Study Guide in Mathematics in the Modern World FM-AA -CIA-15 Rev.

0 10-July-
2020

GE 7 Mathematics in the Modern World

Module 1 : Mathematics in our World

MODULE 1

MODULE OVERVIEW

This module consists of two lessons: Mathematics as the Study of Patterns and Fibonacci sequence
and Golden Ratio. Each lesson was designed as a self-teaching guide. Definition of terms and examples had
been incorporated. Answering the problems in ―your turn‖ will check your progress. You may compare your
answers to the solutions provided at the later part of this module for you to be able to measure your
achievement and as well as the effectiveness of the module. Individual and group activities were prepared to
apply what you had learned. Exercises were prepared as your assignment to measure your understanding
about the topics.

MODULE LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

• Identify patterns in nature and regularities in the world
• Articulate the importance of mathematics in one’s life
• Argue about nature of mathematics, what it is, how it is expressed, represented, and used
• Express appreciation for mathematics as a human endeavor.

LEARNING CONTENTS (Mathematics as the Study of Patterns )

Introduction
Look around you, do you notice anything that repeats or occur in a similar form? In your life, are there any
things that you tend to do over and over again? In this lesson, we will investigate patterns and regularities in
nature and even in life and how mathematics comes into play. At times, consciously or unconsciously you are
using mathematics in some routine transactions like buying food, paying bills and even computing how much
time you need to come to class on time. You can do all of these routines effectively and efficiently using your
knowledge in mathematics. As a student taking this course, what is Mathematics for you?

Discussion

Lesson 1. Mathematics as the Study of Patterns

1.1 What is Mathematics?

Mathematics is defined as the study of numbers and arithmetic operations. Others describe
mathematics as a set of tools or a collection of skills that can be applied to questions of ―how many‖ or
―how much‖. Still, others view it as a science which involves logical reasoning, drawing conclusions from
assumed premises, and strategic reasoning based on accepted rules, laws, or probabilities, Mathematics is
also considered as an art which deals with form, size, and quantity.
In examining the development of mathematics from historical perspective, it can be seen that much has been
directed towards describing patterns of relationship that are of interest of various individuals. Patterns arouse
curiosity because they can be directly related to common human experience. The focused of this section is
mathematics as a study of patterns.

A Study of Patterns

Pattern is an arrangement which helps observers anticipate what they might see or what happens next. Or
just simply are regular, repeated, or recurring forms or designs. We see patterns around us – layout of the
floor, design of our clothes, butterflies’ wings, and even to the way we say things. Recognizing patterns is
natural to us as a rational creature because our brain is hardwired to recognize them.
 Studying patterns help you in identifying relationships and finding logical connections to form generalizations
to make predictions.

Study Guide in Mathematics in the Modern World FM-AA -CIA-15 Rev. 0 10-July-2020

GE 7 Mathematics in the Modern World

Below are examples of various patterns:

Logic Patterns. Logic patterns are usually the first to be observed. Classifying things, for example comes
before numeration. Being able to tell which things are blocks and which are not precedes learning to count
blocks.
One kind of logic pattern deals with the characteristics of various objects while another deals with order.
These patterns are seen on aptitude tests in which takers are shown a sequence of pictures and asked to
select which figure comes next among several choices.

. What comes Next ?

Example 1

Solution:
PA1 Thebase figure rotates at an angle of
in the co
unterclockwise direction. Hence,
choice C is the
perfect match.

What comesnext?
Your turn 1

Number Patterns . Another class of patterns is the patterns of numbers. The two most common are the
arithmetic and geometric patterns. While arithmetic sequence is formed by adding or subtracting a constant
number to consecutive terms,geometricsequence needsto be multipl
ied or divide with same value
each time
we want to get the next termsequence.
in the Examples : 3,7,11,15,…is an arithmetic sequence because it is
formed by adding 4 to each term in the sequence which is called commonthedifference
(d) . On the other
hand, 3, 6, 12, 24, … is geometric sequence because it is formed by multiplying each term by 2 to get the
succeeding terms which is called common
the ratio(r).

Give the next three terms in the pattern. Identify which is arithmetic
geometricand
Example 2 sequence.

1. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, ___, ____, ____

2. 10, 30, 90, ____,_____,____

Solution:
1. Looking at the given numbers, the sequence is increasing, with each term being two more than the
previous term: Therefore, the answer is arithmetic sequence and the
next three terms should be 11, 13, and 15.

2. The sequence is a geometric sequence because it is formed by multiplying each term by 3 to the
succeeding terms, so the next three terms are: 270, 810, and 2430.

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Study Guide in Mathematics
n thei Modern World FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev. 0 10-July-2020

GE 7 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 1 : Mathematics in our World

In fact there are other types of symmetry

depending on the number of sides or faces that are
symmetrical. Take a look at the images below.

Spiderwort with a three

-fold symmetry Starfish has a five
-fold symmetry

If a figure or object can be rotated less thanabout a point so that the image and the -image
pre
are indistinguishable, rotational symmetry
then the figure has . The smallest angle that a figure can be rotated
angle
while still preserving the original formation is of rotation
called . Angle of rotation
can be computed using
the following formula:

where is the number of rotational symmetry or order of rotation of a particular object. For the spiderwort, the
angle of rotation is while the angle of rotation
f theo starfish is .

