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MODEL PAPER SOLUTION

PHYSICS XII
SESSION: 2020-2021

SECTION A
Q.1 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
i. Current= resistance x potential difference
ii. All in series
iii. Decrease
iv. Critical mass
v. Electromagnetic
vi. Very small compared to the resistance
vii. The increase in the vertical width of a signal
viii. Three
ix. Radiation
x. Super saturated vapors
xi. Straight line
xii. Frame of reference
xiii. Have speeds varying from zero up to a certain maximum value
xiv. Pair Production
xv. 90
xvi. 1 farad
xvii. Intensity of source of light
xviii. Constant pressure
xix. paper
xx. 960C
xxi. Back EMF
xxii. Rectifier
xxiii. Both a & b
xxiv. Zero
xxv. Absolute zero
xxvi. 4P/3
xxvii. 200Mev
xxviii. Binding energy
xxix. Nuclear Fusion
xxx. Proportional to n2
xxxi. Ultra-violet radiation
xxxii. The current and battery’s internal resistance
xxxiii. Zero
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xxxiv. No forces act.

xxxv. The beam of electron will be deflected due to magnetic field.
xxxvi. An electric line of force
xxxvii. 0.01 m/s
xxxviii. Maximum Force
xxxix. Isothermal process
xl. A circle of allowed radius
xli. Argon and Alcohol
xlii. Low pressure and high temperature

SECTION B (SHORT-ANSWER QUESTION)

Q.2

i. DATA:
𝐼𝑔 = 5 mA = 5 x10−3

R𝑔 = 50Ω

V =?

R x = 0.1MΩ = 0.1 x 106 Ω

SOLUTION:
V
Rx = − R𝑔
I𝑔

V = (R x + R𝑔 ) I𝑔

V = ( 0.1 x 106 + 50 ) 5 x10−3

𝑉 = 500.25 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠

ii. DATA:

𝐿𝑜 = 5𝑐𝑚 = 50𝑚𝑚
∆𝐿 = 0.01 𝑚𝑚
∆𝑇 =?
𝑇1 = 30°
𝑇2 =?
𝜶𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒔 = 1.9 𝑥 10−5 𝐶 −1
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𝜶𝒊𝒓𝒐𝒏 = 1.2 𝑥 10−5 𝐶 −1

SOLUTION:

∆𝑳 = ∆𝑳𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒔 − ∆𝑳𝒊𝒓𝒐𝒏
∆𝑳 = 𝒍𝜶𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒔 ∆𝑇 − 𝒍𝜶𝒊𝒓𝒐𝒏 ∆𝑇
∆𝐿 = 𝑙 ∆𝑇( 𝜶𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒔 − 𝜶𝒊𝒓𝒐𝒏 )
∆𝐿
∆𝑇 =
𝑙( 𝜶𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒔 − 𝜶𝒊𝒓𝒐𝒏 )

Here 𝑙 = 5𝑐𝑚 = 50 𝑚𝑚 which is the diameter of a iron ball and hole in the brass plate

0.01
∆𝑇 =
50 (1.9 𝑥 10−5− 1.2 𝑥 10−5 )
∆𝑇 = 28.57 °C

∆𝑇 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝑇2 = ∆𝑇 + 𝑇1
𝑇2 = 28.57 + 30
𝑇2 = 58.57°C

iii. GEIGER COUNTER

Introduction

Geiger counter is a portable device which is used for the detection and counting of ionized
particles and radiation

Construction

It consists of a hollow metallic cylinder, one end of which is closed by an insulating cap. At
the center of the cap is fixed a stiff straight wire along the axis of cylinder .A thin mica or
glass disc closes the other end which also serves as the entrance window for ionizing
particles. The tube contains a special mixture of air, argon, alcohol at a pressure of 50-100
mmHg.
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Working

A potential difference of the range of 1000V is maintained between the metal cylinder and
the axial wire through a suitable series resistor of 109 ohms. When an ionizing particle enters
the tube through the window, it ionizes some gas molecules in it. These ions are accelerated
by the strong radial electric field producing more ions by collision which produces ionization
current so a momentary current flow between the wire and the cylinder and also through the
resistor R. The ends of “R” are connected to a loudspeaker or an electronic counter.

