BIO1201 Botany - Laboratory Department of Biology Institute of Arts and Sciences

BIO1201
Botany_Laboratory
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and
Sciences
Course Title: General
Botany
Laboratory Exercises No. 8: Classification of Kingdom Protista
Lesson: Microscopic Morphology of Protozoans
Introduction
Protists belong to the Kingdom Protista, which include mostly unicellular

organisms that do not fit into the other kingdoms, classifying protists has been a difficult
task for scientists. Protists were traditionally subdivided into several groups based on
their physical similarities to the "higher" kingdoms of Animals, Plants, and Fungi. For
example, the unicellular, “animal-like” protozoa, the “plant-like” algae, and the “fungus-
like” slime molds and water molds are all protists. The features that define these groups
often overlap. For example, some “animal-like” protists have “plant-like” chloroplasts, so
this type of classification has been replaced by an evolutionary-based classification
system called phylogenetics. Phylogenetics is the study of evolutionary relatedness
among various groups of organisms. All eukaryotes are descended from early protists,
but modern protists are very different from their ancestors.
Learning outcomes:
At the end of this exercise the student should be able to:
 Describe the basic structure of a typical prokaryote and eukaryote

 Describe how protists are related to other eukaryotes.
The “kingdom” Protista includes a diverse assemblage of simple, single celled or

colonial eukaryotes. Most protists are unicellular eukaryotes and have a variety of
organelles including a nucleus. They are generally considerably larger than bacterial
cells. Photosynthetic forms contain chloroplasts. Protists are abundant in most aquatic
habitats where they form an important part of the plankton. Other protists are found in
wet soil and other damp environments. They are roughly subdivided into three major
groupings: the plant-like algae; the animal-like protozoa, and the slime molds and
fungus –like protists.
1. You should be able to recognize all of these organisms as Protists (obtain

from your Books or from the Google). You should also be able to tell whether
the specimen you are viewing is an alga, a protozoan or a slime mold.
Tabulate your observation on your worksheet.
2. Click the following link https://owlcation.com/stem/4-Main-Groups-of-

Protozoa or any preferred websites about protists for your readings. With
the provided URL, take notes of the different types of protozoans. Review
also the different methods of examining protozoans.
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Group No.: 4 Date Submitted: 11/6/2021
Surname/s of members: Castillon, Kenneth John, A
Comullo, Paula Denice, A.
De Leon, Byron Vergil, C.
Federis, Crimson Keith, A.
Paler, Armando Alvarez Jr., A.
Ravalo, Juliana, D.
Laboratory Worksheet 9
Classification of Kingdom Protista
I. Introduction
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are two types of living organisms that are separated by the relative
complexity of their cells. Eukaryotic cells, in contrast to prokaryotic cells, are highly structured.
Prokaryotes are comprised primarily of bacteria and archaea, while eukaryotes constitute all
other living organisms such as plants, animals, fungus, and protists. Protists are a vast group of
organisms that are aquatic and generally live in moist environments to survive. Most of them are
microscopic while some are macroscopic. Even though they share certain morphological and
physiological characteristics as that of plants, animals, and fungi, they still do not belong to any
of the given classifications, as they are unicellular.
Understanding and studying protists are crucial as they play a vital role in synthesizing
about half of all oxygen on the earth, providing medicine, and playing a significant part in the
food chain (as producers and as decomposers). Aside from advantages, they also provide
detriments as some of them are parasites and some can be sources of deadly diseases.
Discerning protists allow us to assimilate the benefits and drawbacks of these particular
organisms, not only to humans but also to every living organism within the ecosystem.
By the end of this module, students will be able to describe the basic structure of a typical
prokaryote and eukaryote and also describe how protists are related to other eukaryotes.
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Table 1. Example of Protozoa
Organism Description Photomicrograph &
Magnification
A genus of parasitic protozoans
Plasmodium of the sporozoan subclass
Coccidia that are the causative
organisms of malaria that infects
red blood cells in mammals
(including humans), birds, and
reptiles.
Plasmodium falsiparum
A protozoa that belongs to the

Vorticella Phylum Ciliophora which can be
found in habitats such as fresh
and salty water bodies and feeds
on food material depending on
its habitat.
Vorticella convallaria
Stentor A protozoa that belongs to the

class Spirotrichea in the phylum
Ciliophora, also called as the
“trumpet animalcule”. They are
commonly found in freshwater
ponds attached to vegetation.
Stentor coeruleus
Paramecium Single-celled protists that are

naturally found in aquatic
habitats. Certain paramecia are
also easily cultured in labs and
serve as useful model organisms.
Paramecium aurelia
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Foraminiferans
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Single-celled organisms that live
in the open ocean, along the
coasts and in estuaries. Most
have shells for protection and
either float in the water column
(planktonic) or live on the sea
floor (benthic).
Ammonia tepida
Radiolarians Single-celled protistan marine

organisms that distinguish
themselves with their unique and
intricately detailed glass-like
exoskeletons.
Circogonia icosahedra
Amoeba A genus of protozoa that moves

