REVIEWER IN IT
OPERATING SYSTEM- It is a program that manages all the
resources of the computer system.
Purpose of the Operating System
The main purpose of the operating system (OS) is to provide an
environment within the hardware so that users can execute
their programs smoothly without mishaps or glitches.
As a receptionist, it handles the user interface. As the computer
is booted, the first point of contact will be the operating
system.
As a dispatcher, it provides services for managing the queue of
programs scheduled for processing and activation.
As a manager, it handles the efficient allocation of resources.
As a traffic officer, it directs the passage of data through the
CPU and guides the CPU when to look in memory, when to read
or write on the data storage, when to display on screen the
data or provide a hard copy using the printer.
As a security guard, it controls the access to the system and
files. It prohibits unauthorized users access to the system.
As an accountant, it monitors the users who logs-on to the
system, what kinds of resources are utilized by each user, and
what resources are requested by each user.
∆ Computer system can be divided into four components:
•Hardware – provides basic computing resources
>CPU, memory, I/O devices
•Operating system
>Controls and coordinates use of hardware among
various applications and users
•Application programs – define the ways in which the
system resources are used to solve the computing problems of
the users
>Word processors, compilers, web browsers,
database systems, video games
•Users
>People, machines, other computers
A platform is a description of the overall standard of a
computer's hardware and/or software.
A process is an instance of a program in execution. It needs
certain resources such as CPU time, memory, files and I/O
devices.
Process State
1. New or Held - a process which has just been created and has
not yet been loaded in memory.
2. Ready – a process that is allocated a space in the primary
storage and waiting to be dispatched to the processor. These
ready processes are placed in a queue so that the operating
system can keep track which of the processes will be selected
for execution.
3. Running- a process instruction being executed, was allotted
time in the processor.
4. Blocked or Waiting – a process waiting for some events to
occur ( like I/O completion) before it can continue executing. It
does not require services of the processor until the blocking
event is completed
5. Exit, Halted or terminated - a process which has finished
execution and has been released by OS from the pool of
executable processes.
BASIC CONCEPTS IN PROCESS SCHEDULING
CPU Scheduling refers to the sequence or order of process
execution as they are allotted the processor.
Evaluation of the best CPU scheduling algorithm takes into
account the following criteria:
Increase CPU utilization. The main goal is to make the CPU busy
processing at all times. CPU utilization is the ratio of the total
CPU burst and the total time used up for processing all the jobs
in the ready queue. It is the percentage of time the processor is
busy.
Reduce Turn-around time. Turn-around time is the amount of
time to execute particular processes.
Reduce Waiting time. Waiting time refers to the amount of
time a process has been waiting in the ready queue before it
was allotted the processor.
Gantt Chart – shows the execution pattern or order of
processing of all processes in the ready queue.
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY: THE FUTURE NOW
Information and Communication Technology- refers to any
technology that helps to produce, manipulate, store,
communicate, and/or disseminate information.
How Computers Work: Three Key Concepts
All computer users must understand three basic principles: (1)
Data is turned into information; (2) hardware and software
have their own specific functions; and (3) all computers involve
input, processing, storage, and output, plus communications.
1. Purpose of a computer: Turning data into information
• Data: the raw facts and figures
• Information: data that has been summarized or
otherwise transformed for use in decision making
2. Hardware vs. software
• Hardware = the machinery and equipment in a
computer system
• Software (programs) = the electronic instructions that
tell the computer how to perform a task
Information Processing Cycle
➢ Input – raw/unclean data
➢ Process – method, event
➢ Output – processed information
➢ Storage – capture and retain digital info
➢ Communication – exchange of information
Computer is a programmable, multi-use machine that accepts
data—raw facts and figures—and processes, or manipulates, it
into information we can use.
Communications technology, also called telecommunications
technology, consists of electromagnetic devices and systems for
communicating over any distance.
Telemedicine: Medical care via telecommunications lets doctors
treat patients from far away.
Robots—automatic devices that perform functions ordinarily
performed by human beings—permit precise microsurgery.
Virtual means something that is created, simulated, or carried
on by means of a computer or a computer network.