Counting of particles

Each time a particle enters the counter and ionization current pulse is created which gives a
click in the loud speaker or a count in a counter.
In the case of ionizing radiation, the numbers of counts register by the counter measures the
intensity or ionizing power of incident radiation
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iv. DATA:

=?
nf=2

SOLUTION:

1 1 1
= 𝑅𝐻 ( 2 − 2 )
 𝑛𝑓 𝑛𝑖
For Longest
ni=3

1 1 1
= 𝑅𝐻 ( − )
 𝑛𝑓 2 𝑛𝑖 2
1 1 1
= 1.097 x 107 ( 2 − 2 )
 2 3
1 5
= 1.097 x 107 ( )
 36
 = 656.3𝑛𝑚
For Shortest

ni=∞

1 1 1
= 𝑅𝐻 ( − 2)
 𝑛𝑓 2 𝑛𝑖
1 1 1
= 1.097 x 107 ( 2 − 2 )
 2 ∞
1 1
= 1.097 x 107 ( − 0)
 4
 = 364 𝑛𝑚

v. DATA

𝑚 = 2𝑚𝑜
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SOLUTION

𝑚 = 2𝑚𝑜
𝑚𝑜
= 2𝑚𝑜
2
√1 − 𝑉 2
𝐶

1 𝑉2
√
= 1− 2
2 𝐶

1 𝑉2
=1− 2
4 𝐶

3 2
𝑉2 = 𝐶
4
√3𝐶
𝑉=
2
𝑽 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔𝑪

𝑝 = 𝑚𝑉
√3𝐶
𝑝 = 2𝑚𝑜. 2

𝒑 = √𝟑𝒎𝒐 𝑪

vi. DATA

No. of bulbs = b = 5
Power of bulbs= Pb= 100W
No. of fans =f= 10
Power of fans=Pf =60W
No. of light = L= 10
Power of light= PL= 40W
No. of iron = I= 1
Power of iron= PI=1000W
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Time= t= 30 days x 4 hours = 120 hours

E= ? (KWh)
Rate = 90 paisa/ unit = 0.9 rs/ unit
Cost =?

SOLUTION:

Total power of bulbs

P1= b x Pb
P1= 5 x 100
P1 = 500 W
Total power of fans
P2 = f x Pf
P2= 10 x 60
P2= 600W
Total power of Light
P3 = L x PL
P3 = 10 x 40
P3= 400 W
Total power of Iron
P4= I x PI
P4 = 1 x 1000
P4 = 1000W
Total power of all appliances
P = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4
P= 500 + 600 + 400+ 1000
P = 2500W

Energy:
E= P x t
E= 2500 x 120
E= 300000 Wh
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E = 300 x 103 Wh
E= 300 KWh
Cost
1 KWh = 1 unit
Cost = E x rate
Cost = 300 x 0.9
Cost = 270 Rs

vii. TRANSISTOR AS AN AMPLIFIER:

Definition:

It is a device used to raise strength of a weak signal

Diagram:

Working:

The DC bias voltage applied to the emitter base junction, makes it remain in forward biased
regardless of polarity of input signal, due to which there is low resistance at input. In this
condition a small change in input voltage causes a huge change in emitter current. almost all
of this current will appear at collector and when it passes through the high load resistor, high
voltage is produced across the resistor.

viii. BOYLE’S LAW:

Statement

Volume of a given mass of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure, provided its
temperature is kept constant.
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Expression:
At constant temperature
1
V∝
p
Constant
V=
p

pV = Constant

If pressure of a given mass of a gas is changed from P1 to P2 at a constant temperature so that

it’s volume changes from V1 to V2 then according to Boyle’s law:

p1 V1 = p2 V2 = Constant

The graph between pressure and volume of a given mass of a gas at constant temperature is a
hyperbolic curve.

EFFECT OF MASS ON PRODUCT pV:

Since pressure as well as volume of a gas are directly proportional to mass of the gas,
therefore,

pV ∝ m

pV
= Constant
m
Or in other words,

𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝑽𝟐
= = 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐

CHARLE’S LAW:

Statement

“Volume of a given mass of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature,

provided it’s pressure is kept constant.”
Mathematically
At constant pressure

V∝T
V
= Constant
T
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If a given mass of a gas is heated under constant pressure from temperature T1 to T2

such that its volume changes from V1 to V2 then,
According to Charles’s law:
V1 V2
= = Constant
T1 T2
The graph between volume of a given mass of a gas and its absolute temperature is a straight
line provided its pressure is kept constant.

