Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 67 (2020) 104244

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Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries

journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jlp

Effects of moisture and particle size distribution on flame propagation of

L-lysine sulfate powder
Chen Yue, Wang Yujie, Wei Zhang, Beini Zhang, Ying Zhang *, Zhiyang Liu **
School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Lysine is an essential amino acid for human body, and lysine sulfates are at risk of fire and explosion during the
L-lysine sulfate powder production and processing. However, there is no public report on the lysine sulfate powder explosion hazard
Dust flame propagation research. In this paper, the effects of moisture, mass concentration and particle size on the flame propagation
Moisture effect
behaviors of L-lysine sulfate powder were studied in a vertical pipe. The results showed that the flame propa­
Partical size distribution
gation could be divided into 3 stages: free propagation, acceleration and attenuation, in which the acceleration
was owed to the positive feedback of combustion reaction, gas expansion and turbulence. Moisture content could
promote the flame propagation of L-lysine sulfate powder to a certain extent, but it had a strong inhibitory effect
on the explosion when the moisture content was too large. The flame propagation velocity increased with the
decrease of the average particle size of powder,.With the increase of the particle concentration, the flame
propagation velocity of powder explosion increased first and then decreased, that was, there was an optimal
concentration of powder explosion, and the powder was more sensitive to the change of concentration in the
range of low concentration.

1. Introduction flame propagation mechanisms. Abuswer et al. (2013), Hassan et al.

Lysine is an essential amino acid for human beings and animals, and
it is also the first limiting amino acid because its content in grains is very
low and easily destroyed during processing. Lysine is easily oxidized and
usually exists in the form of sulfate or hydrochloride in production. The
production process of lysine sulfate is showed in Fig. 1. A large amount
of powder cloud will be generated during the normal production of the
bucket elevator in the production process, and there is a danger of dust
explosion. Moreover, powder explosion accidents have already occurred
in the daily production process. However, since these accidents have not
caused serious consequences and have not been publicly reported, few
studies have been conducted on the explosion risk of lysine sulfate
powder, especially on the flame propagation characteristics of powder
in vertical pipes similar to a bucket elevator. Therefore, it is necessary to
carry out further studies.
Dust explosion accidents occur frequently and have been recognized
as a great hazard to human beings and property in recent decades. In
order to take appropriate measures to prevent accidental dust explosions
and reduce the consequences, many studies have been performed on the
(2014), and Yuan et al. (2015, 2016) did a lot of relevant researches on
powder explosion. They systematically combined the survey data to
model the risk of powder explosion and proposed a quantitative risk
management framework. Eckhoff (2005, 2015) found that the charac­
teristics of powder explosion obtained from the laboratory scale could
not be applied to the prevention of powder accidents in the industrial
field immediately. There was still a lack of methods to predict the actual
powder flame structure and propagation process. He believed that the
design of customized experimental schemes based on CFD computer
code was of great help to the research. Danzi and Marmo (2019), Marmo
et al. (2019) successively analyzed the powder explosion risk of the
metal industry and the textile industry. Ding et al. (2010) experimen­
tally studied the flame propagation of zirconium particle cloud in a small
vertical rectangular combustion chamber. Based on the experimental
results, the flame propagation characteristics and flame structure of the
zirconium particle cloud were analyzed in three stages. Ramírez et al.
(2009) conducted experiments to reveal the ignition energy and explo­
sion parameters of seven kinds of grain powders, including corn and
wheat. Chen et al. (2020) analyzed the thermal decomposition