Online relationship sites, or online dating sites, provide
electronic forums that people may join in the hope of meeting
compatible companions or mates.
Computer Savvy/Tech Smart- means knowing what computers
can do and what they can’t, knowing how they can benefit you
and how they can harm you, knowing when you can solve
computer problems and when you have to call a friend.
Five Basic Computer Sizes
1. Supercomputers are used in very special situations.
• High-capacity machines with thousands of processors that
can perform more than several quadrillion calculations per
second.
• Faster and largest computer available.
• Used for government census, weather forecasting, designing
aircraft, scientific projects, etc.
• The Titan (U.S.A.) computer is currently the largest
supercomputer.
• The next supercomputer generation may use nanotechnology.
2. Mainframes are used in many large businesses.
• Process billions of instructions per second
• Size is dependent on the use
• Water-cooled or air-cooled
• Used to be called midsize computers
• Used by banks, airlines, colleges, and the like for millions of
transactions
3. Workstations are used for graphics, special effects,
and certain professional applications.
• Expensive, powerful personal computers
• Used for scientific, mathematical, engineering, computer-
aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)
applications
• Used for designing cars, drugs, movie special effects
• Are usually connected to a network
4. Microcomputers are used by individuals as well as
businesses, and they can be connected to networks of
larger computers. There are many types of
microcomputers.
• Used either stand-alone or in a network
• Types include: desktop, tower, notebooks (laptops), netbooks,
tablets, mobile devices, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and
e-readers.
5. Microcontrollers are tiny, specialized microprocessors
inside appliances and automobiles.
Server, or network server , is a central computer that holds
collections of data (databases) and programs for connecting or
supplying services to PCs, workstations, and other devices,
which are called clients. These clients are linked by a wired or
wireless network. The entire network is called a client-server
network.
Computers are headed in three basic directions—
1. Miniaturization – everything has become smaller
2. Faster Speeds – because of miniaturization, more HW
components can cram into machines, providing fast processing
speeds and more data storage capacity
3. greater affordability – processors cost today are only
fraction of what they were 15 years ago.
6 Developments Growing Out of the Fusion of Computers and
Communications
1. Convergence - describes the combining of several industries
through various devices that exchange data in the format used
by the computers
2. Portability – Access to techs our anywhere, anytime
3. Personalization – the creation of information tailored to your
preferences.
4. Collaboration – Ex. Photo-sharing websites, calendar-sharing
services, group-edited sites such as wiki, social networking
services.
5. Cloud-Computing – instead of storing your data on your own
PC, you store it on the servers on the internet.
6. Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to a group of related
technologies used for developing machines to emulate human
qualities, such as learning, reasoning, communicating, seeing,
and hearing.
ICT Profession / Career
Application development group typically provides leadership
and overall guidance, but the systems themselves are
developed by teams consisting of users, managers, and IT staff
members.
Systems support and security provides vital protection and
maintenance services for system hardware and software,
including enterprise computing systems, networks.
User support provides users with technical information,
training, and productivity support.
Database administration involves data design, management,
security, backup, and access.
Network administration includes hardware and software
maintenance, support, and security.
Web support is a vital technical support function. Web support
specialists design and construct Web pages, monitor traffic,
manage hardware and software, and link Web-based
applications to the company’s information systems.
CHAPTER 2: KEY COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Input Device- Is any hardware component that allows users to
enter data and instructions into a computer.
Keyboards- Is an input device that contains keys the users press
to enter data and instructions into a computer.
Insertion point, also known as cursor, is a symbol on the screen
indicates where the next character you type will appear.
Wireless keyboard can be connected using RF technology with
the help of two parts, a transmitter and a receiver.
Ergonomics incorporates comfort, efficiency, and safety into the
design of the workplace
Pointing device is an input device that allows a user to control a
pointer on the screen.
Pointer is a small symbol on the screen whose location and
shape change as a user moves a pointing device.
Mouse is a pointing device that fits under palm of your hand
comfortably