Absolute Scale of Temperature or Absolute Zero

If the graph between V and T is extra plotted, it intersects T-axis at -273.16 0C at -273.16 oC
(0 Kelvin) volume of any gas theoretically becomes zero as indicated by the graph. But
practically volume of a gas can never become zero.
Actually no gas can achieve the lowest possible
temperature and before -273.16 oC all gases are
condensed to liquid. This temperature is referred to as
absolute scale or absolute zero. At -273.16 oC all
molecular motions ceased. As the temperature falls,
the particles in a material lose kinetic energy and
move more and more slowly. They can go no slower.
This is the lowest temperature. The rules of atomic
physics do not allow particles to have zero energy, but at absolute zero, they would
have the minimum energy possible.

GENERAL GAS EQUATION:

According to Boyle’s Law

Volume of a given mass of a gas is inversely proportional to pressure if temperature remains
Constant
1
V∝ − − − (1)
p
According to Charles’s law
Volume of a given mass of a gas is directly proportional to absolute temperature if pressure
Remains constant

V ∝ T − − − (2)
According to Avogadro’s law
Volume of a gas is directly proportional to no of moles.
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V ∝ n − − − (3)
Combining relations 1, 2, and 3
nT
V∝
p
nT
V = constant
p
pV
= Constant
nT
pV
=R
nT
𝐩𝐕 = 𝐧𝐑𝐓
This is the equation of state of a gas (Ideal Gas Equation) R= Universal gas constant Value of
R is equal to 8.313 Joule/mole. Kelvin
Universal gas constant for one mole of a gas is known as Boltzmann constant.

ix. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Generation of current due to change in magnetic flux

Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction

Statement
“Induced E.M.F is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux through the
coil”

Mathematically
∆𝛷𝐵
𝜀∝−
∆𝑡

∆ΦB
ε = −N
∆t
Lenz’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
In electromagnetism, statement that an induced electric current flow in a direction such that
the current opposes the change that induced it. This law was deduced in 1834 by the Russian
physicist Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz (1804–65).
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Statement
"The direction of induced current is always such as to oppose the cause which produces it".
That is why we use negative sign in Faraday’s law. Lenz’s law.

Experiment
Thrusting a pole of a permanent bar magnet through a coil of wire, for example, induces an
electric current in the coil; the current in turn sets up a magnetic field around the coil, making
it a magnet. Lenz’s law indicates the direction of the induced current. (The direction of the
induced current from Lenz’s law contributes the minus sign in Faraday’s law of induction.)
Because like magnetic poles repel each other, Lenz’s law states that when the north pole of
the bar magnet is approaching the coil, the induced current flows in such a way as to make
the side of the coil nearest the pole of the bar magnet itself a north pole to oppose the
approaching bar magnet. Upon withdrawing the bar magnet from the coil, the induced current
reverses itself, and the near side of the coil becomes a south pole to produce an attracting
force on the receding bar magnet.
A small amount of work, therefore, is done in pushing the magnet into the coil and in pulling
it out against the magnetic effect of the induced current. The small amount of energy
represented by this work manifests itself as a slight heating effect, the result of the induced
current encountering resistance in the material of the coil. Lenz’s law upholds the general
principle of the conservation of energy. If the current were induced in the opposite direction,
its action would spontaneously draw the bar magnet into the coil in addition to the heating
effect, which would violate conservation of energy.
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SECTION C (SHORT-ANSWER QUESTION)

Q.3 (a) BOHR’S POSTULATES

1. Energy released or absorbed by an electron is equal to the difference of energy of
two energy levels.
Let an electron jumps from a higher energy level E2 to a lower energy level E1.The
energy is emitted in the form of light . Amount of energy released is given by:
E = E2 - E1
E2 - E1= h ν
Where
h = Planck's constant (6.6256 x 10-34 j.s)
ν= Frequency of radiant light
2. Angular momentum of an electron in an energy level is given by:
m v r = nh /2
Where n =1, 2, 3, ……….
m = mass of electron
V = velocity of electron
r = radius of orbit
OR
3. Only those energy levels or orbits are possible for which angular momentum of
electron is an integral multiple of h /2.

