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2009-3-66 - P Three Dimensional Simulation of Warp Knitted Fabric P
2009-3-66 - P Three Dimensional Simulation of Warp Knitted Fabric P
Ge Mingqiao,
Three-Dimensional Simulation
Jiang Gaoming of Warp-knitted Fabric
JiangNan University, Abstract
WuXi 214122, P. R. China With detailed research on the structure of warp-knitted fabric, the spatial yarn position of
E-mail: cong@526.cn a 3D loop structure was discussed, and the dimension of each parameter was ascertained.
After establishing the basic control points of the loop, a 3D model of warp-knitted fabric
was created. By calculating the control points of this model in reverse, a more exact control
polygon was attained. By utilising the program Visual C++ and the developing tools of
Open GL, using Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline surfaces, spatial yarn can be described
exactly, and a virtual reality of warp-knitted fabric can be realised on a computer screen.
Key words: warp knitting, loop structure, three-dimensional modeling, NURBS, virtual re-
ality.
geometric configuration. The SPEP In- curve equation. The equation of the sur-
ternational Standard regards the NURBS face is:
method as the only mathematic method m n
C
n
66 Honglian C., Mingqiao G., Gaoming J.; Three-Dimensional Simulation of Warp-knitted Fabric.
FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2009, Vol. 17, No. 3 (74) pp. 66-69.
end points, and one point for each turning
point of the curves. In this way, ten value
points are used to define an open or closed
loop, and seven value points are used to
define an inlay. The assumption makes
the whole warp-knitted stitch integrate,
which involves basic a loop and foot. We
study the warp-knitted loop structure to
define these points. The former G. L. Al-
lison’s predigests model, P. Grosberg’s
first model and P. Grosberg’s second
model are all 2D models. The 3D mod-
elling of warp-knitted structures put for-
ward by O. Goktepe and S. C. Harlock
from the University of Leeds is refer-
enced in the study. The dimension of
Figure 1. The u and v parameters for the solid loop model. the loop model is defined by the height
b. b can be measured by the height of the
Table 1. Coordinates of the points on the loop; Where: d is diameter of the yarn, b is the course, i.e. the number of courses in one
height of the loop, n is the length of the underlap (the number of machine gauges that the centimeter. The loop’s shapes of the each
underlap goes through), w is the distance between wales. lapping structure are different, thus it is
necessary to find a general representa-
Value point Closed loop Open loop Inlay
tion for all loops. Therefore, O. Goktepe
P0 (0.0, 0.0, 0.5d) (0.0, 0.0, 0.5d) (0.0, -0.15b, 0.5d)
and S. C. Harlock make the following as-
P1 (0.2b, 0.65b, 1.54d) (-0.2b, 0.65b, 1.54d) (-0.15b, 0.0, -0.5)
sumptions [5] (Figure 2):
P2 (0.0, b, 0.5d) (0.0, b, 0.5d) (0.0, 0.15b, 0.5d)
1) Loop height, b = |AC| = 1.15c. The
P3 (-0.2b, 0.65b, 1.54d) (0.2b, 0.65b, 1.54d) (0.5nw, 0.43b, 0)
distance between the lowest and
P4 (-d, 0.15b, 0.5d) (d, 0.15b, 0.5d) (nw, 0.87b, 0.5d)
highest points of the loop in the wale
P5 (0.1b, -0.15b, 0.5d) (0.1b, -0.15b, 0.5d)
direction
P6 (0.4025nw, 0.35b, -2d) (0.4025nw, 0.35b, -2d)
2) Loop width, |BD| = 0.4b. The dimen-
P7 (nw, 0.85b, 0.5d) (nw, 0.85b, 0.5d)
sion of the widest part of the loop
The order of the curve determines the The central axis of the yarn is a spatial
form of the parametric equations. It is curve.
equal to one plus the maximum degree of
the variables in the parametric equations. Solid yarn model
The order of the curve determines the In the description of a yarn path, the yarn
minimum number of control points nec- is represented as a three-dimensional spa-
essary to define the curve. For example, tial curve using a cubic NURBS curve.
to create a cubic curve at least four points There are quadruple nodes both at the
need to be specified. The order of the
beginning and end of this curve. Hence,
curve also affects its behaviour of when
the curve passes through the first and last
a control point is moved. For example, a Figure 2. 3D loop model and its dimensions
control points. In the solid model, the
change in the position of a control point in the fabric plane and fabric profile.
yarn is simulated as a cylindrical mono-
affects three segments of a curve at most.
filament with a uniform cross-section.
