488 CHAPTER 7 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

7.1 Integration by Parts

Every differentiation rule has a corresponding integration rule. For instance, the Substitu-
tion Rule for integration corresponds to the Chain Rule for differentiation. The rule that
corresponds to the Product Rule for differentiation is called the rule for integration by parts.
The Product Rule states that if f and t are differentiable functions, then

d
关 f 共x兲t共x兲兴 苷 f 共x兲t⬘共x兲 ⫹ t共x兲 f ⬘共x兲
dx

In the notation for indefinite integrals this equation becomes

y 关 f 共x兲t⬘共x兲 ⫹ t共x兲 f ⬘共x兲兴 dx 苷 f 共x兲t共x兲

or y f 共x兲t⬘共x兲 dx ⫹ y t共x兲 f ⬘共x兲 dx 苷 f 共x兲t共x兲

We can rearrange this equation as

1 y f 共x兲t⬘共x兲 dx 苷 f 共x兲t共x兲 ⫺ y t共x兲 f ⬘共x兲 dx

Formula 1 is called the formula for integration by parts. It is perhaps easier to remem-
ber in the following notation. Let u 苷 f 共x兲 and v 苷 t共x兲. Then the differentials are
du 苷 f ⬘共x兲 dx and dv 苷 t⬘共x兲 dx, so, by the Substitution Rule, the formula for integration by
parts becomes

2 y u dv 苷 uv ⫺ y v du

EXAMPLE 1 Find y x sin x dx.

SOLUTION USING FORMULA 1 Suppose we choose f 共x兲 苷 x and t⬘共x兲 苷 sin x. Then
f ⬘共x兲 苷 1 and t共x兲 苷 ⫺cos x. (For t we can choose any antiderivative of t⬘.) Thus,
using Formula 1, we have

y x sin x dx 苷 f 共x兲t共x兲 ⫺ y t共x兲 f ⬘共x兲 dx

苷 x共⫺cos x兲 ⫺ y 共⫺cos x兲 dx

苷 ⫺x cos x ⫹ y cos x dx

苷 ⫺x cos x ⫹ sin x ⫹ C

It’s wise to check the answer by differentiating it. If we do so, we get x sin x, as
expected.

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 SECTION 7.1 INTEGRATION BY PARTS 489

SOLUTION USING FORMULA 2 Let

It is helpful to use the pattern:
u苷䊐 dv 苷 䊐 u苷x dv 苷 sin x dx
du 苷 䊐 v苷䊐
Then du 苷 dx v 苷 ⫺cos x

and so
u d√ u √ √ du

y x sin x dx 苷 y x sin x dx 苷 x 共⫺cos x兲 ⫺ y 共⫺cos x兲 dx

苷 ⫺x cos x ⫹ y cos x dx

苷 ⫺x cos x ⫹ sin x ⫹ C

NOTE Our aim in using integration by parts is to obtain a simpler integral than the one
we started with. Thus in Example 1 we started with x x sin x dx and expressed it in terms of
the simpler integral x cos x dx. If we had instead chosen u 苷 sin x and dv 苷 x dx, then
du 苷 cos x dx and v 苷 x 2兾2, so integration by parts gives

x2 1
y x sin x dx 苷 共sin x兲 2
⫺
2
yx 2
cos x dx

Although this is true, x x 2 cos x dx is a more difficult integral than the one we started with.
In general, when deciding on a choice for u and dv, we usually try to choose u 苷 f 共x兲 to be
a function that becomes simpler when differentiated (or at least not more complicated) as
long as dv 苷 t⬘共x兲 dx can be readily integrated to give v.

v EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate y ln x dx.