by means of temporary
projections called pseudopods
(false feet) and is well-known as
a representative unicellular
organism.
Acanthamoeba
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Table 2. Example of Algae
Organism Description Photomicrograph
Magnification
These are found in aquatic
Dinoflagellates environments and only have
one cell with two different
flagella. They also generate few
of the bioluminescence that is
found with the ocean while
some of them create toxins
which are part of the most
poisonous toxins. However,
they are still debatable whether
they’re considered algae as they
have different nuclei than the
others and they have a quite Noctiluca scintillans
larger genome than other algae Image from: Douglas P. Wilson
(Editors of Encyclopedia
Britannica, 2017).
Peridinium is a genus of
Peridinium dinoflagellates and is one of
the first groups that became
known within that organism.
These are known to be oval
and circle in shape and green to
yellow or brown in color. A
theca or tough outer covering
covers its cell, and it is divided
into two parts, mainly the
epitheca and hypotheca which
are similar in size and is
divided by a cingulum or
girdle. These also have
flagella, like the dinoflagellate,
which aid their movement in Peridinium limbatum
water. These are also
photosynthetic and gain their
energy from the sun (Rogers,
2017).
These are mostly found
Diatoms on solid object within liquid
environments. Most of them
are organisms found in seas
which significant as food for
many animals on Earth. They
may either be colonial or
unicellular. Their cell walls are
covered with silica and form a Pinnularia
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pillbox-like shape consisting of Image from: Encyclopedia Britannica
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halves which protrude each
other. Diatoms are divided into
two categories based on their
shape and symmetry:
Centrales, which are round,
uncapable of movement, and
have radial symmetry and the
Pennales, which tend to slide
through the water and have
pinnate or markings (The
Editors of Encyclopedia
Britannica, 2019).
These are algae which are
Euglena single-celled, have flagella, and
show characteristics from both
plant and animal species. These
are mostly found in freshwater,
brackish water and soils. They
also gain nutrients from the sun
and are therefore,
photosynthetic algae. They also
have a single nucleus, multiple
chloroplasts, a vacuole, an
eyespot, and one to two
Euglena
flagella. Their stretchable
Image from: Gerd Guenther
pellicle and loss of stiff
cellulose allows them to differ
in shape (The Editors of
Encyclopedia Britannica,
2020).
Volvox are green algae
Volvox which have two flagella and
multiple chloroplasts and are
connected to each other via
their cytoplasm which allow
them to move together as a
whole. They also have
individual red eyespots within
them. They are found in clean
water which contain an
abundance in nutrients (van Volvox
Egmond, 2003). Image from: Wim van Egmond
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Oedogonium are algae
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Oedogonium which tend to live in quiet
masses of water. They are also
found either linked to plants or
are floating freely. They have
multiple chloroplasts, a large
vacuole, and are mostly
unbranched and a single cell
thick (The Editors of
Encyclopedia Britannica, Oedogonium
2017). Image from: Hugh Spencer
Spirogyra is a filamentous
Spirogyra charophyte green alga of the
order Zygnematales, named for
the helical or spiral arrangement
of the chloroplasts that is
characteristic of the genus. It is
commonly found in freshwater
habitats, and there are more than
400 species of Spirogyra in the
world.
Spirogyra
Image from: Ed Reschke
Pandorina is a genus of
Pandorina green algae composed of 8, 16,
or sometimes 32 cells, held
together at their bases to form a
sack globular colony
surrounded by mucilage. The
cells are ovoid or slightly
narrowed at one end to appear
keystone- or pear-shaped.
Pandorina
Image from: Gerd Guenther
Chlamydomonas is a genus
Chlamydomonas of green algae consisting of
about 150 species all unicellular
flagellates, found in stagnant
water and on damp soil, in
freshwater, seawater, and even
in snow as "snow algae".
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Chlamydomonas
Ulothrix Ulothrix is a genus of

green algae in the family
Ulotrichaceae. Ulothrix is a
genus of non-branching
filamentous green algae,
generally found in fresh and
marine water. Its cells are
normally as broad as they are
long, and they thrive in the low
temperatures of spring and Ulothrix
winter.
Chlorella Chlorella is a genus of

about thirteen species of single-
celled green algae belonging to
the division Chlorophyta. The
cells are spherical in shape,
about 2 to 10 μm in diameter,
and are without flagella. Their
chloroplasts contain the green
photosynthetic pigments
chlorophyll-a and -b. Chlorella
Image from: Research Gate
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Table 3. Example of Slime Molds

magnification
Arcyria is a genus of
Arcyria Amoebozoa in the family
Arcyriaceae. It includes the
species Arcyria ferruginea.
Arcyria stipata
Image from: Alex Konig
Stemonitis is a distinctive
Stemonitis genus of slime moulds
found throughout the world.
They are characterised by
the tall brown sporangia,
supported on slender
stalks, which grow in
clusters on rotting wood.
Stemonitis
Image from: Rexp2
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II. Results and Discussion - Questions/Assessment:

1. In what ways do protozoa differ from algae?
Comparison Algae Protozoa
Definition Non-flowering, tiny water belongs to the Protista
plants that contain a green Kingdom
pigment called chlorophyll.
It also lacks a real stem, a
root, a vascular system,
and leaves.
Importance Algae create around 70% are the base of the
of the oxygen in the majority of aquatic food
atmosphere. systems
Characteristics Organisms that have plant- Organisms that have
like traits animal-like traits
Cells Multicellular eukaryotic Single-celled organisms
organisms
Significance make food through the engulf food through the
photosynthesis process. process of phagocytosis.
Method of Autotrophs - organisms Heterotrophs - organisms
Obtaining Energy that produce their own that are unable to produce
sustenance their own sustenance.
Cell wall Composed of a substance Is absent
known as cellulose
Chlorophyll Contains chlorophyll Does not contain
chlorophyll
Resting unit Spore Cyst
In humans Produces poisonous Its plasmodium is capable
substances that endanger of producing human
humans illnesses such as malaria
Examples  Cyanobacteria  Euglena
 Brown algae  Amoeba
 Seaweeds  Entamoeba
 Red algae  Entamoeba
 Green algae histolytica
 Paramecium
 Leishmania
2. In what ways do protozoa differ from bacteria?