Trackball is a stationary pointing device with a ball on its top or
side
Touchpad is a small, flat, rectangular pointing device that is
sensitive to pressure and motion
Pointing stick is a pressure-sensitive pointing device shaped like
a pencil eraser that is positioned between keys on a keyboard
Touch screen is a touch-sensitive display device
With pen input, you touch a stylus or digital pen on a flat
surface to write, draw, or make selections
Video games and computer games use a game controller as of
the input device that on-screen objects
Digital camera is a mobile device that allows users to take
pictures and store them digitally
Resolution is the number of horizontal and vertical pictures in a
display device
Voice input is the process of entering input by speaking into a
microphone
Voice recognition is the computer’s capability of distinguishing
spoken words
Audio input is the process of entering any sound into the
computer
Video input is the process of capturing full-motion images and
storing them on a computer’s storage medium
Web cam is a type of digital video enables a user to: Capture
video and still images, Send e-mail messages with video
attachments
Optical character recognition (OCR) involves reading characters
from ordinary documents
A turnaround document is a document you return to the
company that creates and sends it
Optical mark recognition (OMR) reads hand-drawn marks such
as small circles or rectangles
A bar code reader, also called a bar code scanner uses laser
beams to read bar codes
RFID (radio frequency identification) uses radio signals to
communicate with a tag placed in or attached to an object
Magnetic stripe card readers read the magnetic stripe on the
back of cards such as: credit cards
MICR (magnetic ink character recognition) devices read text
printed with magnetized ink
Biometrics authenticates a person’s identity by verifying a
personal characteristics
A terminal is a computer that allows users to send data to
and/or receive information from a host computer
POS terminal records purchases, processes, payment, and
updates inventory
Automated teller machine (ATM) allows users to access their
bank accounts
DVD kiosk is a self-service DVD rental machine
CHAPTER 3
OUTPUT - is data that has been processed into a useful form.
OUTPUT DEVICE - is any type of hardware component that
conveys more people.
DISPLAY DEVICE - visually conveys text, graphics, and video
information.
MONITOR - is packaged as a separate peripheral.
LCD Monitor - Widescreen
DISPLAY DEVICES
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD) - uses a liquid compound to
present information on a display device.
 ACTIVE-MATRIX DISPLAY
 PASSIVE-MATRIX DISPLAY
The quality of an LCD monitor or depends primarily on:
 RESOLUTION - is the number of horizontal and vertical
pixels in a display device.
> A higher resolution uses a greater number of pixels.
 RESPONSE TIME
 BRIGHTNESS
 DOT PITCH
 ONTRAST RATIO
 The graphics processing unit (GPU) controls the
manipulation LCD monitors and display of graphics on a
display device.
 LCD Monitors use a digital signal and should plug into a
DVI port, and HDMI port, or a DisplayPort.
PLASMA MONITORS - are display devices that use gas plasma
technology and offer screen sizes up to 150 inches.
TELEVISIONS - also are a good output device.
 Require a converter if you are connecting your computer
to an analog television.
DIGITAL TELEVISION (DTV) - offers a crisper, higher-quality
output.
HDTV - is the most advanced form of digital television.
CATHODE-RAY-TUBE (CRT) MONITOR - is a desktop monitor
that contains a cathode-ray-tube.
 Have a much larger footprint than do LCD monitors.
PRINTERS
PRINTER - produces text and graphics on a physical medium.
 Printed information is called a hard copy, or printout.
 Landscape or portrait orientation.
NONIMPACT PRINTER - forms characters and graphics on a
piece of paper without actually striking the paper.
INK-JET PRINTER - forms characters and graphics by spraying
tiny drops of liquid ink onto a piece of paper.
 Color or black-and-white
 Printers with a higher dpi (dots per inch) produce a higher
quality output.
PHOTO PRINTER - produces color photo-lab-quality pictures.
 Most use ink-jet technology
 PictBridge allows you to print photos directly from a digital
camera.
 Print from a memory card and preview photos on a built-in
LCD screen.
MULTIFUNCTION PERIPHERAL (MFP) - is a single device that
prints, scans, copies, and in some cases, faxes. Sometimes
called an all-in-one device
THERMAL PRINTER - generates images by pushing electrically
heated pins against the heat-sensitive paper.
 THERMAL WAX-TRANSFER PRINTER
 DYE-SUBLIMATION PRINTER
MOBILE PRINTER - is a small, lightweight, battery-powered
printer that allows a mobile user to print from a notebook
computer, smart phone,or other mobile device.
LABEL PRINTER - is a small printer that prints on adhesive-type
material. A postage printer prints postage stamps.
Postage also can be printed on other types of printers.
PLOTTERS - are used to produce high-quality drawings.
LARGE-FORMAT PRINTERS - create photo-realistic quality color
prints on a larger scale.
IMPACT PRINTERS - from characters and graphics on a piece of