Nth Radius of Hydrogen atom

Bohr began with a classical mechanical approach, which assumes that the
electron in a one-electron atom is moving in a circular orbit with a radius, r, from the
nucleus.
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e-
Z+ Fcoulombic Fcentrifugal

The movement of an electron in its orbit would create a centrifugal force, which
gives it a tendency to fly away from the nucleus. This force is given by

𝑘𝑒 2
𝐹𝑒 =
𝑟2
𝑚𝑣 2
𝐹𝑐 =
𝑟
Both forces are equal

𝐹𝑒 = 𝐹𝑐

𝑘𝑒 2 𝑚𝑣 2
=
𝑟2 𝑟
𝑘𝑒 2
𝑣2 =
𝑚𝑟
The angular momentum, mvr, can only take on certain values, which are whole-number
multiples of h/2; i.e.,

𝑚𝑣𝑟 = 𝑛ℏ
𝑛ℏ
𝑣=
𝑚𝑟

2
𝑛 2 ℏ2
𝑣 = 2 2
𝑚 𝑟
𝑘𝑒 2 𝑛2 ℏ2
=
𝑚𝑟 𝑚2 𝑟 2
𝑛 2 ℏ2
𝑘𝑒 2 =
𝑚𝑟
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𝑛 2 ℏ2
𝑟=
𝑚𝑘𝑒 2
1
𝑘=
4π€𝑜

2
4π€𝑜ℏ2
𝑟𝑛 = 𝑛 ( )
𝑚𝑒 2
𝑟𝑛 = 𝑛2 𝑥 0.53𝐴0

𝑟𝑛 = 𝑛2 𝑥 𝑟1
Which is called the Bohr’s radius.

Q3 (b)
GAUSS’S LAW

Introduction
Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777 – 1855) was a German mathematician and scientist
.Gauss’s law is a quantitative relation which applies to any closed hypothetical surface called
Gaussian surface to determine the total flux (Ø) through the surface and the net charge (q)
enclosed by the surface.
Statement
1
The total electric flux through a closed surface is equal to𝜖 times the total charge enclosed
𝑜
by the surface.

PROOF

Consider a Gaussian surface as shown below

Which encloses a number of point charges q1, q2, q3……. qn. Draw
imaginary spheres around each charge. Now we make use of the fact
q
that the electric flux through a sphere is
ϵo

q1
Flux due to q1 will be Ø1 =
ϵo
q2
Flux due to q 2 will be Ø2 =
ϵo
q3
Flux due to q 3 will be Ø3 =
ϵo
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qn
Flux due to q n will be Øn =
ϵo

Hence the total flux Ø will be the sum of all flux i.e

Ø = Ø1 + Ø2 + Ø3 + ⋯ … . . Øn
q1 q 2 q 3 qn
Ø= + + + ⋯……+
ϵo ϵo ϵo ϵo
1
Ø= (q + q 2 + q 3 + ⋯ … . . +q n
ϵo 1
1
Ø= × (total enclosed charge)
ϵo
This shows that the total electric flux through a closed surface regardless of its shape or size
1
is numerically equal ϵ times the total charge enclosed by the surface.
o

Application Of Gauss’s Law

Electric Field Intensity Due to Infinite Sheet of Charges

Consider a plane infinite sheet on which positive charges are uniformly spread.
Let
The total charges on sheet = q
Total area of sheet =A

Charge density (σ) = q/A (charge per unit area)

Take two points’ p and p’ near the sheet. Draw a cylinder

from P to P'. Take this cylinder as a Gaussian surface.
Consider a closed surface in front of cylinder such that p
lies at one of its end faces.
The angle between E and normal n to the cylindrical
surface is 90o So the flux through the cylindrical surface.

∅ = EA cosθ

∅ = EA cos90

∅ = EA (0)

∅=0
The angle between E and normal n at the end of the surface P and P' is 0.hence the flux
through one end surface P:
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∅1 = EA cosθ

∅1 = EA cos0

∅1 = EA (1)

∅1 = EA

Similarly the flux through other end face P

∅2 = EA
Since electric flux is a scalar quantity, therefore, total flux through both surfaces is

∅t = ∅1 + ∅2

∅t = EA + EA

∅t = 2 EA − − −(i)

According to Gauss’s law

1
Total flux through a closed surface is ϵ × (charge enclosed) i.e.
o

1
Ø = ϵ × (q) − − −(ii)
o

Comparing equations (i) and (ii)

1
2 EA = ϵ × (q)
o

1
E= (q)
2Aϵo
q 1
E= ×( )
A 2ϵo

But q/A = (σ) therefore,

𝛔
𝐄=
𝟐𝛜𝐨
This is the expression for electric intensity due to an infinite sheet of charge
CONCLUSION
The field is independent of “r” its mean field is uniform at all points on each side of the
plane.