Difference based Bacteria Protozoa
upon properties
Cell structure  Prokaryotic,  Eukaryotic, single-
unicellular, and celled, and
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organisms organisms
 Prokaryotes having  The most basic

the simplest eukaryote, having
organelles, such as subcellular
single circular organelles such as
chromosomes, mitochondria,
ribosomes, endoplasmic
plasmids, pilus, and reticulum,
flagellum. chloroplast,
nucleus, flagellum,
mitochondria,
 Most are made up plasma membrane,
of a ring of DNA and so on.
surrounded by
cellular machinery  Consist of a
and housed within a genuine nucleus
fatty membrane. with chromosomes
(DNA)
DNA enclosed No membranous envelope Membranous envelope is
present
Membrane- absent Mitochondria and digestive
enclosed organelles vacuoles
Nutrition  Phototroph  Heterotroph
 Pili and other  They eat by
processes help encasing their prey
them eat by taking in microscopic
nutrients from their pockets called
cell wall vacuoles and
absorbing the
nutrients for the
meal
Reproduction Reproduce through binary Sexual reproduction is
fission, splitting into two uncommon, but asexual
cells reproduction is common
Life Cycle growth curve's growth Has multiple generations.
cycles are divided into four It usually goes through
phases: numerous stages, each
- lag with a different structure
- exponential and activities.
- stationary
- - death
Variation Individuals of the same All individuals of a species
species might have have the same body shape
different shapes.
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Shapes
Sciences Classified into three: Classified into 4 distinct
1. Cocci – spherical shapes:
2. Bacilli – rod shape 1. Amoeboid
3. Spiral – spirilla 2. Flagellated
shape 3. Ciliated
4. Sporozoans
Motility Pili and flagella are used, Pseudopodia, flagella, and
to move cilia are used, to move
Diseases caused by Tuberculosis, rabies, Malaria, dysentery, giardia
them leprosy, tetanus, (an intestinal disease)
diphtheria, strep throat,
pertussis, cholera
Examples  Lactobacillus,  Amoeba
nitrogen-fixing  Paramecium
bacteria,
Bifidobacterium,
Helicobacter pylori
3. In what specific ways do slime molds differ from algae? In what ways are they similar?
 Slime molds vary from algae in that algae are plant-like protists, whereas slime
molds are fungus-like protists. Molds that resemble fungi are absorptive feeders on
decomposing organic materials. They look like mushrooms and reproduce with spores,
just like fungi. In other aspects, they vary from fungi and are more similar to other protists.
For example, they have cellulose cell walls, whereas fungi have chitin cell walls. They, like
other protists, have intricate life cycles that include both asexual and sexual reproduction.
During various periods of their life cycle, they are motile cells. Slime molds and water
molds are the two most common forms of fungus-like protists. Slime molds are fungus-like
protists that live on decaying wood and compost. They travel at a snail's pace in search of
rotting stuff to ingest. When food is scarce, individual cells swarm together to create a
blob-like mass, similar to the "dog vomit" slime mold. The mass floats along on its
secretions, devouring decaying organic debris as it passes. When it comes to swarming,
slime molds are classified into two types: acellular and cellular. When acellular slime
molds swarm, they unite to create a single cell with several nuclei. Even though cellular
slime molds swarm, they maintain separate cells. Furthermore, plant-like protists are
referred to as algae (singular, alga). They are a diversified and vast group. Diatoms are
single-celled algae. Others, like seaweed, have several cells. They are classified as plant-
like because they have chloroplasts and manufacture food through photosynthesis.
However, they lack many of the other features seen in genuine plants. Algae, for example,
lacks roots, stalks, and leaves. Some algae are also motile, which distinguishes them from
plants. They may move using either pseudopods or flagella. Although not plants, algae
were most likely the ancestors of plants (CK-12 Foundation, 2012).
4. In what ways do slime molds differ from protozoa? In what ways are they similar?
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 Slime molds exhibit
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traits of both molds and protozoa. Slime molds, like amoebae, exist as
masses of cytoplasm under circumstances. It eats through phagocytosis as it travels over
rotting wood or leaves. The plasmodium is the amoeba stage with the most nuclei. When
the plasmodium grows or is exposed to a hostile environment, the amoeba stage comes
to an end. It then goes to a light region and produces fruiting bodies that create spores at
the ends of the stalks. The spores are resistant to extreme environmental conditions. They
germinate when the circumstances are favorable for the formation of flagellated swarm
cells or amoeboid cells, which then merge to create a multinucleate plasmodium (Cliffs
Notes, 2021). Plasmodium in slime molds develops under poor conditions and spreads
several feet in favorable conditions. While plasmodium of protozoa is extremely toxic and
has the potential to cause malaria. The major distinction is that slime molds are fungus-
like protists, whereas protozoa are animal-like protists. Protists that resemble animals are
generally referred to as protozoa (singular, protozoan). The majority of protozoa are made
out of a single cell. They have animal-like characteristics since they are heterotrophs and
can move. Although protozoa are not animals, they are regarded to be animal ancestors.
Protists that resemble animals, such as Amoeba and Paramecium. The majority of
protozoa are made out of a single cell. They resemble animals because they are
heterotrophs and can move. Although protozoa are not animals, they are regarded to be
animal ancestors (CK-12 Foundation, 2012).
III. Conclusion.
In this laboratory exercise, we tackle the different structures of the two cells which are the
eukaryote and prokaryote and with this, there is a relationship of protists to the eukaryotes. The
protists are All eukaryotes that aren't fungi, animals, or plants are classified as protists. As a
result, the species in this group are extremely diverse. The eukaryotes that make up this
kingdom, Kingdom Protista, have little in common other than a rudimentary organizational
structure. Protists can have a wide range of appearances. Some are small and unicellular, like
an amoeba, while others, like seaweed, are enormous and multicellular. Multicellular protists, on
the other hand, lack highly specialized tissues and organs. Protists are distinguished from other
eukaryotes, such as fungi, mammals, and plants, by their basic cellular arrangement.
The difference between algae, protozoa, and the amoeba is, Algae is a photosynthetic
species meaning they lived by photosynthesis and usually live in the water. While Protozoa
needs to find organic molecules just to live in the environment, they eat other organisms in their
area. Last is the Amoeba which is different kind of eukaryotic cells that can mold their shape and
they do not form any single taxonomic group, amoebas found in the major lineage of a eukaryotic
organism
Furthermore, using a fluorescence microscope, you can distinguish the difference

between certain bacteria which are the Cyanobacteria and Archea-bacteria, that can be
classified through Phenotypic Analysis. It can classify different types of structure of the organism,
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phenotype, and the genotype of it. With this, they easily know that the Cyanobacteria
commonly have chloroplast and heterocysts that help nitrogen fixation. Archaea-bacteria doesn’t
have them and live in extreme conditions
IV. Properly cite your reference:
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Lumen Learning. (n.d.). Introduction to Protists.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-biology2xmaster/chapter/introduction-to-protists/
Maker, C. (2017, April 25). In What Type of Habitat Would You Find a Protist? Sciencing.
https://sciencing.com/type-habitat-would-protist-8489616.html
Britannica. (n.d.). Protist | Eukaryote.