* Corresponding author.
** Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: yzhang@whut.edu.cn (Y. Zhang), liuzhiyang@whut.edu.cn (Z. Liu).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2020.104244
Received 20 February 2020; Received in revised form 6 May 2020; Accepted 17 July 2020
Available online 25 July 2020
0950-4230© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
C. Yue et al.
mechanism and thermal stability of 65% lysine sulfate powder in detail.
Di Benedetto and Russo (2007), in the process of studying the mecha­
nism of organic powder explosion, proposed a mathematical model to
explain the propagation process of organic powder on the basis of
thermal reaction dynamics. Then, Gan et al. (2019) carried out the
powder explosion experiments of 30 μm polymethyl methacrylate
(PMMA) at different airflow velocities in the horizontal pipeline on this
basis. The characteristics of explosion parameters under different
working conditions were analyzed in detail, and the relationship among
flame propagation, temperature and pressure was further discussed.
Huang et al. (2019) had recorded the structure and characteristic pa­
rameters of the flame during the propagation of wood-chip explosion
flame using high-speed photography and fine thermocouple technology
in a semi-closed vertical experimental pipeline. Bouillard et al. (2010),
Gao et al. (2012, 2013, 2015) comprehensively studied the effects of
powder particle size. Among them, Bouillard et al. (2010) concluded
from the experiments that there were two main combustion states in the
powder explosion process, one was small particles for dynamic
controlled combustion, and the other was diffusion controlled by large
particles. Gao et al. (2012, 2013) revealed that with the decrease of
powder particle size or the increase of powder volatility, the flame
propagation mechanism changed from the control of volatilization to
the kinetic. In addition, it was proved theoretically that the control
mechanism of volatilization and the kinetic could be distinguished by
Damkohler number (Gao et al., 2015). Cao et al. (2014) studied the
effects of pipe length on the flame propagation characteristics of coal
powder, and found that the largest flame propagation speed and the
maximum flame temperature increased in proportion with the length of
pipe. Previous studies on the propagation characteristics of powder
flame in vertical pipe were generally carried out in vertical pipe of
Fig. 1. Production process flow chart of lysine sulfate.
2
Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 67 (2020) 104244
60–70 cm. In this experiment, a longer vertical pipe (150 cm) was used
to simulate the flame propagation of lysine sulfate powder inside the
bucket elevator. In addition, lysine sulfate producers have reported that
the risk of dust explosion increases when the moisture content increases.
To the best knowledge of the authors, few researches (Sik et al., 2010;
Yang et al., 2004) were carried out on the effects of moisture content on
the flame propagation characteristics of powder.
Therefore, in order to understand the fire and explosion risk of lysine
sulfate powder cloud in the bucket elevator and the effects of moisture
on the flame propagation, this paper carried out an experimental study
of L-lysine sulfate powder flame propagation in a 1.5 m vertical pipe
with various moisture contents, particle sizes and concentrations.
2. Experiment
2.1. Experimental apparatus
The dynamic image and related physical-chemical parameters in the
flame propagation process were monitored in the powder explosion test
system.
As shown in Fig. 2a, the whole experimental system consisted of
seven parts: gas supply and powder spraying device, powder combustion
chamber, fine thermocouple, high-voltage ignition device, data acqui­
sition system, high-speed camera and programmable logic controller.
The main part of the combustion chamber was a rectangular tube with a
closed bottom and a pressure relief hole at the top. The front and rear
sides were quartz glass for observation, and the other sides were high-
strength and high-pressure-resistant stainless steel plates. The cross
section of the pipeline was a square of 80 mm × 80 mm with a total
height of 1500 mm (Fig. 2b). The ignition device was set at a height of
C. Yue et al.
Fig. 2. (a) Schematic diagram of powder explosion experimental device; (b) Schematic diagram of pipeline.
80 mm to ignite the powder, which could generate up to 80 J of spark
energy between the two electrodes. Three R-type thermocouples (Pt/Pt-
rh 13%) with a diameter of 50 μm, were located at the heights of
300 mm, 700 mm and 1100 mm to monitor the flame temperature. The
process of powder emission was controlled by a synchronous controller.
After powder cloud was formed in the pipeline, the system of high-
voltage ignition device, high-speed camera and data acquisition sys­
tem were started synchronously. In order to reduce the influence of
airflow on powder cloud and realize the uniform mixing of powder
cloud, the ignition time was delayed by an appropriate time. After the
ignition, the high-speed camera and data acquisition system began to
record the relevant data.
The specific experimental parameters were as follows: The injection
pressure was 0.18 MPa; the injection time was 0.4 s; the ignition delay
time was 0.1 s; the ignition voltage was 15 kV; the high-speed camera