SOLUTION Here we don’t have much choice for u and dv. Let

u 苷 ln x dv 苷 dx

1
Then du 苷 dx v苷x
x
Integrating by parts, we get
dx
y ln x dx 苷 x ln x ⫺ y x x

It’s customary to write x 1 dx as x dx. 苷 x ln x ⫺ y dx

Check the answer by differentiating it. 苷 x ln x ⫺ x ⫹ C

Integration by parts is effective in this example because the derivative of the function
f 共x兲 苷 ln x is simpler than f .

v EXAMPLE 3 Find 2 t
y t e dt.
SOLUTION Notice that t 2 becomes simpler when differentiated (whereas e t is unchanged
when differentiated or integrated), so we choose
u 苷 t2 dv 苷 e t dt
Then du 苷 2t dt v 苷 et

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490 CHAPTER 7 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

Integration by parts gives

3 y t e dt 苷 t e
2 t 2 t
⫺ 2 y te t dt

The integral that we obtained, x te t dt, is simpler than the original integral but is still not
obvious. Therefore we use integration by parts a second time, this time with u 苷 t and
dv 苷 e t dt. Then du 苷 dt, v 苷 e t, and

y te dt 苷 te
t t
⫺ y e t dt

苷 te t ⫺ e t ⫹ C
Putting this in Equation 3, we get

yt e dt 苷 t 2 e t ⫺ 2 y te t dt
2 t

苷 t 2 e t ⫺ 2共te t ⫺ e t ⫹ C兲

苷 t 2 e t ⫺ 2te t ⫹ 2e t ⫹ C1 where C1 苷 ⫺2C

v EXAMPLE 4 Evaluate ye x
sin x dx.

An easier method, using complex numbers, is SOLUTION Neither e x nor sin x becomes simpler when differentiated, but we try choosing
given in Exercise 50 in Appendix H. u 苷 e x and dv 苷 sin x dx anyway. Then du 苷 e x dx and v 苷 ⫺cos x, so integration
by parts gives

4 ye x
sin x dx 苷 ⫺e x cos x ⫹ y e x cos x dx

The integral that we have obtained, x e x cos x dx, is no simpler than the original one, but
at least it’s no more difficult. Having had success in the preceding example integrating
by parts twice, we persevere and integrate by parts again. This time we use u 苷 e x and
dv 苷 cos x dx. Then du 苷 e x dx, v 苷 sin x, and

5 ye x
cos x dx 苷 e x sin x ⫺ y e x sin x dx

At first glance, it appears as if we have accomplished nothing because we have arrived at

Figure 1 illustrates Example 4 by show- x e x sin x dx, which is where we started. However, if we put the expression for x e x cos x dx
ing the graphs of f 共x兲 苷 e x sin x and
F共x兲 苷 12 e x共sin x ⫺ cos x兲. As a visual
from Equation 5 into Equation 4 we get
check on our work, notice that f 共x兲 苷 0 when
F has a maximum or minimum. ye x
sin x dx 苷 ⫺e x cos x ⫹ e x sin x ⫺ y e x sin x dx

12
This can be regarded as an equation to be solved for the unknown integral. Adding
F x e x sin x dx to both sides, we obtain
f
2 y e x sin x dx 苷 ⫺e x cos x ⫹ e x sin x
_3 6
Dividing by 2 and adding the constant of integration, we get
_4

FIGURE 1 ye x
sin x dx 苷 12 e x 共sin x ⫺ cos x兲 ⫹ C

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 SECTION 7.1 INTEGRATION BY PARTS 491

If we combine the formula for integration by parts with Part 2 of the Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus, we can evaluate definite integrals by parts. Evaluating both sides of
Formula 1 between a and b, assuming f ⬘ and t⬘ are continuous, and using the Fundamental
Theorem, we obtain

b b b
6 y a
]
f 共x兲t⬘共x兲 dx 苷 f 共x兲t共x兲 a ⫺ y t共x兲 f ⬘共x兲 dx
a

1
EXAMPLE 5 Calculate y tan⫺1x dx.
0

SOLUTION Let
u 苷 tan⫺1x dv 苷 dx
dx
Then du 苷 v苷x
1 ⫹ x2

So Formula 6 gives

1 1 1 x
y 0
tan⫺1x dx 苷 x tan⫺1x 0 ⫺ y ] 0 1 ⫹ x2
dx

1 x
苷 1 ⴢ tan⫺1 1 ⫺ 0 ⴢ tan⫺1 0 ⫺ y dx
0 1 ⫹ x2
␲ 1 x
Since tan⫺1x 艌 0 for x 艌 0, the integral in 苷 ⫺y 2 dx
4 0 1 ⫹ x
Example 5 can be interpreted as the area of
the region shown in Figure 2.