https://www.britannica.com/science/protist
CK-12 Foundation (2012, March 1). “Types of Protists”.

https://www.ck12.org/book/biology-%28ca-dti3%292/r3/section/14.2/
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Guenther, G. (n.d.). Euglena [Image]. https://www.thoughtco.com/about-euglena-cells-4099133
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Konig, A. (2011, November 30). Arcyria Stipata [Image]. Project Noah.
https://www.projectnoah.org/spottings/7934004
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free-image/176228328
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Sierra College Biological Sciences Department. (2014, October 15). Ulothrix [Image]. Biosci.
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TheInstitute
EditorsofofArts and
Sciences
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van Egmond, W. (2003a, December). Volvox [Image]. http://www.microscopy-
uk.org.uk/mag/imgdec03/volvoxflagella2.jpg
van Egmond, W. (2003b, December). Volvox, one of the 7 wonders of the micro world. Micscape
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Wikipedia. (n.d.). Arcyria.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcyria
Wikipedia. (n.d.). Chlamydomonas.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydomonas
Wikipedia. (n.d.). Chlorella.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorella
Wikipedia. (n.d.). Pandorina.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandorina
Wikipedia. (n.d.). Spirogyra.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirogyra
Wikipedia. (n.d.). Stemonitis.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stemonitis
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Wikipedia.
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(n.d.). Ulothrix.
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Plasmodium (2020, September 8). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved November 5, 2021, from
https://www.britannica.com/science/Plasmodium-protozoan-genus\
http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2007/augustin_laur/
Vorticella. (n.d.). MicroscopeMaster. Retrieved November 5, 2021, from
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Galleries | Stentor (Protozoan) Videos. (n.d.). Nikon’s MicroscopyU. Retrieved November 5, 2021, from
https://www.microscopyu.com/gallery-images/stentor-protozoan-videos
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stentor_coeruleus
Vidyasagar, A. (2016, June 24). What Is a Paramecium? LiveScience. Retrieved November 5, 2021, from
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Amoeba. (n.d.). New World Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 5, 2021, from
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Amoeba
References:
1. Bidlack, J.E. & Jansky, S.H. 2020. Stern’s Introductory Plant Biology, 15th ed. McGraw
Hill Education
2. Berg, L. 2008. Introductory Botany: plants, people, and the environment 2nd
ed. USA: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
3. Balbach, M and Bliss, LC. 1991. A Laboratory Manual for Botany. Saunders College
Publishing. Orlando, Florida.
4. Mauseth. J. 2011. Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology 4th ed. Boston: Jones and
Bartlett
5. https://www.academia.edu/31586408/EXERCIS_10Flower
6. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ivytech-bio1-1/chapter/prokaryotes/
7. https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=bacteria
8. https://www.biologycorner.com/lesson-plans/phyla/kingdom-protista/
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Far Eastern University