frame rate was 1000 frames per second and each test was repeated 3
times for each condition.
2.2. Experimental materials
The powder sample used in the experiment is L-lysine sulfate pow­
der, a feed additive produced by COFCO Corporation. To eliminate the
influence of moisture, the sample were stored in a vacuum drying box at
60 ◦ C for more than 24 h to obtain dry samples. Then, the dry powder
was placed in a chamber with normal temperature and 70% humidity for
different periods to prepare samples with moisture contents of 1%, 3%
and 5%, respectively.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Effects of the moisture content on flame propagation
In fact, in the tests and standards related to the powder explosion
experiment, few scholars studied the moisture content of powder as
particle characteristic. Grant et al. (2000) and Jiang et al. (2007)
extensively used water to suppress fire and explosion of gas, while
Thomas (2000) used water as an alternative inert medium for inert or
non-metallic powder explosion. Grundnig et al. (2006) studied the effect
of air humidity on powder suppression. In addition, Yuan et al. (2014)
focused on the particle properties of water in coal powder explosion and
the role of inert medium, reported rich information on severity param­
eters and sensitivity parameters, and emphasized the impact of moisture
content on the coal powder explosion.
As a common feed additive, L-lysine sulfate is often affected by
environmental humidity and other conditions in use, and it is also often
measured by hydrolysis method in the determination of feed content.
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Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 67 (2020) 104244
Therefore, it is necessary to study the effect of moisture content on its
explosion behaviors. The moisture contents of the prepared samples
were 0%, 1%, 3% and 5% respectively, and the sample with 5% moisture
content failed to ignite. Powder particle size was controlled at 200 mesh,
and the average mass concentration of the dust cloud in the tube is
300 g/m3.
In order to eliminate the influence of thermal inertia, the thermo­
couple must be revised and validated before each test. It was assumed
that the convective heat transfer process is much larger than that of heat
conduction and radiation. The temperature correction formula is shown
as follows (Ballantyne and Moss, 1977; Gao et al., 2012):
dTm
T = Tm + τ (1)
dt
Where Tm is the temperature measured by the thermocouple, and τ is the
constant of time. In our experiments, the value of τ is approximately
0.486 s.
As shown in Figs. 3–5, the flame shape, speed and temperature were
significantly influenced by the moisture content. From the flame images,
the flame brightness was slightly weaker at 1% moisture content than
that at 0%. The flame with the moisture content of 1% was more uni­
formly distributed in the pipeline than that at 0%. That is because the
dry dust was sprayed higher, which leads to a higher concentration in
the upper area of the pipeline, and hence a brighter flame. The flame
velocity curves were got by derivation directly to the flame front posi­
tion curves obtained from the images captured by the high-speed cam­
era. Considering the data fluctuation, smoothing was performed to the
velocity curves using the FFT (Fast Fourier Transfer) filter method. As
shown in Fig. 4, The velocity firstly increased slowly and then raised
sharply. The maximum value of dust flame propagation velocity at the
three moisture contents were 6.82 m/s, 9.57 m/s and 4.30 m/s, respec­
tively, and the flame propagation time at 1% moisture content was only
272 ms. Thus 1% was the optimal moisture content for the flame prop­
agation of L-lysine sulfate dust. This phenomenon is similar with the
SEEP (Suppressant Enhanced Explosibility Parameter) effect (Jiang
et al., 2019). The SEEP phenomenon means that the solid inhibitor
increased the explosibility parameters when its amount is not enough,
because the addition of solid inhibitor enhance the heat transfer be­
tween the dust. As for the water, its expansion when heated to water
vapor leads to additional pressure forces moving the flame front. In
addition, the addition of water also enhance the heat transfer and hence
the flame propagation. However, when the moisture content increased
to 3%, the flame propagation will be inhibited because of the effects of
heat absorption and dust agglomeration caused by water. This can be
seen intuitively from Fig. 5, the higher the water content, the lower the
C. Yue et al.
Fig. 3. High-speed photographic flame propagation images at different moisture contents (a) 0%, (b) 1%, (c) 3%.
Fig. 4. Flame propagation velocity at different moisture contents.
Fig. 5. The peak temperatures at different moisture contents.
temperature. When the water content was too high, the dust would
agglomerate and increase the effective particle size, which resulted in
the reduction of the explosion intensity, and even made it impossible to
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Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 67 (2020) 104244
ignite, such as at the case of 5% moisture content. This also caused the
temperature to decrease as the water content increased. A small amount
of water could promote the flame propagation of L-lysine sulfate dust,
while a high moisture content would suppress the propagation
obviously.