paper by striking a mechanism against an inked ribbon that
physically contacts the paper.
 DOT-MATRIX PRINTER - produces printed images when
tiny wire pins on a print head mechanism strike an inked
ribbon.
 LINE PRINTER - print an entire line at a time
SPEAKERS, HEADPHONES, AND EARBUDS
AUDIO OUTPUT DEVICE - produces music, speech, or other
sounds.
Most computer users attach speakers to their computers to:
 Generate higher-quality sounds for playing games
 Interact with multimedia representations
 Listen to music
 View movies
HEADPHONES - are speakers that cover or are placed outside of
the ear.
EARBUDS - (also called earphones) rest inside the ear canal.
VOICE OUTPUT - occurs when you hear a person’s voice or
when the computer talks to you through the speakers.
 Some Web sites dedicate themselves to providing voice
output.
 Often works with voice input
 VoIP uses voice output and voice input
OTHER OUTPUT DEVICES
DATA PROJECTOR - is a device that takes the text and images
displaying on a computer screen and projects them on a larger
screen.
 LCD projector
 Digital light processing (DPL) projector
INTERACTIVE WHITEBOARD - is a touch-sensitive device,
resembling a dry board, that displays the image on a connected
computer screen.
Application Software
Discovering Computers 2019 Living in a Digital World
Application software consists of programs designed to make
users more productive and/or assist with personal tasks.
 To make business activities more efficient
 To assist with graphics and multimedia projects
 To support home, personal, and educational tasks To
facilitate communications
System software serves as the interface between the user, the
application software, and the computer's hardware - Utility
programs.
Business software is application software that assists people
while performing business activities.
Word processing software allows users to create and
manipulate documents.
Clip art is a collection of electronic drawings, photos, and
other images.
Developing a document
1. Create a document-Enter text and numbers, Insert
images Perform other tasks
2. Edit a document -Make changes to existing
content Inserting, deleting, cutting, copying, and
pasting
3. Format a document - Change appearance • Font •
Font size
Spreadsheet software allows users to organize data in rows and
columns and perform calculations.
A function is a predefined formula that performs common
calculations.
Charting depicts data in a spreadsheet in graphical form.
A database is a collection of data organized in a manner that
allows access, retrieval, and use of that data – Database
software allows users to create, access, and manage a
database.
Presentation software allows users to create visual aids for
presentations to communicate ideas,messages, and other
information to a group.
Note taking software is application software that enables users
to enter typed text, handwritten comments, drawings, or
sketches anywhere on a page.
A software suite Is a collection of individual programs available
together as a unit .
A personal information manager (PIM) is application software
that includes Appointment calendar Address book Notepad.
Project management software allows a user to plan, schedule,
track, and analyze the events, resources, and costs of a project.
Accounting software helps companies record and report their
financial transactions.
Document management software provides a means for
sharing, distributing, and searching through documents by
converting them into a format that can be viewed by any user.
Graphics and Multimedia Software
1. Computer-aided design (CAD) software
2. Desktop publishing software
3. Paint/Image editing software
4. Professional photo editing software
5. Video and audio editing software
6. Multimedia authoring software
Web page authoring software helps users of all skill levels
create Web pages that include multimedia and interactive
content.
Software for Home, Personal, and Educational Use
 1. Personal finance software Freeware is copyrighted software provided at no cost by an
2. Legal software individual or a company that retains all rights to the software.
3. Tax preparation software Thus, programmers typically cannot incorporate freeware in
4. Personal DTP software applications they intend to sell. The word, free, in freeware
5. Personal paint/image editing software indicates the software has no charge.
6. Personal photo editing software
Public-domain software has been donated for public use and
7. Clip art/image gallery
has no copyright restrictions. Anyone can copy or distribute
8. Video and audio editing software
public- domain software to others at no cost.
9. Home design/landscaping software
10. Travel and mapping software
11. Reference software
12. Educational software Game Software CAD - COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN
13. Entertainment software PDAs - PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSITANTS
Web Applications IR - INFARED LIGHT
A Web application is a Web site that allows users to access and RF - RADIO FREQUENCY
interact with software from any computer or device that is
connected to the Internet. VDT - VIDEO DISPLAY TERMINAL