Nicanor Reyes Street
Sampaloc, Manila
Laboratory Exercise 9: Protista
Submitted by:
Name of Students Castillon, Kenneth John, A
Comullo, Paula Denice, A.
De Leon, Byron Vergil, C.
Federis, Crimson Keith, A.
Paler, Armando Alvarez Jr., A.
Ravalo, Juliana, D.
INTRODUCTION
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are two types of living organisms that are separated by the
relative complexity of their cells. Eukaryotic cells, in contrast to prokaryotic cells, are highly
structured. Prokaryotes are comprised primarily of bacteria and archaea, while eukaryotes
constitute all other living organisms such as plants, animals, fungus, and protists. Protists are a
vast group of organisms that are aquatic and generally live in moist environments to survive.
Most of them are microscopic while some are macroscopic. Even though they share certain
morphological and physiological characteristics as that of plants, animals, and fungi, they still do
not belong to any of the given classifications, as they are unicellular.
Understanding and studying protists are crucial as they play a vital role in synthesizing
about half of all oxygen on the earth, providing medicine, and playing a significant part in the
food chain (as producers and as decomposers). Aside from advantages, they also provide
detriments as some of them are parasites and some can be sources of deadly diseases.
Discerning protists allow us to assimilate the benefits and drawbacks of these particular
organisms, not only to humans but also to every living organism within the ecosystem.
By the end of this module, students will be able to describe the basic structure of a typical
prokaryote and eukaryote and also describe how protists are related to other eukaryotes.
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METHODOLOGY
The students were given a laboratory exercise called “Classification of Kingdom Protista”
with a lesson of “Microscopic Morphology of Protozoans” for their course of General Botany. The
students were given a maximum of seven days to complete the exercise. The exercise was
started off with a brief introduction about the topic and was followed by two learning outcomes
that should be seen from the students by the end of the exercise.
The actual laboratory worksheet started off with a blank introduction, which the students
generated and filled up themselves, and was followed with three consecutive tables. The first
table, entitled ‘Example of Protozoa’, consisted of three columns, specifically ‘Organism’,
‘Description’, ‘Photomicrograph & Magnification’, and seven rows below the ‘Organism’ square.
The organisms, specifically ‘Plasmodium’, ‘Vorticella’, ‘Stentor’, ‘Paramecium’, ‘Foraminiferans’,
‘Radiolarians’, ‘Amoeba’, were given by the worksheet and the students filled in the missing
squares according to its corresponding column. For the second table entitled ‘Example of Algae’,
consisting of three columns, same as previous, were provided by the worksheet. The organisms
given were ‘Dinoflagellates’, ‘Peridinium’, ‘Diatoms’, ‘Euglena’, ‘Volvox’, ‘Oedogonium’,
‘Spirogyra’, ‘Pandorina’, ‘Chlamydomonas’, ‘Ulothrix’, and ‘Chlorella’, all of which the students
gave its corresponding description and photomicrograph magnification. The last table, entitled
‘Example of Slime Molds’, also consisted of three columns with the same content as the previous
tables. The organisms given by this table were ‘Arcyria’, and ‘Stemonitis’, which the students
gave its corresponding description and photomicrograph magnification to.
The last section consisted of the results and discussion which contained four questions,
specifically ‘In what ways do protozoa differ from algae?’, ‘In what ways do protozoa differ from
bacteria?’, ‘In what specific ways do slime mold differ from algae? In what ways are they
similar?’, and ‘In what ways do slime molds differ from protozoa? In what ways are they similar?’,
were given in order to assess the attained knowledge of the students from the exercise. Lastly, a
conclusion was generated by the students and their references were included at the bottom of
the page.
The introduction was generated by reading I'm article from Lumen Learning (n.d.),
Britannica (n.d.), and Sciencing (2017, April 25). The table 1 was filled up using an article from
Britannica (2020, September 8), Bio Web (n.d.), Microscope Master (n.d.), Biodivesidad Virtual
(n.d.), Microscopyu (n.d.), Wikipedia (n.d.), Livescience (2016, June 24), Burke Museum (n.d.),
Micro Magnet (2004, February 4), and New World Encyclopedia (n.d.). Next, the table 2 and 3 by
reading an article that came from Britannica (2021), Britannica (2017), Britannica (2019),
Britannica (2020), Microscopy UK (2003) and Wikipedia (n.d.) and the illustration in Table 2 and
3 came from Britannica (n.d.), Thoughtco (n.d.), Science Photo (n.d.), Project Noah (2021), Cfb
(n.d.), Getty Images (2021), Research Gate (n.d.), Flickr (2015) Kids Britannica (n.d.),
Microscopy UK (2003) and Bio Sci (2014). Lastly, the questions were answered by reading an
article from Ck12 (2012, March 1), Cliff Notes (2021), Only Zoology (n.d.), Difference Between
(2021), Pediaa (2017, November 2), and Doi (1956 October).
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Protists are frequently classed based on their resemblance to other eukaryotes, which
include animals, plants, and fungus. This research describes protists that are similar to each of
these other eukaryote kingdoms.
Now, the classification of Protists is further subdivided into three major groupings: Plant-
like Protists: Algae, Animal-like Protists: Protozoa, and Fungus-like Protists: molds which include
Slime Mold and Water Mold.
Figure 1. Protozoa in different shapes

Animal-like protists are generally referred to as protozoa (singular, protozoan). Most protozoa are
made from a single cell. They are animal-like, or they resemble animals because they are
heterotrophic. Heterotrophic organisms obtain nutrients from other organisms, either by
devouring their organic remnants and waste products or by ingesting them whole. Although
protozoa are not animals, they are regarded to be animal ancestors. Furthermore, because of
the absence of a cell wall, protozoa can take on a variety of forms and shapes (Cliffs Notes,
n.d.). Protozoans, unlike plants, fungi, and most species of algae, do not have a rigid cell wall
and are instead surrounded by elastic membrane structures that allow the cell to move. All
protozoans reproduce asexually by binary or multiple fission. They are an essential source of
food for micro invertebrates. Thus, protozoa play a crucial ecological function in the transmission
of bacterial and algal production to higher trophic levels. As previously stated, they consume by
engulfing and digesting other organisms (Ray, 2020).
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protozoa play varied functions in food chains and webs as consumers. Some people
are predators, as they ingest bacteria and other single-celled organisms. Protozoa predators
keep many bacterial populations under control. Herbivores are another kind of protozoa, as they
feed on algae. Others are decomposers, which devour decomposing organic waste. While
parasitic protozoa are parasites that live in or on living hosts. The protozoan that causes malaria,
for example, lives within a human host (CK-12, 2012).
Furthermore, Protozoa are divided into four main groups: Flagellates, Ciliates, Sarcodinas, and
Sporozoans.
Table 1. Four Main groups of Protozoa