Combining the effects of the above three physical parameters on dust
explosion, the mechanism of L-lysine sulfate dust explosion can be
described in more detail.
Figs. 6–8 show the histories of the flame front position, flame
propagation velocity and temperature at different moisture contents.
Taking the image in Fig. 6 as an example. After the spark created by the
electrodes began to ignite the dust, a dim spot flame was formed in the
center of the combustion pipe. Then, the dim flame propagated slowly to
form a luminous flame with continuous structure, the flame propagation
velocity increased slowly until t1. At this time, the flame spread to the
thermocouple with a height of 300 mm, the temperature gradually
increased, and the flame propagation speed began to increase sharply
until t2. After time t2, the flame propagation speed and temperature
tended to decay. During the t1-t2 phase, the flame front burned violently
and a bright yellow flame appeared. The peak temperatures measured
by the lower two thermocouples were 400 ◦ C and 525 ◦ C, and the
highest temperature measured at 1100 mm was 923 ◦ C. These corrected
temperature values will be lower than the actual temperature due to the
dust adhesion at the thermocouple measuring point. It could be seen that
the variation trends of flame propagation speed and temperature rise are
similar, except for a certain time delay. In general, pyrolysis/devolati­
lization followed by combustible gases combustion had been regarded as
the dominant process of flame propagation in organic dust explosions
(Eckhoff, 2003). The pyrolysis rate of particles and the burning rate of
the combustible gases controlled flame propagation velocity. The in­
tensity of combustion reaction governed the flame temperature rising
rate and the expansion of combustion products.
Based on the above information, the flame propagation process of L-
lysine sulfate powder particle clouds could be divided into three stages.
The first stage corresponded to the free propagation stage. The flame
propagation was not restricted by the tube wall, meanwhile the com­
bustion area was small, and the expansion of combustion products was
not obvious. It is well known that flame propagation velocity is mainly
composed of flame combustion velocity and flame front airflow diffu­
sion velocity. In the first stage, the flame propagation speed mainly
depended on the flame combustion speed, and the flame propagation
speed increased slowly. The second stage was the acceleration stage.
Due to the limitation of the wall surface, the combustion products
cannot be discharged when they propagated to the bottom of the com­
bustion chamber, resulting in an upward force. The powder particles
were accelerated and pushed the flame through this counter-thrust and
C. Yue et al.
Fig. 6. Evolutions of flame front position, velocity, and temperature at 0% moisture content.
Fig. 7. Evolutions of flame front position, velocity, and temperature at 1% moisture content.
the flame propagation speed was greatly increased until it reached the
maximum value. Therefore, we summarized three reasons for the ac­
celeration in this stage: (1) as the area of the glowing flame became
larger, the heat transfer from the flame region to the preheating region
increased; (2) due to the expansion of the combustion products, the heat
transfer increased too; and (3) the turbulent disturbance generated in
the powder spraying process enhanced the combustion. Under the pos­
itive feedback coupling of the three factors, the flame propagation speed
increased sharply (Chen and Fan, 2005). The third stage was the
attenuation stage, which occurred when the flame propagation speed
began to decrease. Before the ignition, the dust was lifted up by the
pressure of the powder spraying device and quickly reached the highest
point of the pipeline. Because the pressure relief port at the top of the
pipeline is semi-open, there was a partial reflection wave after the dust
reached the top, including the gravity effect of the dust itself, which had
a certain inhibition effect on the upward propagation of the dust flame.
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Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 67 (2020) 104244
3.2. Effects of the particle size on flame propagation
Four samples with different particle size distribution were selected
for the experiment. In order to obtain these samples, L-lysine sulfate
powder was screened in 50 mesh, 100 mesh, 200 mesh, 300 mesh
vibrating screen. In the experiment, the particle size distribution char­
acteristics of dust was measured by Malvern Mastersizer (Model AWM
2000) and the particle size distribution is shown in Fig. 9. The median
particle sizes (D0.5) of the four samples were 191 μm, 68 μm, 16 μm and
15 μm, respectively.
Fig. 10 showed the flame propagation process of L-lysine sulfate dust
of 100 mesh, 200 mesh and 300 mesh, and the 50 mesh powder sample
failed to be ignited. In this test group, the sample was dry L-lysine sulfate
powder with mass concentration of 300 g/m3. The high-speed photo­
graph of flame propagation showed the flame propagation process of
dust cloud in the vertical rectangular combustion chamber. Taking the
image in Fig. 10b as an example. The dust cloud was ignited by the
electrode spark at t = 0 ms, and then the flame began to spread through
C. Yue et al. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 67 (2020) 104244