y To evaluate this integral we use the substitution t 苷 1 ⫹ x 2 (since u has another meaning
in this example). Then dt 苷 2x dx, so x dx 苷 2 dt . When x 苷 0, t 苷 1; when x 苷 1,
1
y=tan–!x
t 苷 2; so

x 2 dt
ⱍ ⱍ]
0 1 2
y dx 苷 12 y 苷 12 ln t
1 x 0 1 ⫹ x2 1 t
1

苷 2 共ln 2 ⫺ ln 1兲 苷 2 ln 2
1 1

1 ␲ 1 x ␲ ln 2
Therefore y tan⫺1x dx 苷 ⫺y 2 dx 苷 ⫺
FIGURE 2 0 4 0 1 ⫹ x 4 2

EXAMPLE 6 Prove the reduction formula

Equation 7 is called a reduction formula

1 n⫺1
because the exponent n has been reduced to
n ⫺ 1 and n ⫺ 2.
7 y sin x dx 苷 ⫺ n cos x sin
n n⫺1
x⫹
n
y sin n⫺2
x dx

where n 艌 2 is an integer.

SOLUTION Let
u 苷 sin n⫺1x dv 苷 sin x dx

Then du 苷 共n ⫺ 1兲 sin n⫺2x cos x dx v 苷 ⫺cos x

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492 CHAPTER 7 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

so integration by parts gives

y sin x dx 苷 ⫺cos x sin

n
x ⫹ 共n ⫺ 1兲 y sin n⫺2x cos 2x dx
n⫺1

Since cos 2x 苷 1 ⫺ sin 2x, we have

y sin x dx 苷 ⫺cos x sin

n n⫺1
x ⫹ 共n ⫺ 1兲 y sin n⫺2x dx ⫺ 共n ⫺ 1兲 y sin n x dx

As in Example 4, we solve this equation for the desired integral by taking the last term
on the right side to the left side. Thus we have

n y sin n x dx 苷 ⫺cos x sin n⫺1x ⫹ 共n ⫺ 1兲 y sin n⫺2x dx

1 n⫺1
or y sin x dx 苷 ⫺ n cos x sin
n n⫺1
x⫹
n
y sin n⫺2
x dx

The reduction formula 7 is useful because by using it repeatedly we could eventually

express x sin n x dx in terms of x sin x dx ( if n is odd) or x 共sin x兲0 dx 苷 x dx ( if n is even).

7.1 Exercises

1–2 Evaluate the integral using integration by parts with the 2 s

indicated choices of u and dv.

13. y t sec 2t dt 14. y s2 ds

1. yx 2
ln x dx ; u 苷 ln x, dv 苷 x 2 dx
15. y 共ln x兲 dx 2
16. y t sinh mt dt
2. y ␪ cos ␪ d␪ ; u 苷 ␪, dv 苷 cos ␪ d␪
17. y e ␪ sin 3␪ d␪
2
18. ye ⫺␪
cos 2␪ d␪

3–36 Evaluate the integral. 3 z 2

19. yz e dz 20. y x tan x dx
0.2y
3. y x cos 5x dx 4. y ye dy
xe 2x
21. y 共1 ⫹ 2x兲2
dx 22. y 共arcsin x兲 2
dx
5. y te ⫺3t
dt 6. y 共x ⫺ 1兲 sin ␲ x dx
1兾2 1
23. y x cos ␲ x dx 24. y 共x 2 ⫹ 1兲e⫺x dx
7. y 共x 2
⫹ 2x兲 cos x dx 8. yt 2
sin ␤ t dt 0 0

1 9 ln y
9. y ln sx dx
3
10. y sin ⫺1
x dx 25. y 0
t cosh t dt 26. y 4 sy
dy

5 3 2␲
11. y arctan 4t dt 12. yp ln p dp 27. y 1
r 3 ln r dr 28. y 0
t 2 sin 2t dt

; Graphing calculator or computer required 1. Homework Hints available at stewartcalculus.com

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.