Unit 6 Inspiration Second Class October 2021

Universidad Nacional Del Callao
Vicerrectorado Académico
Dirección del Centro De Idiomas
“A ñ o D e l D ial og o Y La R e c on c il iac ión Nac ion al ”
DAILY PLAN – UNIT SIX

INSPIRATION
 MINI LESSON.- REPORTED SPEECH.-
Reported Statements
When do we use reported speech? Sometimes someone says a sentence, for example "I'm
going to the cinema tonight". Later, maybe we want to tell someone else what the first person
said.
Here's how it works:
We use a 'reporting verb' like 'say' or 'tell'. If this verb is in the present tense, it's easy. We just
put 'she says' and then the sentence:
 Direct speech: I like ice cream.
 Reported speech: She says (that) she likes ice cream.
We don't need to change the tense, though probably we do need to change the 'person' from 'I'
to 'she', for example. We also may need to change words like 'my' and 'your'.
(As I'm sure you know, often, we can choose if we want to use 'that' or not in English. I've put
it in brackets () to show that it's optional. It's exactly the same if you use 'that' or if you don't
use 'that'.)
But, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change the tenses in the reported
speech:
 Direct speech: I like ice cream.
 Reported speech: She said (that) she liked ice cream.
EXERCISES
1.- VERB TO BE = VERB TO BE IN PAST
SALLY SAID: “I´M IN THE HOSPITAL”
2.- PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE = PAST SIMPLE TENSE

IAN SAID: “I BUY MANY COLORS FOR MY PICTURE”
3.- PRESENT CONTINUOUS = PAST CONTINUOUS

THE CHILDREN SAID: “ WE ARE PLAYING SOCCER WITH OUR FRIENDS”
4.- PRESENT PERFECT = PAST PERFECT

MARCOS SAID: “ VANESSA HAS CLEANED THE LIVING ROOM”
5.- PAST SIMPLE = PAST PERFECT

MARY SAID: “ I WROTE A LOVELY SONG”
6.- FUTURE= CONDITIONAL

SHE SAID: “ I WILL READ A MAGAZINE IN THID AFTERNOON”
7.- MODAL CAN = CONDITIONAL

YOU SAID: “ I CAN DRIVE A CAR”
8.- MODAL MAY= CONDITIONAL MIGHT

THEY SAID: “ WE MAY HELP POOR PEOPLE IN FOUNDATIONS”
9.- MODAL MUST= CONDITIONAL HAD TO

HE SAID: “ I MUST FINISH MY PROJECT FROM SCHOOL”
10.- CONDITIONAL SHOULD = SHOULD

I SAID: “ I SHOULD BUY A NEW CAR”
 MINI LESSON.- THE PASSIVE VOICE IN PRESENT AND PAST VERB TO

BE
Tense Active Passive

present simple I make a cake. A cake is made (by me).

present continuous I am making a cake. A cake is being made (by me).
past simple I made a cake. A cake was made (by me).
past continuous I was making a cake. A cake was being made (by me).
present perfect I have made a cake. A cake has been made (by me).
pres.perf. continuous I have been making a cake. A cake has been being made (by me).
past perfect I had made a cake. A cake had been made (by me).
future simple I will make a cake. A cake will be made (by me).
future perfect I will have made a cake. A cake will have been made (by me).
EXAMPLE OF PASSIVE VOICE IN PRESENT

1.- MARGARET EATS FRIED CHICKEN [ACTIVE VOICE]
STRUCTURE= [SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT (NOUN)]
FRIED CHICKEN IS EATEN BY HER (MARGARET) [PASSIVE VOICE]
STRUCTURE= [AGENT + CONECTOR VERB TO BE (IS) + VERB PART
PARTICIPLE + PREPOSITION + OD]
2.- MY SISTER RECORD THE VIDEO (A.V)

THE VIDEO IS RECORDED BY HER (MY SISTER) (P.V)
3.- I BUY A NEW CAR (AV)

A NEW CAR IS BOUGHT BY ME (PV)
4.- HENRY AND ROBERT PLAY THE GUITARS (A.V)