Q3(c)
FORCE ON A CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN UNIFORM
MAGNETIC FIELD:
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When a conductor is placed in magnetic field, force is experienced on the drifting charges;
hence conductor also experiences a force.
Force on a moving charge in a magnetic field is given by

⃗⃗ ) − − − − (1)
𝐹 = 𝑞 (𝑣⃗ × 𝐵
Consider a conductor of length ‘L’ placed in a magnetic field of
induction ‘B’. Let area of cross section of wire ‘A’.
Volume of wire = A. L
Let no. of electron per unit volume = n
Total electron in wire = n.A. L
Let charge on each electron = e
Total no. of charge passing = nALe = q
Putting value of q in equation (1)
⃗⃗ = nALe (v
F ⃗⃗)
⃗⃗ × B

⃗F⃗ = nALe (v. û × ⃗B⃗)

⃗⃗ = nAve (L. û × B
F ⃗⃗)

L
⃗⃗ = nA e (L
F ⃗⃗ × B
⃗⃗)
t
nALe
⃗⃗ =
F ⃗⃗ × B
(L ⃗⃗)
t
q q
⃗⃗ = (L
F ⃗⃗ × B⃗⃗) But I =
t t
𝐅⃗ = 𝐈 (𝐋
⃗ × ⃗𝐁⃗)

Or

𝐅 = 𝐁𝐈𝐋𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉

Maximum Force:

If current carrying conductor is placed perpendicularly in magnetic field ,force experienced

by it will be maximum. Because the angle between L ⃗⃗ and B
⃗⃗ will be 90o

F = BIL sin 90°

𝐅 = 𝐁𝐈𝐋

Minimum Force:
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If current carrying conductor is placed parallel to the magnetic field, force experienced by it
will be minimum. Because the angle between ⃗L⃗ and ⃗B⃗ will be 0o

F = BIL sin 0°

𝐅=𝟎

Direction of force:

The direction of force experienced by the current carrying conductor in magnetic field is
always perpendicular to the plane making by length of conductor and magnetic field. The
direction of force can be determined by the right hand rulev

Q4 (a)
CARNOT ENGINE

It is an ideal engine proposed by SADI CARNOT in 1824 .It consists of 1 mole gas in
a cylinder with insulating walls, sets an ultimate limit of the efficiency of a heat engine.

Characteristics

a. Reversible.
b. No heat loss.
c. No dissipative effect.
d. Working substance May Be an Ideal Gas or Anything.
CARNOT CYCLE

The operating cycle of the most efficient heat engine i.e. Carnot engine is called Carnot
cycle. In this process an ideal gas is subjected to isothermal and adiabatic expansion
and compression. So that when cycle is complete the initial and final state are same,

Characteristics

a. Desired expansion for the efficiency of Carnot engine.

b. Determine the factors affecting the efficiency.
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CYCLE

It consists of the following four processes.

1) ISOTHERMAL EXPANSION
Carnot engine is placed on a hot body (source) at temperature T1 .Gas is allowed to expand
at constant temperature T1 .As the gas absorbs Heat Q1 its volume increases from V1 to V2.
Its pressure decreases from P1 to P2. In such a way that
V2 > V1 , P1 > P2 and temperature does not change.
2) ADIABATIC EXPANSION
Now the engine is placed at a insulator. Gas is allowed to expand by lowering pressure, no
heat enters in the system it means Q = 0.So the temperature decreases from T1 to T2 but the
volume increases from V2 to V3 and Pressure decreases P2 to P3. In such a way that
V3 > V2, P3 < P2 and T2 < T1.

3) ISOTHERMAL COMPRESSION
The engine is now placed on a cold body at temperature T2 so the volume of the gas is
compresses from V3 to V4.Heat Q2 is given out and its pressure increases from P3 to P4. In
such a way that
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V3 > V4, P4 > P3 and temperature does not change.

4) ADIABATIC COMPRESSION
The engine is finally placed on an insulator. The volume of the gas is compressed from V4 to
initial volume V1 .No heat leaves the system it means Q = 0 and gas attains its original
pressure P1. In such a way that
V1 < V4, P1 < P4 and T1 > T2 .