Main groups Definition Example
Flagellates
 Unicellular type of protozoans  Termites
 About 2,000 species  Volvox
Ciliates
 Exhibit great deal of variation in  Vorticella
shape  Balantidium coli
 About 5,000 species
Sarcodina
 Unicellular without definition  Amoeba dubia
shape  Entamoeba gingivalis
 About 8,000 species
Sporozoans
 Species of parasitic protists that  Plasmodium vivax
produce spores
 About 2,000 known species
Flagelattes are a form of unicellular protozoan with over 2,000 species. Some flagellates,
such as Chlamydomonas, are free-living. Some, like Trichomonas, are parasitic. Euglena, for
example, lives alone protist that moves around with the aid of one or more thread-like flagella,
also known as flagellates. While an example of a live0=-in colony is Synura. In addition, Termites
and volvox are two examples of these (Ray, 2020).
Paramecium is a kind of protist that moves by a network of hairlike cilia, often known as
ciliates. Ciliates are always unicellular, however, there is a lot of variety in form and cilia
arrangement. Paramecium, for example, is fashioned like a slipper. Its cilia are normally of
uniform length and are spread evenly over the cell's surface. Vorticella, which looks like a bell,
and Balantidium coli, which dwells in the intestines of humans, primates, and pigs, are two
examples (Ray, 2020).
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Sarcodina, a protozoan,
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is a unicellular creature with no discernible form. Its cell
membrane is so flexible that it continuously changes form. It travels about by extending fingerlike
projections called pseudopodia from the side of the cell in the direction it wants to go. Sarcodina
is derived from the Greek words sarx (flesh) and eidos (shape). This category has around 8000
species. The majority of Sarcodina, like the ciliates, is free-living in both freshwater and
seawater. However, certain species are animal parasites. Amoeba dubia, which employs
pseudopodia for purposes other than mobility, and Entamoeba gingivalis, which dwells in tartar
at the base of the teeth, are two examples of these (Ray, 2020).
Sporozoans, a kind of protist, are parasitic protists that generate spores at various stages
of their life cycle. There are around 2,000 known species of sporozoans. Through spores,
mushrooms, fern, and mold spores grow. All sporozoans are animal parasites. In the spore
stage, they normally spread from one host to another. Because the spores are light and small,
they are easily dispersed from one host to another by wind, water, and other forces. Plasmodium
vivax is an example of one of these (Ray, 2020).
Figure 2. Algae
Algae (singular, alga) are a wide and diversified category of plant-like protists. The
fundamental reason algae are deemed plant-like, according to CK-12 (2012), is that they
possess chloroplasts and create food through photosynthesis. However, they lack many of the
other features seen in true plants. Algae, for example, lacks roots, stalks, and leaves. Some
algae are also motile, which distinguishes them from plants. They may move using either
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or flagella.
Although not plants, algae were most likely the ancestors of plants. They
also perform important functions as producers in aquatic habitats, as they are the primary
constituent of phytoplankton. As a result, they contribute to the food foundation of the majority of
marine ecosystems.
Algae also include red and green algae, euglenids, and dinoflagellates. Red and green
algae are thought to have developed via endosymbiotic relationships with cyanobacteria. Their
chloroplasts have two membranes because the cyanobacteria's cell membranes become extra
chloroplast plasma membranes. Scientists went on to say that euglenids and dinoflagellates
arose later, because of endosymbiotic with green and red algae. As a result, their chloroplasts
include three membranes. Differences in chlorophyll types in the four species of algae support
the proposed evolutionary relationship (CK-12, 2012).
Table 2. Types of Algae and its origin and type of chloroplasts

Types of Algae Origin of Chloroplast Types of Chloroplasts
- Two membranes
Red Algae Cyanobacteria - Chlorophyll like the
majority of
cyanobacteria
- Two membranes
Green Algae Cyanobacteria - Chlorophyll like the
majority of
cyanobacteria
- Three membranes
Euglenids Green algae - Chlorophyll like green
algae
- Three membranes
Dinoflagellates Red algae - Chlorophyll like green
algae
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Molds are fungus-like
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protists. They feed on decomposing organic substances by absorption.
They look like mushrooms and proliferate by spores, just like fungi. In other aspects, they vary
from fungi and are more similar to other protists. For example, they have cellulose cell walls,
whereas fungi have chitin cell walls. Molds, like other protists, have intricate life cycles that
include both asexual and sexual reproduction. During various periods of their life cycle, they are
motile cells (CK-12, 2012). Slime molds and water molds are two major types of fungus-like
protists, as previously stated.
Figure 3. "Dog vomit" slime mold

Slime molds are fungus-like protists that live on decaying wood and compost. They travel
at a snail's pace in search of rotting stuff to ingest. When food is scarce, individual cells swarm
together to create a blob-like mass, as represented in the illustration by the "dog vomit" slime
mold. The mass travels on its secretions, devouring decaying organic debris as it passes over it
(CK-12, 2012).
Furthermore, there are two sorts of slime molds based on how they swarm: acellular and
cellular. When acellular slime molds swarm, they unite to create a single cell with several nuclei.
Cellular slime molds swarm yet preserve individual cells.
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Figure 4. Water mold growing on fly larva

Fungus-like protists water mold is typically found in damp soil and surface water. Many
are plant diseases that wreak havoc on crops. Plants infected include grapes, lettuce, maize, and
potatoes. Some water molds are parasites of fish and other aquatic creatures, such as the mold
seen in the illustration, which is developing on fly larva (CK-12, 2012).
Table 1. Example of Protozoa

Magnification
A genus of parasitic
Plasmodium protozoans of the
sporozoan subclass
Coccidia that are the
causative organisms of
malaria that infects red
blood cells in mammals
(including humans), birds,
and reptiles. Plasmodium falsiparum
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Vorticella the Phylum Ciliophora
which can be found in
habitats such as fresh and
salty water bodies and
feeds on food material
depending on its habitat.
Vorticella convallaria
Stentor A protozoa that belongs to

the class Spirotrichea in
the phylum Ciliophora, also
called as the “trumpet
animalcule”. They are
commonly found in
freshwater ponds attached
to vegetation.
Stentor coeruleus
Paramecium Single-celled protists that
are naturally found in
aquatic habitats. Certain
paramecia are also easily
cultured in labs and serve
as useful model organisms.
Paramecium aurelia
Foraminiferans Single-celled organisms
that live in the open ocean,
along the coasts and in
estuaries. Most have shells
for protection and either
float in the water column
(planktonic) or live on the
sea floor (benthic).
Ammonia tepida
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Radiolarians
Sciences Single-celled protistan
marine organisms that
distinguish themselves with
their unique and intricately
detailed glass-like
exoskeletons.
Circogonia icosahedra
Amoeba A genus of protozoa that
moves by means of
temporary projections
called pseudopods (false
feet) and is well-known as
a representative unicellular
organism.
Acanthamoeba
Table 2. Example of Algae
Organism Description Photomicrograph