Application Software for Communications ATM - AUTOMATED TELLER MACHINE

 Web Browser POS - POINT-OF-SALE

 E-E-Mail DPI - DOTS FOR INCH
 Instant Messaging Chat Room Text, Picture, Video
Messaging RSS Aggregator MICR - MAGNETIC-INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION
 Blogging Newsgroup/Message Board FTP VolP Video OMR - OPTICAL MARK RECOGNITION
Conferencing
OCR - OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION
Learning Tools for Application Software
RFID - RADIO-FREQUENCY INDENTIFICATION
Online Help is the electronic equivalent of a user manual you
can ask a question or access the Help topics in subject or CRT - CATHODE-RAY TUBE
alphabetical order. LCD - LIQUID-CRYSTAL DISPLAY

LED - LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE

Web-based Help provides updates and more comprehensive
TTS - TEXT-TO-SPEECH
resources to respond to technical issues about software.
EULA - END-USER LICENCE ANGREEMENT
Web-based training is a type of CBT that uses Internet
technology and consists of application software on the Web. DTP - DESKTOP PUBLISING SOFTWARE

Distance learning (DL) is the delivery of education at one OS - OPERATING SYSTEM

location while the learning takes place at other locations.
UI - USER INTERFACE
Packaged software is mass-produced, copyrighted retail
GUI - GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE
software that meets the needs of a wide variety of users, not
just a single user or company. Packaged software is available in RAM - RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
retail stores or on the Web.

Custom software- performs functions specific to a business or

industry. Sometimes a company cannot find packaged software
that meets its unique requirements. In this case, the company
may use programmers to develop tailor-made custom software,
which usually costs more than packaged software.

Web application is a Web site that allows users to access and

interact with software from any computer or device that is
connected to the Internet. Many Web sites provide free access
to their programs; some charge a fee. Types of Web
applications include e-mail, word processing, tax preparation,
and game programs.

Open source software – is software provided for use,

modification, and redistribution. This software has no
restrictions from the copyright holder regarding modification of
the software’s internal instructions and its redistribution. Open
source software usually can be downloaded from the Internet,
often at no cost.

Shareware is copyrighted software that is distributed at no cost

for a trial period. To use a shareware program beyond that
period, you send payment to the program developer.
Shareware developers trust users to send payment if software
use extends beyond the stated trial period. In some cases, a
scaled-down version of the software is distributed free, and
payment entitles the user to the fully functional product.