Cubic curves are the most commonly
The central axis of the yarn refers to the
used since they provide enough control
first parameter u of the NURBS surface,
for most geometric modelling applica-
and the cross-section refers to the second
tions without the drawbacks of higher-
parameter v of the same surface [3] (Fig-
order curves. In addition to Cubic curves
providing a smooth continuity at break- ure 1).
points as well as other advantages, they
are also found to be suitable for accurate Creation of a loop model
representation of warp-knitted stitches. of warp-knitted fabric
Determination of the number of value
points to define a loop
Modelling 3D warp-knitted It is necessary to determine the number
stitches of control points to define the shape of a
Warp-knitted fabric is virtually a three- single loop. The number of control points
dimensional object. Here we assume that determines the shape of loop to be cre-
warp-knitted stitches are formed by uni- ated. To define a shape, we usually use Figure 3. Reconstruction of the control
form yarns with a circular cross-section. two points to represent the beginning and polygon.
FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2009, Vol. 17, No. 3 (74) 67
3) |OA| = 0.65b. This value shows the
distance from the widest section of
the loop to the root.
4) Loop bend, |EF| = 2d – (guide bar
no. –1 ) × yarn radius. As shown in
the experimental work, back-bar
loops bend less than front-bar loops
for all the structures produced. The
amount of the difference between the
back- and front-bar loop bends was
approximately equal to the yarn ra- Figure 4. Model of a basic open or closed loop and inlay.
dius. This assumption is based on this
observation.
5) Loop-bend distance, |CF| = 0.65b. d 3i Pi i 0,1, ... , n
This average value was chosen to i
define the location of the maximum d 3i+1 Pi
3i+1 N3i+1,3 (u3i+2 ) Ti 0 i 3i+1 N3i+1,3 (u3i+2 )ti , i 0,1, ..., n
(3)
loop bend (Figure 3). i 1
6) The amount of underlap bend in a d 3i 2 Pi 1
3i 4 N 3i 4,3 (u3i 5 ) Ti 1 0 i 1 3i 4 N 3i 4,3 (u 3i 5 )ti 1 , i 0,1, ... , n 1
fabric cross-section: |FL| = (total
number of guide bars – guide bar
no. +1) × d.
Equation 3. The d - parameters with i and l avadritions; Where: Ti is the tangential vector
Depending on the above analysis of of point Pi, thus a new control point sequence di (i = 0, 1, …, 3n) will be generated.
a warp-knitted structure, 8 points and
5 points can be used to define the knit-
locked loops and inlay separately (Fig-
ure 4).
68 FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2009, Vol. 17, No. 3 (74)
By using the model and program, more
warp-knitted structures for various basic
warp-knitted fabrics can be successfully
created. We take pleasure in inviting you to
the next XIPS Conference,
n Conclusions The 8th in a series of meetings on X-Ray Investigation of Polymer
The application of the 3D solid model- Structure
ling concept in the warp knitting field is
XIPS’2010
an even more difficult task than in other
fields due to the complexity, flexibility
and irregularity of the structures. In our
study, starting from finding a three-di-
mensional model to represent the warp-
knitted structure, three-dimensional Is scheduled for the beginning of December, 2010
simulation of basic warp-knitted fabrics
made of monofilaments was realized on The conference covers all topics concerning polymers structure inves-
a computer. The model gives us a suit- tigations with X-rays, including various fields such as X-ray crystallogra-
able simulating effect describing the loop phy, wide angle (WAXS) and small angle (SAXS) X-ray scattering as
structure of the fabric clearly. Thus, it is well as novel methods, and instrumentation related to these methods.
a strong basis for further three-dimen- Scientists using the neutron scattering method (SANS) are also wel-
sional simulation of warp-knitted fabric. come. The previous conference XIPS’07, organised in Cracow, was at-
Further research work in this area should tended by 75 distinguished scientists from European universities and
take the material into account and utilise scientific institutions.
the irregular cross-section, illumination
and texture to realise the simulation of It is a great pleasure to extend to you our invitation to participate in this
the multifilament and spinning yarn, Conference
making the simulation more realistic and
intuitionistic; which promote the three-
dimensional simulation of more complex
warp-knitted structures.
References
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Textiles in Eastern Europe, vol. 12, No e-mail: stanislaw.rabiej@ath.bielsko.pl
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FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2009, Vol. 17, No. 3 (74) 69