THE GUITARS ARE PLAYED BY THEM (PV)
5.- THEY PAINT THE DINNING ROOM AND LIVING ROOM (A.V)
THE DINNING ROOM AND LIVING ROOM ARE PAINTED BY THEM (PV)
EXAMPLE OF PASSIVE VOICE IN PAST
1.- PEOPLE WATCHED THE MOVIE (A.V)

THE MOVIE WAS WATCHED BY THEM (PV)
2.- PEDRO WROTE A LETTER (A.V)
A LETTER WAS WRITTEN BY HIM (PV)
3.- THE SELLERS SOLD THE BOOKS (A.V)
THE BOOKS WERE SOLD BY THEM (PV)
4.- MY SON BROKE THE TOY (A.V)
THE TOY WAS BROKEN BY HIM (P.V)
5.- I BOUGHT A LOT OF FRUITS (A.V)

A LOT OF FRUITS WERE BOUGHT BY ME (PV)
 MINI LESSON- PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST PERFECT

 MINI LESSON: PRESENT PERFECT
The present perfect is formed from the present tense of the verb have and the past
participle of a verb.
We use the present perfect:
 for something that started in the past and continues in the present:
They've been married for nearly fifty years.
She has lived in Liverpool all her life.
 when we are talking about our experience up to the present:
I've seen that film before.
I've played the guitar ever since I was a teenager.
He has written three books and he is working on another one.
We often use the adverb ever to talk about experience up to the present:
 My last birthday was the worst day I have ever had.
and we use never for the negative form:
 Have you ever met George?
 Yes, but I've never met his wife.
For something that happened in the past but is important in the present:
 I can't get in the house. I've lost my keys.
 Teresa isn't at home. I think she has gone shopping.
HAVE BEEN AND HAVE GONE

We use have/has been when someone has gone to a place and returned:
 A: Where have you been?
 B: I've just been out to the supermarket.
 A: Have you ever been to San Francisco?
 B: No, but I've been to Los Angeles.
But when someone has not returned, we use have/has gone:

 A: Where's Maria? I haven't seen her for weeks.
 B: She's gone to Paris for a week. She'll be back tomorrow.
PRESENT PERFECT WITH TIME ADVERBIALS

We often use the present perfect with adverbials which refer to the recent past:
recently just only just
Scientists have recently discovered a new breed of monkey.

We have just got back from our holidays.
or adverbials which include the present:

so far until now up to now
ever (in questions)
yet (in questions and negatives)
 Have you ever seen a ghost?

 Where have you been up to now?
 A: Have you finished your homework yet?
 B: No, so far, I've only done my history.
After a clause with the present perfect we often use a clause with since to show when
something started in the past:
 I've worked here since I left school.

 I've been watching that programmed every week since it started.
We do not use the present perfect with adverbials which refer to a finished past time:
yesterday last week/month/year in 2017 when I was younger etc.
 have seen that film yesterday.

 We have just bought a new car last week.
 When we were children we have been to California.
but we can use the present perfect with adverbials which refer to a time which is not yet
finished:
Today this week/month/year now that I am 18 etc.
 Have you seen Helen today?

 We have bought a new car this week.
 MINI LESSON – PAST PERFECT

GRAMMAR EXPLANATION
 Time up to a point in the past
We use the past perfect simple (had + past participle) to talk about time up to a certain point
in the past.
 She'd published her first poem by the time she was eight.
 We'd finished all the water before we were halfway up the mountain.
 Had the parcel arrived when you called yesterday?
 Past perfect for the earlier of two past actions
We can use the past perfect to show the order of two past events. The past perfect shows the
earlier action and the past simple shows the later action.
 When the police arrived, the thief had escaped.

It doesn't matter in which order we say the two events. The following sentence has the same
meaning.
 The thief had escaped when the police arrived.

Note that if there's only a single event, we don't use the past perfect, even if it happened a
long time ago.
 The Romans spoke Latin. (NOT The Romans had spoken Latin.)
 Past perfect with before
We can also use the past perfect followed by before to show that an action was not done or
was incomplete when the past simple action happened.
 They left before I'd spoken to them.