Consider the image of a snowflake.

It can be observed that the patterns of snowflake repeat six times. So, what is the angle of rotation of the
snowflake?

Let us try to see more patterns in nature by watching

video.this

Watch this
Video
Why do honey bees love hexagons
? - by ZackPatterson and Andy Peterson

What you havewatched is another interesting pattern nature,

in thehoneycomb. Accordingto
Merriam-Webster dictionary,
a honeycomb is a mass of hexagonal wax cells built
honeybees
by in their nest
to containheir
t brood and stores honey.But why build hexagonal cells? Why not squares or any other
polygons?
Study Guide in Mathematics in the Modern World FM-AA -CIA-15 Rev. 0 10-July-2020

GE 7 Mathematics in the Modern World

The video had explained it well. They love it because more area will be covered using hexagon
compared to other polygons. Hexagonal formations are more optimal in making use of avail space. These
referred to as packing problem. Packing problems involve finding the optimum method of filling up a given
space such as cubic or spherical container. The bees have instinctively found that the best solution, evident in
the hexagonal construction of their hives.

Let us illustrate this mathematically. Suppose you have circles of radius 1 cm, each of which will
then have an area of . We are then going to fill a plane with these circles using square packing and
hexagonal packing.

For square packing, each square will have an area of 4 . Note from the figure that for each
square, it can fit only one circle (4 quarters). The percentage of the square’s area covered by circles will be

Now, for the hexagonal packing, we can think

of each hexagonal as composed of six equilateral
triangles with
side equalto 2 cm.

√
The area of each
equilateral triangle
can be computed using the formula , so
√ √ √
√

This gives the area of the hexagon

as 6√ (multiplying the area of the equilateral triangle to 6 as
the number of sides of the hexagon). Lookingfigure,
at there are 3 circles that could fit inside one hexagon
(the whole circle inthe middle, and 6 one thirds of a circle), which gives the total areas
of . The
percentage of the hexagon’s are covered by circles will be

Anna
Anna

Comparing the two percentages, we can clearly see that using hexagons will cover a larger area than
when using squares.

1.3. World Population

Rapid population growth has been a temporary phenomenon in many
countries. As of 2017, it is estimated that the world population is about
7.6 billion. World leaders, sociologists, anthropologist are interested in
studying population, including its growth.

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Study Guide in Mathematics in the Modern World FM-AA -CIA-15 Rev. 0 10-July-2020

GE 7 Mathematics in the Modern World

The United Nations World Population Prospects 2019 report paints a demographic picture of a very different
world by the end of the 21st century
 Mathematics can be used to model population growth. The formula for exponential growth is
where A = the size of the population after it grows.
P = initial number of people

t = time

Euler’s constant with an approximate value of 2.718

Example 5 The exponential growth model of

the Philippines in thousands, years after 1995.

a. What was the population of the city in 1995 ?

b. What will be the population in 2017?
Solution:
a. Since the and then solve for , our
exponential growth model describes the population years after 1995, we consider 1995 as
population size.

with
Replace

Therefore, the city population in 1995 was 30,000.

for the year 2017. To find , we subtract 2017 and 1995 to get

with

describes the population of a city in the

describes the population of a city in

LEARNING POINTS
Mathematics as the Study of Patterns
Pattern
happens next. Or just simply patterns are:
logic patterns
regular arrangement of objects in any form found everywhere many
others

Exponential Growth Model

Population can be modeled by

 , which we then plug

The exponential growth model

Philippines in thousands, t years after 1997.

a. What is the population after 20 years?

What is the population in 2037?

is an arrangement which helps observers anticipate what they might see or what
are regular, repeated, or recurring forms or designs. Examples of various ,
number patterns, geometric patterns, word pattern. Patterns in nature are the
-plants, animals, humans, earth formations, and

the exponential growth formula

.

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Study Guide in Mathematics
n the
i Modern World FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev. 0 10-July-2020

GE 7 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 1 : Mathematics in our World

LEARNING ACTIVITY 1

1. Select a suitable figure from the four alternatives that would complete the figure matrix. Encircle the letter
corresponding to the missing pattern.

a. b.

c. d.

e. f.

2. Calculate for

3. What is the missing number in each of these sequences?

a. _______, 17 , 15, 13, …
b. 8, 11, ______, 17 , …
c. 5, ______, 27, 38, ….
d. 84, _____, 76, 72,…
e. 98, 109, ______,131, …
Study Guide in Mathematics in the Modern World FM-AA -CIA-15 Rev. 0 10-July-2020

GE 7 Mathematics in the Modern World

5. a. The value of .

2)

Therefore, the city population would be 202,760 in 20 years

b. We need to find for the year 2037. To find , we subtract 2037 and 1997 to get ,
which we then plug in to our exponential growth model.

Therefore, the city population would be about 822, 232 in 2037

CORETA S. SANTILLAN
Math Faculty

ANNA CLARICE M. YANDAY

Math Faculty

6. a.
b.

Prepared by:
Adopted by: