Study Guide in Mathematics in the Modern World FM-AA -CIA-15 Rev.

0 10-July-2020

GE 7 Mathematics in the Modern World

Module 5: Mathematical System
3. Evaluate each expression, where indicate subtraction, respectively, using days-of-the-week
arithmetic.
a.) 2 3 b.)3 6

4. Use the division algorithm. There are 24 hours in one complete day. How many complete days are
contained in 2500 hours?

5. Use the division algorithm to find the expression that will satisfy the following.
a.) when b < 0, where b = – 3 then for the choices of a = 4, 12, 21, -31, -52, and 69.
b.) when b > 0, where b = 6 then for the choices of a = 2, 12, 21, 31, -52, -72 and 99.

a.) 47 and 74
b.) 47 and – 74

7. Is 150 divisible by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, and 10?

8. What is the greatest common divisor of the following.

a.) – 10 and 100
b.) 69 and 96
c.) – 69 and 96

9. Use the Euclidean algorithm to obtain integer x and y satisfying

gcd (40,185) = 40x + 185y

10. Use the Euclidean algorithm to obtain integer x and y satisfying

gcd (158,206) = 158x + 206y

6. List all
common divisors and find the greatest common divisor of the following.
Study Guide in Mathematics in the Modern World FM-AA -CIA-15 Rev. 0 10-July-2020

GE 7 Mathematics in the Modern World

Module 5: Mathematical System
Suppose, however, that a bookstore clerk send an order for the American Heritage Dictionary and
inadvertently enters the number 978-0-395-28517-4, where the clerk transposed the 8
and 2 in the five numbers that identify the book.
Correct ISBN: 978-0-395-82517-4
Incorrect ISBN: 978-0-395-28517-4
The receiving clerk calculates the check digit as follows.

Because the check digit is 6 and not 4 as it should be, the receiving clerk knows that an incorrect ISBN
has been sent. Transposition errors are among the most frequent errors that occur. The ISBN coding
system will catch most of them.

Another coding scheme that is closely related to the ISBN is the UPC.
Definition 3.1.2 UPC (Universal Product Code)
This number is placed on many items and is particularly useful in grocery stores. A check-out
clerk passes the product by a scanner, which reads the number from a bar code and records the price
on the cash register. If the price of an item changes for promotional sale, the price is updated in the
computer, thereby relieving a clerk of having to re-price each item. In addition to pricing items, the UPC
gives the store manager accurate information about inventory and the buying habits of the store’s
customers. (Huffman, 2013)
The UPC is a 12-digit number that satisfies a congruence equation that is similar to the one for
ISBNs. The last digit is the check digit. If we label the 12 digits of the UPC as , we can write a formula
for the UPC check digit .
Formula for the UPC Check Digit
( )

If , then the check digit is 0.

Example 3.1.2

Find the check digit for the DVD release of the Alice in Wonderland. The first 11 digits are 7-8693679798-?

[ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )]

The check digit is 5.

The ISBN and UPC coding system will normally catch transposition errors. There are instances, however, when
they do not.

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Study Guide in Mathematics in the Modern World FM-AA -CIA-15 Rev. 0 10-July-2020

GE 7 Mathematics in the Modern World

Module 5: Mathematical System
 Example 3.1.3

The UPC for Crisco Puritan Canola Oil with Omega-DHA is

0-51500-24275-9
Suppose, however, that the product code is written 0-51500-24725-9, where 2 and 7 have been
transposed. Calculating the check digit, we have

The same check digit is calculated, yet the UPC has been entered incorrectly. This was an
unfortunate coincidence; if any other two digits were transposed, the result would have given a different
check digit and the error would have been caught. It can be shown that the ISBN and UPC coding
methods will not catch a transposition error of adjacent digits a and b if | a – b| = 5. For the Canola Oil
UPC, | 7 – 2| = 5.

Your Turn 8
Determine whether the given number is a valid ISBN.
a.) 978-0-281-44268-5
b.) 978-0-55690-182-9

Lesson 3.2 Cryptology

Related to codes on books and grocery items are secret codes. These codes are used to send
message between people, companies, or nations. It is hoped that by devising a code that is difficult to
break, the sender can prevent the communication from being read if it is intercepted by an
unauthorized person.
Definition 3.2.1 Cryptology
Cryptology is the study of making and breaking secret codes. (Huffman, 2013)
Before we discuss how message are coded, we need to define a few terms.
Definition 3.2.2 Plaintext
Plaintext is a message before it is coded. (Huffman, 2013)

Example 3.2.1

The line SHE WALKS IN BEAUTY LIKE THE NIGHT, from Lord Byron’s poem “She Walks in
Beauty” is in plaintext.
Definition 3.2.3 Ciphertext
Ciphertext is the message after it has been written in code. (Huffman, 2013)

Example 3.2.2

The line ODA SWHGO EJ XAWQPU HEGA PDA JECDP is the same message of the poem in
ciphertext.

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 Study Guide in Mathematics in the Modern World FM-AA -CIA-15 Rev. 0 10-July-2020

GE 7 Mathematics in the Modern World

Module 5: Mathematical System
Cyclical encrypting using the alphabet is related to modular arithmetic. We begin with the
normal alphabet and associate each letter with a number as shown in Table 3.1
Table 3.1 Numerical Equivalents for the Letters of the Alphabet
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
↕ ↕ ↕ ↕ ↕ ↕ ↕ ↕ ↕ ↕ ↕ ↕ ↕ ↕ ↕ ↕ ↕ ↕ ↕ ↕ ↕ ↕ ↕ ↕ ↕ ↕
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 0

The encrypting code is to shift each letter of the plaintext message m positions, then the corresponding
letter in the ciphertext message is given by , where p is the

numerical equivalent of the plaintext letter and c is the numerical equivalent of the ciphertext letter. The

The different terminologies in this lesson had been defined. We used the formula for ISNB and
UPC to determine whether the check digit is valid or not. The encryption and decryption are methods of
changing a message from plaintext to ciphertext and vice versa.
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Study Guide in Mathematics in the Modern World FM-AA -CIA-15 Rev. 0 10-July-2020

GE 7 Mathematics in the Modern World

Module 5: Mathematical System
ANSWERS TO YOUR TURNs
Your Turn 1

1.)
a.) It means the time 3 hours after 12 o’clock is 3 o’clock, since 3 + 12 = 15 we have
passed 12 o’clock, we begin again with 1. Therefore 12 3 = 3.
b.) It means the time 9 hours after 8 o’clock is 5 o’clock, since 9 + 8 = 17 we have passed 12
o’clock, we begin again with 1. Therefore 8 9 = 5.
c.) It means the time 7 hours after 6 o’clock is 1 o’clock, since 7 + 6 = 13 we have passed 12
o’clock, we begin again with 1. Therefore 6 7 = 1.
d.) It means the time 10 hours after 5 o’clock is 3 o’clock, since 10 + 5 = 15 we have
passed 12 o’clock, we begin again with 1. Therefore 5 10 = 3.
e.) It means the time 8 hours after 8 o’clock is 4 o’clock, since 8 + 8 = 16 we have passed 12
o’clock, we begin again with 1. Therefore 8 8 = 4.
f.) It means the time 10 hours after 11 o’clock is 4 o’clock, since 10 + 11 = 21 we have
passed 12 o’clock, we begin again with 1. Therefore 11 11 = 9.

2.)
a.) Given the day where 6 is Saturday and 4 is Thursday. Since 6 + 4 = 10 we have passed
the 7th day of the week which is Sunday, we begin again with Monday. Therefore, 6 4=3
which is associate of Wednesday.
b.) Given the day where 3 is Wednesday and 5 is Friday. Since 3 + 5 = 10 we have
passed the 7th day of the week which is Sunday, we begin again with Monday. Therefore, 3
5 = 1 which is associate of Monday.

Your Turn 2

1.)
( ) ( )
a.) , let q = 1 and r = 9. Therefore, .
b.) ( ) , let q = – 1 and r = 9. Therefore, . ( )

c.) Since , by division algorithm( ). Therefore, q =

4 and r = 1.
d.) Since , by division algorithm .
Therefore, q = – 4 and r = 1

Your Turn 3
a.) The common divisor of 24 and 54 is 6, we denote as gcd (24, 54) = 6.
b.) The common divisor of – 24 and 54 is 6, we denote as gcd (- 24, 54) = 6.
c.) The common divisor of 24 and – 54 is 6, we denote as gcd (24, -54) = 6.
d.) The common divisor of 10 and 100 is 10, we denote as gcd (10, 100) = 10

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Study Guide in Mathematics in the Modern World FM-AA -CIA-15 Rev. 0 10-July-2020

GE 7 Mathematics in the Modern World

Module 5: Mathematical System
 e.) The common divisor of 12 and 21 is 3, we denote as gcd (12, 21) = 3

Your Turn 4
1.)
a.) 227 c.)

a.) Add

and 59 divided by the

modulus 4 leaves a
remainder of 3
since

then .
Therefore, .
b.) Add and 51 divided by the modulus 15 leaves a remainder of 6 since
then .
Therefore, .
c.) Subtract . Because the answer is negative, we must find x so that .
Repeatedly adding the modulus.