Magnification
These are found in
Dinoflagellates aquatic environments and
only have one cell with
two different flagella. They
also generate few of the
bioluminescence that is
found with the ocean
while some of them create
toxins which are part of
the most poisonous
toxins. However, they are Noctiluca scintillans
still debatable whether Image from: Douglas P. Wilson
they’re considered algae
as they have different
nuclei than the others and
they have a quite larger
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(Editors of Encyclopedia
Britannica, 2017).
Peridinium is a genus
Peridinium of dinoflagellates and is
one of the first groups that
became known within that
organism. These are
known to be oval and
circle in shape and green
to yellow or brown in
color. A theca or tough
outer covering covers its
cell, and it is divided into
two parts, mainly the
epitheca and hypotheca
which are similar in size Peridinium limbatum
and is divided by a
cingulum or girdle. These
also have flagella, like the
dinoflagellate, which aid
their movement in water.
These are also
photosynthetic and gain
their energy from the sun
(Rogers, 2017).
These are mostly
Diatoms found on solid object
within liquid
environments. Most of
them are organisms found
in seas which significant
as food for many animals Pinnularia
on Earth. They may either Image from: Encyclopedia Britannica
be colonial or unicellular.
Their cell walls are
covered with silica and
form a pillbox-like shape
consisting of halves which
protrude each other.
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two categories based on
their shape and
symmetry: Centrales,
which are round,
uncapable of movement,
and have radial symmetry
and the Pennales, which
tend to slide through the
water and have pinnate or
markings (The Editors of
2019).
These are algae
Euglena which are single-celled,
have flagella, and show
characteristics from both
plant and animal species.
These are mostly found in
freshwater, brackish
water and soils. They also
gain nutrients from the
sun and are therefore,
photosynthetic algae. Euglena
They also have a single Image from: Gerd Guenther
nucleus, multiple
chloroplasts, a vacuole,
an eyespot, and one to
two flagella. Their
stretchable pellicle and
loss of stiff cellulose
allows them to differ in
shape (The Editors of
2020).
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Volvox algae which have two
flagella and multiple
chloroplasts and are
connected to each other
via their cytoplasm which
allow them to move
together as a whole. They
also have individual red Volvox
eyespots within them. Image from: Wim van Egmond
They are found in clean
water which contain an
abundance in nutrients
(van Egmond, 2003).
Oedogonium are
Oedogonium algae which tend to live in
quiet masses of water.
They are also found either
linked to plants or are
floating freely. They have
multiple chloroplasts, a
large vacuole, and are
mostly unbranched and a Oedogonium
single cell thick (The Image from: Hugh Spencer
Editors of Encyclopedia
Britannica, 2017).
Spirogyra is a
Spirogyra filamentous charophyte
green alga of the order
Zygnematales, named for
the helical or spiral
arrangement of the
chloroplasts that is
characteristic of the genus.
It is commonly found in
freshwater habitats, and
there are more than 400
species of Spirogyra in the
world.
Spirogyra
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Pandorina is a genus
Pandorina of green algae composed
of 8, 16, or sometimes 32
cells, held together at their
bases to form a sack
globular colony
surrounded by mucilage.
The cells are ovoid or
slightly narrowed at one
end to appear keystone- or Pandorina
pear-shaped. Image from: Gerd Guenther
Chlamydomonas is a
Chlamydomonas genus of green algae
consisting of about 150
species all unicellular
flagellates, found in
stagnant water and on
damp soil, in freshwater,
seawater, and even in
snow as "snow algae".
Chlamydomonas
Ulothrix Ulothrix is a genus of

green algae in the family
Ulotrichaceae. Ulothrix is a
genus of non-branching
filamentous green algae,
generally found in fresh
and marine water. Its cells
are normally as broad as Ulothrix
they are long, and they
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temperatures of spring and
winter.
Chlorella Chlorella is a genus of

about thirteen species of
single-celled green algae
belonging to the division
Chlorophyta. The cells are
spherical in shape, about 2
to 10 μm in diameter, and
are without flagella. Their
chloroplasts contain the
green photosynthetic Chlorella
pigments chlorophyll-a and Image from: Research Gate
-b.
Table 3. Example of Slime Molds

magnification
Arcyria is a genus of
Arcyria Amoebozoa in the family
Arcyriaceae. It includes the
species Arcyria ferruginea.
Arcyria stipata
Image from: Alex Konig
Stemonitis is a
Stemonitis distinctive genus of slime
moulds found throughout
the world. They are
characterised by the tall
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Department of Biologystalks, which grow in
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Stemonitis
Image from: Rexp2
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Institute of Arts and CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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In this laboratory exercise, we tackle the different structures of the two cells which are the
eukaryote and prokaryote and with this, there is a relationship of protists to the eukaryotes. The
protists are All eukaryotes that aren't fungi, animals, or plants are classified as protists. As a
result, the species in this group are extremely diverse. The eukaryotes that make up this
kingdom, Kingdom Protista, have little in common other than a rudimentary organizational
structure. Protists can have a wide range of appearances. Some are small and unicellular, like an
amoeba, while others, like seaweed, are enormous and multicellular. Multicellular protists, on the
other hand, lack highly specialized tissues and organs. Protists are distinguished from other
eukaryotes, such as fungi, mammals, and plants, by their basic cellular arrangement.
The difference between algae, protozoa, and the amoeba is, Algae is a photosynthetic
species meaning they lived by photosynthesis and usually live in the water. While Protozoa
needs to find organic molecules just to live in the environment, they eat other organisms in their
area. Last is the Amoeba which is different kind of eukaryotic cells that can mold their shape and
they do not form any single taxonomic group, amoebas found in the major lineage of a eukaryotic
organism
Furthermore, using a fluorescence microscope, you can distinguish the difference between
certain bacteria which are the Cyanobacteria and Archea-bacteria, that can be classified through
Phenotypic Analysis. It can classify different types of structure of the organism, the phenotype,
and the genotype of it. With this, they easily know that the Cyanobacteria commonly have
chloroplast and heterocysts that help nitrogen fixation. Archaea-bacteria doesn’t have them and
live in extreme conditions
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Lumen Learning. (n.d.). Introduction to Protists.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-biology2xmaster/chapter/introduction-to-protists/
Maker, C. (2017, April 25). In What Type of Habitat Would You Find a Protist? Sciencing.
https://sciencing.com/type-habitat-would-protist-8489616.html
Britannica. (n.d.). Protist | Eukaryote.

