CHAPTER 1

MIS – integrated man machine system

Management – function, process, profession and a class of people.
Management Function
 Planning
 Leading
 Staffing
 Controlling
3 Hierarchical Levels
 Strategic Management – establishes plans
 Tactical Management – responsibility of implementing policies
 Operation Management – implementing day to day basis.

Information – result or product of processing data

DATA – PROCESS – INFORMATION – DECISION – ACTION
System – group of elements or components
System Approach – study of inter-relationship of sub-system

Classification of System
 Conceptual System – concerned with theoretical structure
 Empirical System – concrete operational system

Categories of MIS
 Transaction Processing System/TPS – processing day to day transaction
 Information Providing System – meant for processing information
 Decision Support System – improving the analytical capability
 Programmed Decision-making System – plan for automatic solution of a problem
Classification of MIS
 Data Bank Information System – link bet. Info System and user is assumed to be weak.
 Predictive Information System – extension of data bank information system
 Decision Making Information System – value system and criteria are incorporated
 Decision Taking Information System – information system of user assumed to be one

Approaches of MIS Development

 Top Down Approaches – develop corporate plan
 Bottom Up Approaches –(1)individual functional: application planned separately
  Integrative Approaches – permit manager to influence all design of MIS
 Traditional Approaches – activities performed in sequence.
 Prototyping Approaches – develop small or pilot version
 End-user Development Approaches – increasing availability of low cost technology
 Systematic Approach for Development in small Organization

CHAPTER 3
Computer – automatic machine made up of electronics.
Bit – smallest unit of data
Million Instruction Per Second – computer processing time

Types of Computer
Analog Computer – used to process continuous data
Digital Computer – represent physical quantities with help of digits/numbers
Main Frame Computer – most expensive largest and quickest computer
Mini Computer – smaller than main frame
Micro Computer – smallest range of computer
Hybrid Computer – design with digital and analog characteristics combining

Basic Components of Computer

Input Unit – used for entering data
Storage Unit – used for storing data
Output Unit – used for storing the result
Central Processing Unit – takes data and instructions from storage unit
*processing – performing operation like arithmetic/logical
*Arithmetic Logic Unit – all calculation and comparison based on instruction provided
*Control Unit - controlling of all operation like input
Memory
 Primary Memory: RAM – Random Access Memory, incurrent use of data ROM – Read Only Memory,
special type of memory
 Secondary Memory: Hard Disk – made up of rigid material, Compact Disk – portable disk having data
storage, Digital Video Disk – similar to CD

Input Devices – any device that provides input to computer

Keyboard
Mouse - controls the movement of cursor
Trackball – use to enter motion data into computer
Touchpad – device for pointing
Light Pen – it utilizes a light sensitive detector
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition – MICR can identify character printed
Optical Mark Recognition/Mark Sense Reader – it senses the presence of absence of mark
Bar Coder Reader
Scanner – device can read text or illustration printed on paper
Output Devices – CPU
Monitor – used synonymously with computer screen or display
Printer – to print graphical on paper
Facsimile FAX - device that can send/receive picture and text over telephone
Sound Cards and Speaker – expansion board that enables a computer to manipulate

CHAPTER 4
Information System – both build hardware and software.
Programming Languages:
 Procedural Language – sequential explanation
 Non-Procedural Language – focus in what need to de done.
Modeling Language – design to make building of mathematical models.
Very high level language – use to describe programing language.
Graphic Generator/Graphic Package – to display or print data.
Report Writers – design to prepare reports.
Application Generator – produces an application program.
BASIC – acronym for “Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code”
FORTAN – “Formula Translation” / general purpose.
COBOL – “Common Business Oriented Language”
PASCAL – “Blaise Pascal” for business and scientific application.
C Language – general purpose language.
Object Oriented Programming/OOP – enhance productivity programmers.
Visual Programming – facilitates user to visualize their code.

Classification of Software:
 System Software
_System Control Software – helps to monitor and manage resources.
Operating System and Its Function: manages the computers processes.
Operating System Environment: (1) multiprogramming – computing environment (2) multiprocessing –
number of processors.
_System Support Software – support smooth execution.
Utility Program: popular types of system
Programming Services Software: language translator
DBMS: set of computer programs
Security Software: protect the system.
System Documentation: manual, flowchart etc.
_System Development Software – helps design and built better system.

Application Software – assist in managing the organization resources.

*general purpose software: design for general application.
*dedicated software: specialized or customize application.