Fig. 8. Evolutions of flame front position, velocity, and temperature at 3% moisture content.

the combustion chamber. At t = 42 ms, a faint yellow flame began to

Fig. 9. Particle size distribution of L-lysine sulfate powder.
appear close to the ignition electrode. This ignition delay was caused by
the limitation of ignition energy. In a period of time after successful
ignition, the flame propagated in four directions. At approximately
t = 76 ms, the flame propagated downward to the bottom of the com­
bustion chamber, then the flame reached the side wall, and the flame
propagated only upward. At this stage, the flame front was in a discrete
state and the outline was blurred. This was because that the front part
was composed of combustible and volatile premixed gases formed by
powder pyrolysis and gasification (Ju et al., 1998). They were heated to
create buoyancy which promoted the flame spread upward. However,
due to the uneven distribution of combustible volatiles and their insuf­
ficient mixing with air, the flame was inclined to propagate in the region
of high premixed concentration, resulting in the discrete flame front. As
the flame continued to propagate and strengthen, the propagation speed
gradually increased during the upward propagation process, an
expanding bright yellow flame appeared and the outline of the flame
front became clearly visible.
By comparing the flame images of three kinds of particle sizes, it was
found that the shapes were different from each other. .There were a lot
of wrinkles in the flames and the combustion was uneven, which was
mainly due to the influence of jet flow (Zhang et al., 2016). The flame

Fig. 10. High-speed photographic flame propagation images at different particle sizes (a) 100 mesh, (b) 200 mesh, (c) 300 mesh.