https://www.britannica.com/science/protist
CK-12 Foundation (2012, March 1). “Types of Protists”.

https://www.ck12.org/book/biology-%28ca-dti3%292/r3/section/14.2/
CliffsNotes (2021). Slime molds. Microbiology.
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Dey, R. (n.d.). Difference between bacteria and protozoa. Only Zoology.
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Difference Between (2021). Difference between bacteria and protozoa. Descriptive
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Pediaa.Com (2017, November 2). Difference between algae and protozoa.
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Grell, K.G. (1956, October). Protozoa and Algae. Annual Review of Microbiology.
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Guenther, G. (n.d.). Euglena [Image]. https://www.thoughtco.com/about-euglena-cells-4099133
Guenther, G. (n.d.). Pandorina [Image]. Science Photo.
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Konig, A. (2011, November 30). Arcyria Stipata [Image]. Project Noah.
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Peridinium limbatum. (n.d.). [Image].
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http://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey/Choices/Dinophyceae/PS_dinos/PERIDINIUM/Peridinium_Im
age_page.html
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Reschke E. (2021). Spirogyra [Image]. Getty Images.
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royalty-free-image/176228328
Research Gate. (n.d.). Chlamydomonas [Image].
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a-Chlamydomonas-sp-from-red_fig2_333744716
Research Gate. (n.d.). Chlorella [Image].
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at-100X-magnification_fig1_336767150
Rexp2. (2015, August 11). Stemotis [Image]. Flickr.
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Rogers, K. (2017, May 11). Peridinium. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved November 1, 2021,
from https://www.britannica.com/science/Peridinium
Spencer, H. (n.d.). Oedogonium, a genus of filamentous green algae. [Image].
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Sierra College Biological Sciences Department. (2014, October 15). Ulothrix [Image]. Biosci.
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The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. (2017, March 16). Oedogonium. Encyclopedia
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The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. (2020, May 5). Euglena. Encyclopedia Britannica.
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Retrieved
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of Biology 1, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/science/Euglena
van Egmond, W. (2003a, December). Volvox [Image]. http://www.microscopy-
Sciences
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BIO1201

Protists belong to the Kingdom Protista, which include mostly unicellular

 Describe the basic structure of a typical prokaryote and eukaryote

The “kingdom” Protista includes a diverse assemblage of simple, single celled or

1. You should be able to recognize all of these organisms as Protists (obtain

2. Click the following link https://owlcation.com/stem/4-Main-Groups-of-

A protozoa that belongs to the

Stentor A protozoa that belongs to the

Paramecium Single-celled protists that are

Radiolarians Single-celled protistan marine

Amoeba A genus of protozoa that moves

Ulothrix Ulothrix is a genus of

Chlorella Chlorella is a genus of

Table 3. Example of Slime Molds

II. Results and Discussion - Questions/Assessment:

2. In what ways do protozoa differ from bacteria?

 Prokaryotes having  The most basic

Furthermore, using a fluorescence microscope, you can distinguish the difference

IV. Properly cite your reference:

Lumen Learning. (n.d.). Introduction to Protists.

Britannica. (n.d.). Protist | Eukaryote.

CK-12 Foundation (2012, March 1). “Types of Protists”.

November 1, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/science/dinoflagellate

Encyclopedia Britannica. (n.d.). diatom [Image].

Guenther, G. (n.d.). Euglena [Image]. https://www.thoughtco.com/about-euglena-cells-4099133

Guenther, G. (n.d.). Pandorina [Image]. Science Photo.

Konig, A. (2011, November 30). Arcyria Stipata [Image]. Project Noah.

Peridinium limbatum. (n.d.). [Image].

Reschke E. (2021). Spirogyra [Image]. Getty Images.

Research Gate. (n.d.). Chlamydomonas [Image].

Research Gate. (n.d.). Chlorella [Image].

Rexp2. (2015, August 11). Stemotis [Image]. Flickr.

Spencer, H. (n.d.). Oedogonium, a genus of filamentous green algae. [Image].

Retrieved November 1, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/science/Oedogonium

November 1, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/science/diatom

November 1, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/science/Euglena

van Egmond, W. (2003a, December). Volvox [Image]. http://www.microscopy-

Magazine. Retrieved November 1, 2021, from http://www.microscopy-

Wikipedia. (n.d.). Arcyria.

Wikipedia. (n.d.). Chlamydomonas.

Wikipedia. (n.d.). Chlorella.

Wikipedia. (n.d.). Pandorina.

Wikipedia. (n.d.). Spirogyra.

Wikipedia. (n.d.). Stemonitis.

Wilson, D. P. (n.d.). Sea sparkle [Image].

Vorticella. (n.d.). MicroscopeMaster. Retrieved November 5, 2021, from

Amoeba. (n.d.). New World Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 5, 2021, from

Far Eastern University

Laboratory Exercise 9: Protista

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Figure 1. Protozoa in different shapes

Table 1. Four Main groups of Protozoa

Table 2. Types of Algae and its origin and type of chloroplasts

Figure 3. "Dog vomit" slime mold

Figure 4. Water mold growing on fly larva

Table 1. Example of Protozoa

Organism Description Photomicrograph &

Stentor A protozoa that belongs to

Table 2. Example of Algae

Organism Description Photomicrograph

Ulothrix Ulothrix is a genus of

Chlorella Chlorella is a genus of

Table 3. Example of Slime Molds