CHAPTER 5
Data Communication – movement of data and information.
5 components of Telecommunications System
*Sender – input devices
*Channel & Media – characteristics
-transmission speed, mode & direction.
-media (bounded, unbounded)
*Hardware – host computer, front processor, modem etc.
*Software – access control, transmission control etc.
*Receiver – output devices
Telecommunications Channel
Data Communication Channel – path through medium.
Characteristics:
 Transmission Speed – capacity of Telecommunications channel.
 Transmission Mode – 2 types
*Synchronous: group transmit at a time
*Asynchronous: one transmit at a time
 Transmission Direction – direction which data is transmitted.
*Simplex: either send/receive data & can’t do both
*Half Duplex: send/received but not at a time
*Full Duplex: send/received data at a time

Telecommunications Media
 Bounded Media – signal confirmed to the medium
 Unbounded Media – signal are not restricted

Data Communication Hardware

Host Computer – data processing for network
Front-end Processor – minicomputer act as buffer
Modem – Modulator-demodulator
Multiplexer – permit the simultaneous sending/receiving multiple messenger
Switch – determine the transmission path
Bridge – separate two or more network
Gateway – node/router, serve as an access point to another network
Bus – collection of wires through data transmitted

Data Communication Software

Software – enable all data hardware work as a one system.

Types of Computer Software

 Access Control Software – establishes access between different devices.
 Terminal Control Software – transmission of data over network
 Terminal Emulation Software – enables microcomputer to behave
  Network Control Software – coordinates controls and manages the complete operation
 Error Correction & Detection Software – ensures error cause by another problem
 Security Software – prevents unauthorized access.

Communication Network
Private Bank Exchanges – PBX telephone system within the enterprise
Integrated Services Digital Networks – ISDN uses public telephone network
Local Area Network – LAN group of computers/associated devices
Wide Area Network – collection of computer and network resources
Value Added Network – provide common carriers

Topology of Computer Network

Topology – schematic description of the arrangements of network
 Physical topology – actual geometric
*Bus Topology – every workstation connected to every other workstation in network
*Star Topology – central computer or server
*Ring Topology – workstation connected in closed loop configuration
*Mesh Topology – employs either of two schemes
(1)Full mesh – connected directly (2)partial mesh – connected to all other
*Tree Topology – uses two or more star network

Open System Interconnection (IOS)

- Model allows any two different computers can communicate without requiring changes.
7 Layers of IOS model:
 Physical Layer – transmit one node to another
 Data Link Layer – format data(frame) perform error detection
 Network Layer – causes physical layer to transfer the frame
 Transport Layer – enable user to nodes and communicate
 Session Layer – initiates, maintain each session
 Presentation Layer – formats data for presentation
 Application Layer – controls user to input

Network Management
Network are nervous system of organization.
Network Management – aimed to reduce network failure.
 Network Planning – activity aimed at anticipating the organization network need
*capacity planning – analyze plans for traffic volume
*staff planning – helps determine number of person to manage a network
*performance monitoring – analyzes response
 Network Control – involves day to day monitoring of the network.
 Network Manager – responsible for planning
 Electronic Data Interchange/EDI – direct computer to computer exchange of data.

CHAPTER 6
Database – collection of logically organized data
Data – distinct pieces of information
*programs – collection of instructions
Information – when data is processed.

“Organized Data/Data Hierarchy“

Bit – value presence or absence of an electronic signal (1 or 0)
Byte – 8bits / required t represent a character
Field – meaningful group of characters
Record – group of interrelated fields
File – collection of interrelated records

Methods for Organizing Data in Files

 Sequential File Organization
 Indexed-Sequential File Organization
 Direct File Organization

DBMS – collection of programs

Data Management
 Data Integrity – data is collected and recorded
 Integrity & Verification – data is examined
 Storage – data is stored
 Maintenance – Data is added
  Security – data is safeguard
 Organization – data is arranged
 Retrieval – data is made

Logical Base Schema – logical description of each piece of data

Subschema – subset of the field and records in a schema
Components of DBMS
 Data Dictionary System – set of files that contains database’s metadata.
 Data Definition Language – use to create and destroy databases.
 Data Manipulation Language – use to retrieve, insert and modify database
 Structure Query Language – standard computer language for relational DBM

Database Model
 Hierarchical Model – Tree structure/hierarchy of parent and child data segment
 Network Model – many to many relationship data/more than one parent per child
 Relational Model – allows definition of data structures

Erid Diagram/Entity Relationship – graphical representation of entities

3 types of Relationship
 One to One – A is associated with B
 One to Many – A is associated with 0, B instance to A
 Many to Many – One instance of A associated with 0, B Associated with A (could be 3 rooms
each entity)

Fourth-generation Programming Language/4GL – envisioned as a refinement of the style of languages.

Distributed Databases – single/multi vendor computer hardware
Object Oriented Databases – uses information hiding principle
Database Administrator – specialist who has responsibility for the database.

CHAPTER 7
Cent Server Computing – approach to network use and based on concept on local basis.
Client Server Computing – blend of time sharing approach
Client – user who accesses the network
Server – can be computer of any size
Client Server Technology – form of shared or distributed tasks(Newton’s Telecon Dictionary)
- Applicable only to those organization that have long term commitment.
Front-end Software – provides the user interface
Back-end Software – controls data acquisition
Network Security – balancing act between control and access.