6
C. Yue et al.
development became more and more intense as the particle size
decreased. The flame intensity of 200 mesh dust began to appear bright
yellow, which was significantly more intense than that of 100 mesh dust,
and was not much different from that of 300 mesh dust. As shown in
Fig. 11, in the early stage of development, the flame propagated freely
and the upward propagation velocity was very small. When the flame
front arrived at the side wall and the bottom of the pipe, part of the heat
and kinetic energy lost, which resulted in a relatively slow acceleration
of the flame. Then, the heat production in the reaction zone was accel­
erated, which enhanced the radiation to the unburned zone. In addition,
the expansion of combustion products and the increase of turbulence
intensity led to the sharp acceleration of flame (Kern et al., 2015; Proust
and Veyssiere, 1988). Comparing the flame propagation speed of three
kinds of particle size, it could be seen that as the particle size of the
L-lysine sulfate decreased, the flame propagation speed increased
gradually. The maximum flame propagation speed of the three particle
sizes were 12.41 m/s 6.82 m/s, 4.49 m/s, respectively. The experiment
results were in good agreement with the results in the past research
(Bidabadi et al., 2010 Ding et al., 2010; Gao et al., 2013; Huang et al.,
2019). Combined with the peak value of temperature curve in Fig. 12,
the peak temperature of dust flame with small particle size was rela­
tively larger. It was because that the small particles have a larger specific
surface area, and fully contact with oxygen, which accelerates the
combustion reaction, and promotes the flame propagation. According to
Zhang et al. (2017), the smaller particle size of powder could be evap­
orated in a short time, and its flame propagation behavior was similar to
the premixed gas. The chemical reaction was controlled by homoge­
neous kinetics, so its propagation was faster than that of large-size
powder which was controlled by pyrolysis and gasification.
3.3. Effects of the mass concentration on flame propagation
The effects of mass concentration on flame propagation mechanism
were systematically studied in the experiment. In this test group, the
sample was dry L-lysine sulfate powder of 200 mesh with various mass
concentrations of 200 g/m3, 250 g/m3, 300 g/m3, 350 g/m3 and 400 g/
m3.
It could be seen from Fig. 13 that the powder at different concen­
trations needed a period of time from ignition to flame formation. This
was because the powder combustion flame was different from the pre­
mixed gas flame (Hanai et al., 2000). The powder particles must firstly
be pyrolyzed before ignition, and then burned in the gas phase. The
flame formation time was about 30 ms, and then the flame began to
spread rapidly. Combined with Figs. 14 and 15, it was found that the
Fig. 11. Flame propagation velocity at different particle sizes.
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Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 67 (2020) 104244
flame propagated slowly at 200 g/m3, and the flame front was discrete
with a dark yellow color. The energy generated by the powder was not
enough to make the flame spread to the top of the combustion chamber.
When the concentration increased to 250 g/m3, the luminous flame
developed into a bright yellow at the later stage. As the concentration
increased continually, the combustion became more intense until
350 g/m3 and decreased at 400 g/m3. When the concentration was
350 g/m3, the combustion reaction was the most intense, the flame
propagation was the fastest (9.84 m/s) and the temperature peak is the
highest (1066 ◦ C). Thus, 350 g/m3 was the optimal concentration of
L-lysine sulfate powder explosion. The reason was that when the powder
concentration was higher than the optimal value, too much particles
absorbed heat, and slowed down the pyrolysis rate of L-lysine sulfate
particles, resulting in a longer time to format the combustible gas. Be­
sides, the high-concentration powder was easy to agglomerate, so the
specific surface area was reduced, resulting in a slower reaction, a lower
flame speed and temperature. At low concentrations, more particles
were directly involved in the pyrolysis process with the increase of the
concentration, making the flame propagation faster. It could be seen that
flame propagation velocity was very sensitive to powder concentration
in the low concentration range.
4. Conclusion
To reduce the explosion risk of L-lysine sulfate powder in the pro­
cesses of production, usage and storage, the effects of powder particle
size, mass concentration and moisture content on the dust explosion
process were studied. The conclusions are as follows:
(1) The flame propagation process of L-lysine sulfate powder in the
vertical tube can be divided into three stages: free propagation,
acceleration and attenuation stage, in which the acceleration is
combined controlled by combustion, expansion, turbulence and
thermal feedback during the flame propagation process.
(2) Moisture content has a significant impact on the flame propaga­
tion behavior of L-lysine sulfate powder. An appropriate increase
of moisture content will increase its flame propagation rate, but
further increase will significantly inhibit the flame propagation
behavior of powder and even extinguish it.
(3) With the decrease of particle size, the propagation speed and the
flame temperature increase significantly.
(4) The optimal explosive concentration of L-lysine sulfate powder
was 350 g/m3, and the flame propagation rate was more sensitive
to the concentration in the low concentration range.
Fig. 12. Temperature peaks measured by the three thermocouples with various
particle sizes.
C. Yue et al.
Fig. 13. High-speed photographic flame propagation images at different concentrations (a) 200 g/m3, (b) 250 g/m3, (c) 300 g/m3, (d) 350 g/m3, (e) 400 g/m3.
Author statement
Chen Yue: Methodology, Software, Formal analysis, Data Curation,
and Writing Original Draft. Wang Yujie: Supervision, Funding acquisi­
tion. Zhang Wei: Investigation, Reviewing and Editing. Zhang Beini:
Supervision. Zhang Ying: Conceptualization, Reviewing and Editing. Liu
Zhiyang: Conceptualization, Reviewing and Editing.
Fig. 14. Flame propagation velocity at different mass concentrations.
8
Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 67 (2020) 104244
Declaration of competing interest
No conflict of interest exits in the submission of this manuscript, and
manuscript is approved by all authors for publication. I would like to
declare on behalf of my co-authors that the work described was original
research that has not been published previously, and not under
consideration for publication elsewhere, in whole or in part. All the
Fig. 15. Temperature peaks measured by the three thermocouples at different
mass concentrations.
C. Yue et al.
authors listed have approved the manuscript that is enclosed.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial supports from the
National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.
2017YFC0804700), the National Natural Science Foundation of China
(No. 51706164).
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.jlp.2020.104244.
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