EFFICIENCY

During one cycle discussed above .Heat absorbs by the system is Q1 (High). Heat Lost by the
system is Q2 (low).So the net amount of heat absorbed is ∆Q = Q1 - Q2. Since the system
returns back to its initial state, therefore, there is no change in its internal

energy i.e. U=0

∆𝑸 = ∆𝑾 + ∆𝑼

∆𝑸 = ∆𝑾 + 𝟎

∆𝑸 = ∆𝑾
𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 =
𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕
∆𝑾
𝜼=
𝑸𝟏
𝑸𝟏 − 𝑸𝟐
𝜼=
𝑸𝟏
As heat is directly proportional to the temperature i.e. Q ∝ T ,So

𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐
𝜼=
𝑻𝟏
𝑻
𝜼 = 𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐
𝟏

Conclusion

a. Efficiency of an ideal engine cannot be 100%.

𝑇
b. Efficiency depends upon the ratio of sink and source temperature i.e. 𝑇2
1

Hence efficiency can be increased by increasing temperature of source i.e. T1 and decreasing
the temperature of sink i.e. T2.
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Q4 (b)
COMPTON`S EFFECT

Definition

“When a photon strikes a stationary electron, wavelength of photon is increased after

collision. This phenomenon is referred to as Compton’s effect."
OR
“It is the phenomenon in which a photon of frequency “u” is scattered by an electron and the
scattered photon has a frequency less than that of the incident photon is called Compton’s
effect."

Mathematical Representation

Consider a photon of frequency u1 and wavelength strikes a stationary electron of rest mass
mo. After collision the photon is scattered at an angle of q with its original line of action.
While electron moves forward at an angle of f with its original direction.

Collision Geometry

Energy Conservation
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Energy of photon before collision = E1 = h𝑣1

Energy of electron before collision = c = moc2

Energy of photon after collision = E1`= h𝑣2

Momentum Conservation

Momentum of photon before collision = h /1

Momentum of electron before collision = 0

Momentum of photon after collision = h/ 2

Momentum of electron after collision = mv

Momentum Equation Along X-Axis

ℎ ℎ
+ 0 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑚𝑣𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜙  ()
𝜆1 𝜆2

ℎ ℎ
= 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑚𝑣𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜙 ()
𝜆1 𝜆2

Momentum Equation Along Y-Axis

ℎ
0+0 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + (−𝑚𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙)
𝜆2
ℎ
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑚𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 = 0 … … … . (3)
𝜆2

Solving (1) , (2) and (3), we get the following result:

1 1 ℎ
-𝑣 = 𝑚 2 (1- cos𝜃 ) … … . (4)
𝑣2 2 𝑜𝑐
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1 1 ℎ𝑐
c (𝑣 -𝑣 ) = 𝑚 2 (1- cos𝜃 )
2 2 𝑜𝑐

𝑐 𝑐 ℎ
-𝑣 = 𝑚 (1- cos𝜃 )
𝑣2 2 𝑜𝑐

But c/ =  therefore,

𝜆2 − 𝜆1 = ℎ (1- cos𝜃 )
𝑚𝑜𝑐2
Where 𝜆2 − 𝜆1 Compton’s shift in wavelength

Conclusion

Thus, the frequency u2 of scattered photon after the collision will be less than the original
frequency u1.

Q4 (C)
RESISTANCE AND TEMPERATURE:

The resistance of a metallic conductor nearly always increases with increasing temperature.
As temperature increases, the ions of the conductor vibrate with greater amplitude, making it
more likely that a moving electron will collide with an ion. This impedes the drift of electrons
and hence the current.
Increase in resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to original resistance.

∆R ∝ R1 − − − (1)

Change in resistance is directly proportional to change in temperature.

∆𝑅 ∝ ∆𝑇 − − − (2)
Combining (1) and (2)

∆R ∝ R1 ∆T

∆R = (constant) R1 ∆T

∆R = α R1 ∆T

𝛼 = temperature coefficient
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As ∆𝑅 = 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 And ∆𝑇 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1

R 2 − R1 = α R1 (T2 − T1 )

R 2 = R1 + α R1 (T2 − T1 )

R 2 = R1 {1 + α(T2 − T1 )}
When T1 = 0 and T2 =T and R1= Ro

𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅𝑜 {1 + 𝛼(𝑇 − 0)}

R T = R o (1 + αT)

Variation in Resistivity of a Material with Temperatures

Resistivity is directly proportional to resistance of material so in term of resistivity above

formula can be written as

𝝆𝑻 = 𝝆𝒐 (𝟏 + 𝜶𝑇)

Temperature Coefficient (α)

Fractional change in resistance per unit original resistance per degree change of temperature
is called Temperature coefficient.
∆𝑅
𝛼=
𝑅1 ∆𝑇

Unit Of α

1/ K OR 1/ 0C.