti-virus software program
CIS application controls
a. Pre-processing authorization
b. Edit, reasonableness and other validation tests.
c. Cut-off procedures
d. File controls
e. Master file controls
f. Balancing
g. Rejected data
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CENTRALIZED AND
DECENTRALIZED PROCESSING
Centralized information system - processing is
performed in one computer in a single computer.
Decentralized information system - is
characterized by built up of computer systems in
different locations.
 DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING SYSTEM

Distributed processing - refer to a

variety of computer systems that use more
than one computer to run an application.
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS)
Database - is a collection od data that is stored in an
efficient and compact manner, and that is shared and
used by a number of different users for different
purposes.
Database management system (DBMS) - is a
collection of programs, which are used to define, create
and maintain databases.
ADVANTAGES OF USING DBMS
a. Reduction of data e. Database Access
redundancy Language
b. Data consistency f. Backup and Recovery
c. Data sharing Procedures
d. Data security g. Data Independences
FUNCTIONS OF DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR
Database administrator (DBA) - a person who is responsible for
managing the overall database management system.
Major responsibilities:
a. Defining the database structure.
d. Installing and managing the DBMS.
c. Creating databases and related objects like tables and indexes.
d. Authorizing access to the database.
e. Coordinating and monitoring DBMS.
f. Acquiring software and hardware resources as
needed.
g. Security and integrity control.
h. Maintenance and operational system.
i. Creating backup of data regularly.
j. Providing administrative support.
 TYPES OF GRANTING PRIVILEGES IN A
DBMS

a. Horizontal propagation control - It limits the number of

users to whom a users can assign privileges.

b. Vertical propagation control - It limits the depth of

propagation or number of users in a sequence that can be
granted privileges.
 TYPES OF ACCESS CONTROL POLICIES THAT
MAY EXIST IN A DBMS
a. Discretionary access control policies - it allows users to
specify who can access data they own and what action
privileges they have with respect to that data.

b. Mandatory access control policies - it requires a database

administrator to assign security attributes to data that cannot be
changed by database users.
Questions???