 Sadly, the author died before he'd finished the series.
 Adverbs
We often use the adverbs already (= 'before the specified time'), still (= as previously), just (=
'a very short time before the specified time'), ever (= 'at any time before the specified time')
or never (= 'at no time before the specified time') with the past perfect.
 I called his office but he'd already left.

 It still hadn't rained at the beginning of May.
 I went to visit her when she'd just moved to Berlin.
 It was the most beautiful photo I'd ever seen.
 Had you ever visited London when you moved there?
 I'd never met anyone from California before I met Jim.
A finished action before a second point in the past.
 When we arrived, the film had started (= first the film started, then we arrived).
We usually use the past perfect to make it clear which action happened first. Maybe we
are already talking about something in the past and we want to mention something else that is
further back in time. This is often used to explain or give a reason for something in the past.
 I'd eaten dinner so I wasn't hungry.

 It had snowed in the night, so the bus didn't arrive.
 If it's clear which action happened first (if we use the words 'before' or 'after', for
example), the past perfect is optional.
 The film started before we arrived / the film had started before we arrived.
Something that started in the past and continued up to another action or time in
the past.
The past perfect tells us 'how long', just like the present perfect, but this time the action
continues up to a point in the past rather than the present. Usually we use 'for + time'. We can
also use the past perfect continuous here, so we most often use the past perfect simple
with stative verbs.
 When he graduated, he had been in London for six years. (= He arrived in London six
years before he graduated and lived there until he graduated, or even longer.)
 On the 20th of July, I'd worked here for three months.
To talk about unreal or imaginary things in the past.
In the same way that we use the past simple to talk about unreal or imaginary things in
the present, we use the past perfect (one step back in time) to talk about unreal things in the
past. This is common in the third conditional and after 'wish'.
 If I had known you were ill, I would have visited you.

 She would have passed the exam if she had studied harder.
 I wish I hadn't gone to bed so late!

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Universidad Nacional Del Callao

DAILY PLAN – UNIT SIX

 MINI LESSON.- REPORTED SPEECH.-

Here's how it works:

2.- PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE = PAST SIMPLE TENSE

3.- PRESENT CONTINUOUS = PAST CONTINUOUS

4.- PRESENT PERFECT = PAST PERFECT

5.- PAST SIMPLE = PAST PERFECT

6.- FUTURE= CONDITIONAL

7.- MODAL CAN = CONDITIONAL

8.- MODAL MAY= CONDITIONAL MIGHT

9.- MODAL MUST= CONDITIONAL HAD TO

10.- CONDITIONAL SHOULD = SHOULD

 MINI LESSON.- THE PASSIVE VOICE IN PRESENT AND PAST VERB TO

Tense Active Passive

present simple I make a cake. A cake is made (by me).

EXAMPLE OF PASSIVE VOICE IN PRESENT

2.- MY SISTER RECORD THE VIDEO (A.V)

3.- I BUY A NEW CAR (AV)

4.- HENRY AND ROBERT PLAY THE GUITARS (A.V)

EXAMPLE OF PASSIVE VOICE IN PAST

1.- PEOPLE WATCHED THE MOVIE (A.V)

5.- I BOUGHT A LOT OF FRUITS (A.V)

 MINI LESSON- PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST PERFECT

HAVE BEEN AND HAVE GONE

But when someone has not returned, we use have/has gone:

PRESENT PERFECT WITH TIME ADVERBIALS

Scientists have recently discovered a new breed of monkey.

or adverbials which include the present:

 Have you ever seen a ghost?

 I've worked here since I left school.

yesterday last week/month/year in 2017 when I was younger etc.

 have seen that film yesterday.

Today this week/month/year now that I am 18 etc.

 Have you seen Helen today?

 MINI LESSON – PAST PERFECT

 Time up to a point in the past

 Past perfect for the earlier of two past actions

 When the police arrived, the thief had escaped.

 The thief had escaped when the police arrived.

 Past perfect with before

 They left before I'd spoken to them.

 I called his office but he'd already left.

A finished action before a second point in the past.

 I'd eaten dinner so I wasn't hungry.

To talk about unreal or imaginary things in the past.

 If I had known you were ill, I would have visited you.

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